One‑Step Gas-Solid‑Phase Diffusion‑Induced Elemental Reaction for Bandgap‑Tunable Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI Thin Film Solar Cells

Lead-free inorganic copper-silver-bismuth-halide materials have attracted more and more attention due to their environmental friendliness,high element abundance,and low cost.Here,we developed a strategy of one-step gas-solid-phase diffusioninduced reaction to fabricate a series of bandgap-tunable Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI bilayer films due to the atomic diffusion effect for the first time.By designing and regulating the sputtered Cu/Ag/Bi metal film thickness,the bandgap of Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI could be reduced from 2.06 to 1.78 eV.Solar cells with the structure of FTO/TiO_(2)/Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI/carbon were constructed,yielding a champion power conversion efficiency of 2.76%,which is the highest reported for this class of materials owing to the bandgap reduction and the peculiar bilayer structure.The current work provides a practical path for developing the next generation of efficient,stable,and environmentally friendly photovoltaic materials.

Sulfur phase and sulfur removal in high sulfur-containing bauxite

The sulfur phase in high sulfur-containing bauxite was studied by an X-ray diffraction analysis and a chemistry quantitative analysis.The methods for the removal of different shaped sulfur were also discussed.The results show that sulfur phases in high sulfur-containing bauxites exist in the main form of sulfide sulfur （pyrite） or sulfate sulfur,and the main sulfur forms of bauxites from different regions are not the same.Through a combination of an X-ray diffraction analysis and a chemistry quantitative analysis,the sulfur phases of high sulfur-containing bauxite could be accurately investigated.Deciding the main sulfur form of high sulfur-containing bauxite could provide theoretical instruction for choosing methods for the removal of sulfur from bauxite,and an oxidizing-roasting process is an effective way to remove sulfide sulfur from high sulfur-containing bauxite,the content of S^2-in crude ore in the digestion liquor is above 1.7 g/L,but in the roasted ore digestion liquor,it is below 0.18 g/L.Using the sodium carbonate solution washing technology to wash bauxite can effectively remove sulfate sulfur,the content of the total sulfur in ore is lowered to below 0.2% and can meet the production requirements for the sulfur content.

Review of gas-solid two phase flow rate-concentration detection technology

The indirect detection method basic principle of rate and concentration,application range and research results on gassolid two phase flow were discussed.The present development situation and the existing problems of rate and concentration detection technology were analyzed and summarized.Emphatically analyzed the existing problems in the industrial application and research status of electrostatic method in measuring phase concentration.Design criterion of electrostatic phase concentration sensor is given,the superiority and wide industrial application prospect of the sensor used for phase concentration measurement are clarified.

STUDIES ON THE REACTION OF SULFUR,SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE UNDER PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS(Ⅱ).A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BI(ACYL)DISULFIDES

A simple and general method for the synthesis of bi(acyl)disulfides is reported.Sulfur is allowed to react with sodium hydroxide to give sodium disulfide at 65℃ under PTC,which can react with acyl halides to afford bi(acyl)disulfides in good to excellent isolated yields.The effects of solvents and phase transfer catalysts are discussed.

Vapor-phase Nitration of Benzene to Nitrobenzene over Supported Sulfuric Acid Catalyst

Vapor-phase nitration of benzene over solid acid catalyst is expected to be a clean process with no sulfuric acid waste. We investigated this process over solid acidic catalysts utilizing diluted nitric acid (60-70%) as nitrating agent, and found that supported sulfuric acid catalyst exhibited a very high catalytic activity. Under the conditions of reaction temperature 160-170℃, space velocity (SV) 1200 h-1, the yield and the space-time yield (STY) of nitrobenzene (NB) based on HNO3 were more than 98% and 0.75 kg穔gcat-1穐-1 over 10% H2SO4/SiO2 (by weight) catalyst respectively.

