Carboxylic bacterial cellulose fiber-based hydrogel electrolyte with imidazole-type ionic liquid for dendrite-free zinc metal batteries

Aqueous zinc metal batteries are regarded as the most promising energy storage system due to their advantages of high safety,low cost,and high theoretical capacity.However,the growth of dendrites and the occurrence of side reactions hinder the development of zinc metal batteries.Despite previous attempts to design advanced hydrogel electrolytes,achieving high mechanical performance and ionic conductivity of hydrogel electrolytes has remained challenging.In this work,a hydrogel electrolyte with an ionic crosslinked network is prepared by carboxylic bacterial cellulose fiber and imidazole-type ionic liquid,following by a covalent network of polyacrylamide.The hydrogel electrolyte possesses a superior ionic conductivity of 43.76 mS cm^(−1),leading to a Zn^(2+)migration number of 0.45,and high mechanical performance with an elastic modulus of 3.48 GPa and an elongation at breaking of 38.36%.More importantly,under the anion-coordination effect of the carboxyl group in bacterial cellulose and[BF4]−in imidazole-type ionic liquid,the solvation sheath of hydrated Zn^(2+)ions and the nucleation overpotential of Zn plating are regulated.The results of cycled testing show that the growth of zinc dendrites is effectively inhibited and the generation of irreversible by-products is reduced.With the carboxylic bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel electrolyte,the Zn||Zn symmetric batteries offer good cyclability as well as Zn||Ti batteries.

THE CHARACTERISTIC STRUCTURE AND ITS FORMATION MECHANISM OF GEL-SPUN UHMW-PE FIBERS

Ultra-high strength and modulus polyethylene fibers can be produced from UHMW-PE(ul-tra-high molecular weight polyethylene) by gel spinning and ultra-high drawing method.The spe-cial supermolecular structure of″shish-kebabs″ is the intrinsic course for the fiber having highperformance.In this paper,the formation mechanism of the characteristic structure of PE fibershas been investigated by means of SEM,DSC,WAXD,SAXS and TEM,The experimental resultsshow that the extended-chain structure of PE fibers is formed originally from the bridged mole-cules in amorphous region and increased gradually during further drawing porcess.The″shish-kebab″ structure is formed by the combination of extended-chalnS and originalfolded-chains.

EFFECTS OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GEL-SPUN PVA FIBERS

Some noticeable effects of process conditions, such as coagulation bath, solvent extraction, drying shrinkage and ultra-drawing, on the structure and properties of gel-spun PVA fibers are studied and discussed. High strength and high modulus PVA fibers with tensile strength of 11.3 cN / dtex and initial modulus of 430 cN / dtex have been obtained.

Evaluation of diffusion in gel entrapment cell culture within hollow fibers

AIM: To investigate diffusion in mammalian cell culture by gel entrapment within hollow fibers. METHODS: Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes or human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cells were entrapped in type I collagen solutions and statically cultured inside microporous and ultrafiltration hollow fibers. During the culture time collagen gel contraction, cell viability and specific function were assessed. Effective diffusion coefficients of glucose in cell-matrix gels were determined by lag time analysis in a diffusion cell. RESULTS: Significant gel contractions occurred in the collagen gels by entrapment of either viable hepatocytes or KB cells. And the gel contraction caused a significant reduction on effective diffusion coefficient of glucose. The cell viability assay of both hepatocytes and KB cells statically cultured in hollow fibers by collagen entrapment further confirmed the existence of the inhibited mass transfer by diffusion. Urea was secreted about 50% more by hepatocytes entrapped in hollow fibers with pore size of 0.1 μm than that in hollow fibers with MWCO of 100 ku. CONCLUSION: Cell-matrix gel and membrane pore size are the two factors relevant to the limited mass transfer by diffusion in such gel entrapment of mammalian cell culture.

Preparation of Crack-free 3Y-TZP/Al_2O_3 Composite Ceramic Fiber by Electrolysis-sol-gel Method

Polycrystalline 3Y-TZP/Al2O3 tetragonal zirconia fiber was obtained by the pyrolysis of gel fibers using zirconium oxychloride octahydrate（ZOC） as the raw material. The spinnable zirconia sol was prepared by electrolyzing the zirco-nium oxychloride octahydrate（ZOC） solution in the presence of acetic acid and sugar（ sucrose, glucrose or fructose） , in which the molar ratios of CH3 COOH/ZOC and sugar/ZOC were 1.0-4.0 and 0.2-0.4, respectively. The pre- pared tetragonal zireonia fibers sintered at different temperatures showed smooth and crack-free surfaces with diame, ters of 5-10 μm. The addition of Al2O3 enhanced the sintering process and prevented the crystals from growing. Thermogravimetric analysis（TG）, X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）, and scanning electron microscope（SEM） techniques were used to characterize the prepared fibers.