低温液相法从脱硫废渣中制备不溶性硫磺

HPF脱硫废渣是煤气脱硫工序的副产物,含有焦油、铵盐、酚、萘等多种杂质,是煤化工企业难以处理的固体废弃物。通过萃取-结晶技术,得到了纯度高于99.97%的高纯度硫磺。在较低的温度条件下,用提纯的硫磺制备了不溶性硫磺,通过三因素三水平正交试验,得到了低温液相法的最佳工艺条件。采用化学分析、差热、热重分析和X射线衍射分析技术,对产品的结构和性质进行了分析定性。试验结果表明,不溶性硫磺晶体结构和普通硫磺存在显著差异,具有较好的热稳定性。

高硫煤矸石协同飞灰制备多孔玻璃物相转变机理

采用高硫煤矸石协同垃圾焚烧飞灰制备多孔玻璃,同时利用玻璃体固定垃圾焚烧飞灰中的Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Cu、Mn等重金属,实现多源固废、危废协同无害化处置和资源化利用。针对多孔玻璃轻质和高强度难以兼顾的问题,一方面,通过还原气氛抑制残碳在中低温氧化反应,使高硫煤矸石中残碳在1000℃以上与Fe_(2)O_(3)反应生成CO_(2)气体,促进熔体发泡,多孔玻璃容重由900 kg/m^(3)降低至300 kg/m^(3);另一方面,通过在配合料中添加高岭土,使多孔玻璃孔壁的主要晶相由长石转变为莫来石,莫来石独特的交联结构使多孔玻璃具有较高强度。当容重在500 kg/m^(3)时,多孔玻璃强度提升了80%。多孔玻璃重金属浸出毒性分析结果表明,各种重金属的浸出浓度远远低于规定的标准限值(5.0 mg/L),多孔玻璃中重金属Pb的浸出浓度降低至1.1×10^(-2)mg/L,其它重金属的浸出浓度也普遍呈现出显著的下降趋势,说明多孔玻璃对多元重金属具有良好的固定效果。

液相高精度吸附脱除SO_(2)新工艺在混合脱氢装置的工业应用

目的脱除作为混合脱氢装置原料的烷基化碳四(C_(4))中的SO_(2)杂质,控制SO_(2)体积分数<1×10^(-6)。方法采用液相高精度吸附脱硫工艺,通过吸附再生的方式实现其连续运行。当原料通过吸附脱除SO_(2)达到饱和后,流程上可通过氮气循环置换、升温汽提及空气再生的手段,重新恢复SO_(2)吸附剂的吸附能力,并再次投入生产使用,以确保装置的安全平稳长周期运行。结果采用液相高精度吸附脱硫工艺可将烷基化C_(4)中SO_(2)体积分数从30×10^(-6)~400×10^(-6)脱除至1×10^(-6)以下。结论对吸附脱硫工艺的吸附剂、工艺流程进行优化调整,缩短了吸附剂的再生时间,保障了装置工业化连续运行。同时,液相高精度吸附脱硫工艺流程操作简便,能耗较低,安全风险较低。

吡咯基三嗪聚合框架用于固相转变硫聚物正极性能研究

针对锂硫电池存在严重穿梭效应的问题,硫物质的固相转变可有效消除多硫化锂在液相中的溶解扩散。以聚丙烯腈为代表的常规链状聚合物可通过共价结合短链硫实现固相转变,然而往往受到硫含量低、倍率性能差的限制。通过氰基三聚与吡咯自由基聚合构筑了吡咯基三嗪聚合物框架(P-CNPy),其硫含量较高,达到47%。电化学测试结果显示硫聚物正极具有优异的循环稳定性与倍率性能,0.2C循环500次平均容量衰减仅为0.03%,4C时可逆容量仍保留580mA∙h/g。该方法可为高性能二维框架结构硫聚物正极的设计应用提供指导。

Progress on gas-solid phase photoreactor and its application in CO_(2) reduction

The burgeoning field of photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)has emerged as a remarkable promising solution to address some of the most pressing global energy and environmental issues which we face today.Researchers around the global have been striving to augment the efficiency of CO_(2)photocatalytic reduction,employing strategies that range from modifying the fundamental properties of photocatalysts to suppress the electron-hole recombination,optimizing reaction conditions to achieve the highest yield,and conceptualizing and constructing photoreactors to improve the adsorption process.Among these factors,the photoreactor plays a critical role in enhancing the overall photocatalytic efficiency.Understanding the various types of photoreactors and their operational dynamic can significantly influence the experimental design,thus guiding the data collecting and analysis.Compared to the solid-liquid phase,gas-solid phase photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)is gaining recognition for its potential advantages,such as rapid molecular diffusion rates,adjustable CO_(2)concentrations,and uniform and sufficient light exposure.Nonetheless,the currently reported gas-solid phase photoreactors are still in their infancy.In this review,we dissect the underlying mechanism of photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction and the performance evaluation criteria of photoreactors,and review the development process of gas-solid phase photoreactors.Furthermore,we explore the evolution of gas-solid phase photoreactors,elucidating their growth trajectory and future possibilities.We present a comprehensive classification of gas-solid phase photoreactors,offering a new insight into their design and functionality,summarizing their strengths and inevitable limitations.Finally,we provide a forward-looking perspective on the future developmental prospects of carbon neutrality.

碱性水热活化选硫尾矿基地聚合物的制备及性能

为解决尾矿预处理方法能耗高的问题,探索一种低能耗的尾矿活化方法,对部分选硫尾矿进行碱性水热活化预处理以提高其活性,改善选硫尾矿基地聚合物的力学性能。研究活化温度和活化时间对碱性水热活化效果的影响,并采用X射线衍射技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、热重分析、核磁共振成像分析和扫描电子显微镜测试对活化选硫尾矿及其制备的地聚合物进行性能表征。结果表明,当选硫尾矿在200℃下活化2.0 h后,制备的地聚合物3和28 d抗压强度最高,分别为15.5和22.1 MPa。碱性水热活化能有效破坏选硫尾矿中的结晶相,促进活性硅铝的溶出,在凝胶体系内部形成更多水化产物凝胶,改善地聚合物的孔结构,从而提高选硫尾矿基地聚合物的抗压强度。以上结果表明碱性水热活化法是一种可有效提高选硫尾矿活性的方法。

硫分离对模拟高放玻璃固化体黄相形成的影响

为抑制高放废液玻璃固化过程中黄相的形成,采用Ba(NO_(3))_(2)将高放废液中的SO_(4)^(2-)以BaSO_(4)沉淀形式分离后,再采用熔融法制备硼硅酸盐玻璃固化体,探究硫分离对玻璃体熔制过程中黄相形成的影响。结果表明,对于模拟废液掺量为20%的样品,硫分离前在800~1 000℃范围内黄相的量随温度升高逐渐增多,硫分离后则未观察到黄相。硫分离前的黄相主要成分为Na_(2)SO_(4)、BaSO_(4)、Na_(2)MoO_(4)、BaCrO_(4)和Na_(2)CrO_(4),硫分离后的玻璃表面存在少量BaCrO_(4);硫分离后废物包容量28%时仍未观察到黄相,显著高于硫分离前的废物包容量(<16%)。

硫酸直接浸出磷石膏中稀土元素的研究

为弄清磷石膏(PG)中低含量稀土元素(REE)的浸出规律及磷石膏浸出后品质的改善情况,通过实验研究了用硫酸直接浸出磷石膏中REE的过程动力学及磷石膏物相的变化。研究结果发现,REE浸出率随浸出温度升高先降低后增加、随液固比增大不断增加、随硫酸浓度增大先增加后降低。在25℃下总浸出率较高,可达25%;其中La的浸出率最高,Pr的浸出率最低。REE浸出率在0~20 min内快速增加,随后趋于平缓,整个浸出过程动力学受灰层扩散控制。伴随着REE浸出的同时,石膏表面发生溶解,在溶液过饱和时重结晶形成脱水相的针状CaSO_(4)细晶,而石膏的体相整体形貌变化较小,导致REE浸出率偏低。酸浸后样品粒径小于10μm的颗粒占14.90%,较原样增加了5.16%,磷石膏粒径变小、杂质减少。研究结果可为磷石膏的综合利用提供参考。

含锑铁非水相湿法氧化脱硫剂高效吸收H_(2)S的研究

将SbCl_(3)和FeCl_(3)按一定比例引入到N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,构建了一种非水相湿法氧化脱硫体系。对脱硫剂及其产物进行了表征,并通过静态脱硫试验研究了该体系对H 2S的吸收规律。结果表明,该脱硫剂在常温常压下的硫容可达8.91 g/L,添加适量的水及提高一定的温度均有助于提高其脱硫效率。在适量Cu^(2+)存在下,该系统在连续5次脱硫-再生循环后,硫容水平保持在初始硫容的90%以上,再生后的固体产物为高纯硫磺。此外,Sb^(3+)是保证H_(2)S有效吸收的关键组分,适量Cu^(2+)的存在可促进Fe^(2+)向Fe^(3+)转化,以促进体系的氧化再生。