Preparation of ferromagnetic metal fine fibers by organic gel-thermal reduction process

The organic gel-thermal reduction process was used for the preparation of ferromagnetic metal Ni, Co and Fe fine fibers from the raw materials of citric acid, lactic acid and metal salts. The structure, thermal decomposition process and morphologies of the gel precursors and fibers derived from thermal reduction of these gel precursors were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that spinnability of gel largely depends on molecular structure of metal-carboxylate complex that is a linear-type structure formed in the gel. As a result, the gels exhibit a good spinnability. Metal Ni, Co and Fe fine fibers are featured with diameters of around 1 μm and a high aspect ratio up to 1×106.

Preparation of long alumina fibers by sol-gel method using tartaric acid

Long alumina fibers were prepared by sol-gel method.The spinning sol was obtained by mixing aluminum nitrate,tartaric acid,and polyvinylpyrrolidone with a mass ratio of 10∶3∶1.5.Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry （TG-DSC）,Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectra,X-ray diffraction （XRD）,and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were used to characterize the properties of the gel and ceramic fibers.A little of α-Al2O3 phase is observed in the alumina precursor gel fibers sintered at 1273 K.The fibers with a uniform diameter can be obtained when sintered at 1473 K,and its main phase is also indentified as α-Al2O3.

THE EFFECTS OF ULTRA DRAWING ON THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF GEL SPUN POLYETHYLENE FIBERS

It is believed that gel spun polyethylene(PE)fibers have a somewhat extended chain crystalstructure,because of the disentangling of the chains which takes place in semi-dilute solutionand the ultra high draw ratio used.Ten years ago,PE shish-kebabs grown from dilute solutionwere proved to have extended chain backbone which causes the raising of its melting point.These crystals were found to have a triclinic crystal phase,This study shows a different result forgel spun ultra high drawn PE fiber.The unit cell remains orthorhombic even if the draw ratioreaches 50;as the draw ratio increases,the length in a and b axes are shortened while that in c ax-is changes quite insignificantly.When the draw ratio is over 10,two endothermic melting peakscan be seen in the DSC curves with corresponding peak temperature of 136.7-145.3℃.The lat-ter peak is attributed to the amount of extended chain crystal.

Preparation of ferromagnetic binary alloy fine fibers by organic gel-thermal reduction process

Ferromagnetic metal fibers with a high aspect ratio (length/diameter) are attractive for use as high performance electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Ferromagnetic binary alloy fine fibers of iron-nickel, iron-cobalt and cobalt-nickel were prepared by the organic gel-thermal reduction process from the raw materials of critic acid and metal salts. These alloy fibers synthesized were featured with a diameter of about 1 μm and a length as long as 1 m. The structure, thermal decomposition process and morphologies of the gel precursors and fibers derived from thermal reduction of the gel precursors were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TG/DSC and SEM. The gel spinnability largely depends on the molecular structure of metal- carboxylates formed during the gel formation. The gel consisting of linear-type structural molecules shows good spinnability.

Metal Fe,Ni and Fe-Ni Fine Fibers Derived from the Organic Gel-Thermal Reduction Process

The organic gel-thermal reduction process was successfully used for the preparation of magnetic metal Ni, Fe, Fe-Ni fine fibers from raw materials of citric acid or lactic acid and metal salts. Ni, Fe and Fe-Ni fine fibers synthesized were featured with diameters of around 1 μm and lengths of as long as 2 m for Ni fibers, 0.5 m for iron fibers, 1 m for Fe-Ni fibers. The structure, thermal decomposition process and morphologies of the gel precursors and fibers derived from thermal reduction of these gel precursors were characterized by FTIR, XRD,TG/DSC and SEM, respectively. The gel spinnability largely depends on molecular structures of metal-carboxylate complexes formed in the gel. It is reasoned that these gels consist of linear-type structural molecules [（C6H6O7）Ni]n or [（C6H5O7）2Ni3] for the nickel citrate gel, [（C3H5O3）3Fe] for the ferric lactate gel, [（C6H5O7）5（NiFe）3] for the iron-nickel citrate gel respectively and the gels obtain showed a good spinning performance.