过渡金属离子液相催化氧化SO_(2)的研究进展

阐述了过渡金属离子液相催化氧化SO_(2)研究进展及多种因素对脱硫效果的影响。介绍了过渡金属离子液相催化氧化SO_(2)的机理、SO_(2)在气液两相的传质过程及实验装置,最后对过渡金属离子液相催化氧化法的应用和发展方向进行展望。

加工高酸原油的常压塔塔顶挥发线腐蚀及防护

某加工高酸原油的常减压装置的常压塔塔顶(常顶)挥发线,在线腐蚀探针监测数据长时间超过控制指标,检修发现常顶挥发线有较多蚀坑减薄部位,存在腐蚀泄漏风险。通过分析定点测厚情况、探针腐蚀速率、探针腐蚀垢物、常顶含硫污水腐蚀介质,结合常顶挥发线中介质流速的计算,识别出两个加剧腐蚀过程的主要因素:常顶挥发线介质中存在浓度高达390~600 mg/L的多种小分子有机酸,以及塔顶介质的高流速。针对常顶挥发线的腐蚀问题,采取了两项有针对性的措施:控制常顶石脑油流量不超过150 t/h,以减少腐蚀介质在系统内的积累;优化中和剂的选型,确保中和剂能够有效中和系统中的酸性物质,从而显著降低腐蚀速率。通过实施这些工艺措施,改善了常顶挥发线的腐蚀情况,延长了设备的使用寿命,确保了装置能够长期、稳定、安全地运行。

Solid phase microextraction(SPME) sampling under turbulent conditions and for the simultaneous collecting of tracer gases

Solid phase microextraction （SPME） is a solvent-flee method of sample collection. SPME is an appealing method for sample collection because it is designed for the sampling of trace level analytes with short sampling times in a variety of environments. Additionally, SPME can be used to directly deliver a sample to a gas chromatograph （GC） for analysis by means of thermal desorption. In this paper, the performance of SPME under dynamic conditions was investigated. Additionally, the competence of SPME sampling for the simultaneous analysis of multiple trace analytes was also evaluated. This work is discussed in the context of underground mine ventilation surveys but is applicable to any industry in which ventilation circuits must be evaluated. The results of this paper showed that the performance of the 100 ~m PDMS SPME fiber was both precise and rapid under dynamic conditions. This SPME fiber was also able to simultaneously collect sulfur hexafluoride （SF6） and perfluoromethylcyclohexane （PMCH） with adequate sensitivity.

Effect of Sulfurization Temperature on Thioetherification Performance of Mo-Ni/Al_2O_3 Catalyst

The Mo modified Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts were prepared and sulfided at different temperatures, and their catalytic activity for thioetherification of mercaptans and olefins(or dienes), hydrogenation of dienes and olefins in the thioetherification process using fluidized catalytic cracking(FCC) naphtha as the feedstock was investigated. In order to disclose the correlation between the physicochemical characteristics of catalysts and their catalytic activity, the surface structures and properties of the catalysts sulfided at different temperatures were characterized by the high resolution transmission electronic microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR) technique. The results showed that an increase of sulfurization temperature not only could promote the sulfurization degree of active metals on the catalysts, but also could adjust the micro-morphology of active species. These changes could improve the catalytic performance of thioetherification, and hydrogenation of dienes and olefins. However, an excess sulfurization temperature was more easily to upgrade the ability of the catalyst for hydrogenation of olefins, which could lead to a decrease of the octane number of the product. It was also showed that a moderate sulfurization temperature not only could improve the catalytic performance of thioetherification and hydrogenation of dienes but also could control hydrogenation of olefins.

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A MEMBRANE-FORMING SYSTEM COMPOSED OF POLYSULFONE-SOLVENT-SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION

1 INTRODUCTIONSince the invention of asymmetric membrane by Loeb and Sourirajan [1],membraneseparation processes have attracted considerable commercial interests.L-S membranesare generally prepared by phase inversion techniques [2].The thermodynamic and kine-tic analyses of these processes could be expressed by means of semiempiricalmathematical models.Such thermodynamic work involves the construction of a com-plete phase diagram for the membrane formation system and the membrane structure.

Preliminary study on washability and composition analysis of high- sulfur coal in some mining areas in Guizhou

Preliminary sink-float experiments on high-sulfur coal was done in some mining areas and carried on elementary analysis, industrial analysis, and ashcontent analysis. Through the experiments, definite middlings, and gangue, the phase analysis of sulfur was carried on, by which a good understanding of sulfur characters in raw coal was achieved.