Formation of Ultrafine Apatite Fibers by Sol-gel/Electrospinning

Ultrafine apatite fibers were prepared by electrospinning of sol-gel precursor/poly（ vinyl pyrrolidone） （PVP） solutions followed by subsequent calcination. The as-electrospun and calcinated fibers were observed under a scanning electron microscope and an optical polarizing microscope. Results show that the morphology and the diameter of as-electrospun fibers strongly depend on the viscosity and the surface tension of sol-gel precursor/PVP solutions. After calcination, the smooth as-electrospun fibers shrink and the fiber diameter decreases because of the removal of the polymer. The chemical evolution upon the transformation of the precursor from a gel to the final apatite fibers was investigated by thermogravimetric-differenfial thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is thus suggested that the crystalline structure of the calcined fibers is largely influenced by the calcination temperature. After being calcined at 600 ℃, the apatite fibers with a diameter of about 280 nm containing β-tricalcium phosphate were obtained.

A Chemiluminescence Optical Fiber Glucose Biosensor Based on Co-immobilizing Glucose Oxidase and Horseradish Peroxidase in a Sol-gel Film

An optical fiber bienzyme sensor based on the luminol chemiluminescent reaction was developed and demonstrated to be sensitive to glucose. Glucose oxidase(GOD) and horseradish peroxidase(HRP) were co-immobilized by microencapsulation in a sol-gel film derived from tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS). The calibration plots for glucose were established by the optical fiber glucose sensor fabricated by attaching the bienzyme silica gel onto the glass window of the fiber bundle. The linear range was 0 2-2 mmol/L and the detection limit was approximately 0 12 mmol/L. The relative standard deviation was 5.3% ( n =6). The proposed biosensor was applied to glucose assay in ofloxacin injection successfully.

Preparation and Properties of Modified Sol-Gel Sensing Membrane for Fiber Optic Oxygen Sensor

Modified sensing membranes based on fluorescence quenching were prepared by the sol-gel method,using formamide as the drying control chemical additive,tetraethoxysilane as the main material,Ru(phen) 3Cl 2 as the indicator.The membrane with the optimum thickness of 20-50μm is uniform and crack-free,in which the indicator has a very small leaking rate.The membrane is immersed in water for 50h,the membrane sensing parameter M decreases by less than 5%.The fiber optic oxygen sensor with the sensing membrane has a detection limit of 5×10 -6M(ppm),a response time of less than 30s,excellent reproducibility and stability.

Sol-Gel法制备新型多晶钇-铝石榴石纤维

采用溶胶－凝胶法,以硝酸钇、铝片和水为原料,在酸的催化作用下经过一系列复杂的水解、缩聚反应制备出一种钇氧铝溶胶,向该溶胶中加入适当的水溶性高分子聚合物,经浓缩、纺丝及９００℃高温后处理可得到直径均匀的新型多晶钇－铝石榴石纤维．

TiO_2/ACF复合材料的Sol-Gel法制备及其对苯的去除性能

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,采用改进溶胶-凝胶法合成TiO2前驱体;采用浸渍-提拉法将TiO2前驱体负载在活性炭纤维(ACF)表面制得TiO2/ACF复合材料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、低温液氮吸附等对TiO2/ACF复合材料晶相结构、表面结构等进行了表征.在静态自制光催化反应装置中紫外光照射条件下,以高浓度(2926.5mg/m3)气态苯考察TiO2/ACF对气相有机污染物的去除性能,以气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测中间产物种类与分布.结果表明:TiO2于ACF表面形成完整薄层,随负载次数增加,TiO2/ACF比表面积下降;TiO2薄层变厚、开裂,甚至脱落.400℃煅烧时TiO2已完全转变为锐钛矿相,随煅烧温度升高,锐钛矿型TiO2晶粒尺寸变大,至700℃时开始有金红石相生成.负载2次,400℃煅烧TiO2/ACF复合材料TiO2/ACF-400-2表现出最高活性.TiO2/ACF对苯的去除过程中未检测到毒性较大的酚、醌类中间产物.

陶瓷纤维制备技术的研究进展

综述了石英纤维、碳化硅纤维、氮化硅纤维、氮化硼纤维、氧化铝纤维、莫来石纤维、硅酸铝纤维等不同种类陶瓷纤维的制备技术研究现状和技术难点。石英纤维主要采用溶胶-凝胶法制备,需要纤维表面引入氮化硼涂层改善其界面析晶行为;碳化硅纤维主要采用前驱体转化法和活性炭转化法制备,需进行表面涂层增强其性能;氮化硅纤维主要采用溶胶-凝胶法和碳热还原氮化法制备;氮化硼纤维主要采用无机转化法和有机前驱体法制备;溶胶-凝胶法是氧化铝、莫来石和硅酸铝纤维的主要制备方法。未来国内陶瓷纤维研究应进一步提高纤维性能、开发新品种、提高制备技术水平、加强应用研究和拓展应用领域。

辣木膳食纤维对鲢鱼糜凝胶性能的影响

本实验研究添加辣木膳食纤维(Moringa oleifera dietary fiber,MDF)对鲢鱼糜凝胶强度、色泽、持水性、蛋白质二级结构、微观结构以及流变学性质和质构性质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加质量分数0.1%、0.3%和0.6%MDF提高了鲢鱼糜的凝胶强度和持水性,改善了鱼糜凝胶的质地。添加0.9%MDF导致鱼糜凝胶白度显著降低。所有样品的储能模量(G′)均高于损耗模量(G″),证实鱼糜具有凝胶结构。红外光谱显示添加MDF对鲢鱼糜蛋白二级结构影响不大。与纯鱼糜组相比,添加0.6%MDF的鱼糜凝胶中离子键、疏水相互作用显著增加(P<0.05),说明鱼糜凝胶内部分子间相互作用增强。因此,添加0.6%MDF的鲢鱼糜凝胶可获得更均匀的网络结构,并增加鲢鱼糜中膳食纤维的含量。本研究可为鲢鱼糜的加工性能和营养品质提升提供有效途径,也为辣木叶膳食纤维的开发利用提供参考。

玄武岩纤维-Ag^(+)/TiO_(2)光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源、硝酸银为银源、玄武岩纤维为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了玄武岩纤维-Ag^(+)/TiO_(2)光催化剂。XRD测试结果表明,TiO_(2)以锐钛矿型成功负载到玄武岩纤维表面。催化剂性能评价表明,在钛酸四丁酯加入量为5 mL、硝酸银加入量为0.01 g的条件下制备的催化剂加入量为90 mg,反应时间为90min的反应条件下,催化剂对罗丹明B废水可以达到最高99%的降解率,并且催化剂在经过4次重复使用后仍可达84%的降解率。研究结果表明,玄武岩纤维-Ag^(+)/TiO_(2)光催化剂可以作为一种潜在的低成本绿色光催化剂。

氧化铝连续纤维用前驱体溶胶的制备和可纺性研究

以铝(Al)粉和六水合氯化铝(AlCl_(3)·6H_(2)O)为Al源、中性硅溶胶(SiO_(2))为Si源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备Al溶胶,再经浓缩、老化制得可纺性前驱体Al溶胶,研究物料配比、反应时间、浓缩温度及时间对制备Al溶胶的影响,以及浓缩、老化和稀盐酸(HCl)加入量对前驱体Al溶胶可纺性的影响,并测试了可纺性前驱体Al溶胶的流变性能。结果表明:在80℃水浴、电动搅拌转速为1000 r/min的条件下合成固含量为20%的Al溶胶,较佳的物料配比为Al粉/AlCl_(3)·6H_(2)O质量比11,较佳的反应时间为3 h;将固含量为20%、动力黏度(μ)为20 mPa·s的Al溶胶在80℃下浓缩5.0 h,再在28℃下老化40 h,可得到μ约60000 mPa·s且具有良好可纺性的前驱体Al溶胶;在可纺性前驱体Al溶胶的制备中添加稀HCl可有效抑制溶胶凝胶化,25 g Al溶胶中加入稀HCl 1.5 g较为合适;可纺性前驱体Al溶胶表现为切力变稀的假塑性流体,在温度为25~35℃、剪切速率为0~1000 s^(-1)时,溶胶的μ为50000~70000 mPa·s,具有良好的可纺性。

Innovations in spider silk-inspired artificial gel fibers:Methods,properties,strengthening,functionality,and challenges

Spider silk,possessing exceptional combination properties,is classified as a biogel fiber.Thereby,it serves as a valuable origin of inspiration for the advancement of various artificial gel fiber materials with distinct functionalities.Gel fibers exhibit promising potential for utilization in diverse fields,including smart textiles,artificial muscle,tissue engineering,and strain sensing.However,there are still numerous challenges in improving the performance and functionalizing applications of spider silk-inspired artificial gel fibers.Thus,to gain a penetrating insight into bioinspired artificial gel fibers,this review provided a comprehensive overview encompassing three key aspects:the fundamental design concepts and implementing strategies of gel fibers,the properties and strengthening strategies of gel fibers,and the functionalities and application prospects of gel fibers.In particular,multiple strengthening and toughening mechanisms were introduced at micro,nano,and molecular-level structures of gel fibers.Additionally,the existing challenges of gel fibers are summarized.This review aims to offer significant guidance for the development and application of artificial gel fibers and inspire further research in the field of high-performance gel fibers.