Current lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)rely on organic liquid electrolytes that pose significant risks due to their flammability and toxicity.The potential for environmental pollution and explosions resulting from battery...Current lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)rely on organic liquid electrolytes that pose significant risks due to their flammability and toxicity.The potential for environmental pollution and explosions resulting from battery damage or fracture is a critical concern.Water-based(aqueous)electrolytes have been receiving attention as an alternative to organic electrolytes.However,a narrow electrochemicalstability window,water decomposition,and the consequent low battery operating voltage and energy density hinder the practical use of aqueous electrolytes.Therefore,developing novel aqueous electrolytes for sustainable,safe,high-performance LIBs remains challenging.This Review first commences by summarizing the roles and requirements of electrolytes–separators and then delineates the progression of aqueous electrolytes for LIBs,encompassing aqueous liquid and gel electrolyte development trends along with detailed principles of the electrolytes.These aqueous electrolytes are progressed based on strategies using superconcentrated salts,concentrated diluents,polymer additives,polymer networks,and artificial passivation layers,which are used for suppressing water decomposition and widening the electrochemical stability window of water of the electrolytes.In addition,this Review discusses potential strategies for the implementation of aqueous Li-metal batteries with improved electrolyte–electrode interfaces.A comprehensive understanding of each strategy in the aqueous system will assist in the design of an aqueous electrolyte and the development of sustainable and safe high-performance batteries.展开更多
Hybrid supercapacitors have shown great potentials to fulfill the demand of future diverse applications such as electric vehicles and portable/wearable electronics.In particular,aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors...Hybrid supercapacitors have shown great potentials to fulfill the demand of future diverse applications such as electric vehicles and portable/wearable electronics.In particular,aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors(ZHSCs)have gained much attention due to their low-cost,high energy density,and environmental friendliness.Nevertheless,typical ZHSCs use Zn metal anode and normal liquid electrolyte,causing the dendrite issue,restricted working temperature,and inferior device flexibility.Herein,a novel flexible Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor(FZHSC)is developed by using activated carbon(AC)anode,δ-MnO_(2) cathode,and innovative PVA-based gel electrolyte.In this design,heavy Zn anode and its dendrite issue are avoided and layered cathode with large interlayer spacing is employed.In addition,flexible electrodes are prepared and integrated with an anti-freezing,stretchable,and compressible hydrogel electrolyte,which is attained by simultaneously using glycerol additive and freezing/thawing technique to regulate the hydrogen bond and microstructure.The resulting FZHSC exhibits good rate capability,high energy density(47.86 Wh kg^(−1);3.94 mWh cm^(−3)),high power density(5.81 kW kg^(−1);480 mW cm^(−3)),and excellent cycling stability(~91%capacity retention after 30000 cycles).Furthermore,our FZHSC demonstrates outstanding flexibility with capacitance almost unchanged even after various continuous shape deformations.The hydrogel electrolyte still maintains high ionic conductivity at ultralow temperatures(≤−30℃),enabling the FZHSC cycled well,and powering electronic timer robustly within an all-climate temperature range of−30~80℃.This work highlights that the promising Zn metal-free aqueous ZHSCs can be designed with great multifunctionality for more practical application scenarios.展开更多
Quasi-solid-state lithium metal battery is a promising candidate for next generation high energy density and high safety power supply.Despite intensive efforts on electrolytes,uncontrolled interfacial reactions on lit...Quasi-solid-state lithium metal battery is a promising candidate for next generation high energy density and high safety power supply.Despite intensive efforts on electrolytes,uncontrolled interfacial reactions on lithium with electrolyte and patchy interfacial contacts still hinder its practical process.Herein,we bring in rationally designed F contained groups into polymer skeleton via in-situ gelation for the first time to establish quasi-solid-state battery.This method achieves a capacity retention of 90%after 1000 cycles at 0.5C with LiFePO_(4)cathodes.The interface constructed by polymer skeleton and reaction with–CF_(3)lead to the predicted solid electrolyte interface species with high stability.Furthermore,we optimize molecular reactivity and interface stability with regulating F contained end groups in the polymer.Comparisons on different structures reveal that high performance solid stable lithium metal batteries rely on chemical modification as well as stable polymer skeleton,which is more critical to construct robust and steady SEI with uniform lithium deposition.New approach with functional groups regulation proposes a more stable cycling process with a capacity retention of 94.2%at 0.5C and 87.6%at 1C after 1000 cycles with LiFePO_(4) cathodes,providing new insights for the practical development of quasi-solid-state lithium metal battery.展开更多
Hydrogel electrolyte is especially suitable for solid-state Al-air batteries targeted for various portable applications, which may, however, lead to continuous Al corrosion during battery standby. To tackle this issue...Hydrogel electrolyte is especially suitable for solid-state Al-air batteries targeted for various portable applications, which may, however, lead to continuous Al corrosion during battery standby. To tackle this issue, an ethanol gel electrolyte is developed for Al-air battery for the first time in this work, by using KOH as solute and polyethylene oxide as gelling agent. The ethanol gel is found to effectively inhibit Al corrosion compared with the water gel counterpart, leading to stable Al storage. When assembled into an Al-air battery, the ethanol gel electrolyte achieves a much improved discharge lifetime and specific capacity, which are 5.3 and 4.1 times of the water gel electrolyte at 0.1 mA cm^(-2), respectively.By studying the gel properties, it is found that a lower ethanol purity can improve the battery power output, but at the price of decreased discharge efficiency. On the contrary, a higher polymer concentration will decrease the power output, but can bring extra benefit to the discharge efficiency. As for the gel thickness, a moderate value of 1 mm is preferred to balance the power output and energy efficiency. Finally, to cater the increasing market of flexible electronics, a flexible Al-air battery is developed by impregnating the ethanol gel into a paper substrate, which can function normally even under serious deformation or damage.展开更多
The demand of microelectronic devices postulated high energetic flexible energy storage devices. Flexible solid state supercapacitor is flawless possible candidate to fulfill the requirement of microelectronic devices...The demand of microelectronic devices postulated high energetic flexible energy storage devices. Flexible solid state supercapacitor is flawless possible candidate to fulfill the requirement of microelectronic devices. This investigation provides practical evidence of the use of flexible solid state supercapacitors based on MnOelectrodes with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)-Li ClOgel electrolyte. Initially, different acid mediated growths of MnOhave been carried. Later, the electrochemical performances of MnOelectrodes have been carried out. Impressively, the fabricated symmetric flexible solid state supercapacitor(FSS-SC) device demonstrates the highest operating potential window of 1.6 V with extended cycling stability. Moreover, the cell exhibits high energy density of 23 Wh/kg at power density of 1.9 k W/kg. It is interesting to note that the device shows excellent flexibility upon bending at angle of 180° for number of times. These results clearly evidenced those symmetric FSS-SC devices based on MnOelectrodes are promising energy storage devices for microelectronic applications.展开更多
Micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)are considered as highly competitive power sources for miniaturized electronics.However,narrow voltage window and poor anti-freezing properties of MSCs in conventional aqueous electrolytes l...Micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)are considered as highly competitive power sources for miniaturized electronics.However,narrow voltage window and poor anti-freezing properties of MSCs in conventional aqueous electrolytes lead to low energy density and limited environmental adaption.Herein,we report the construction of low-temperature and high-energy-density MSCs based on anti-freezing hybrid gel electrolytes(HGE)through introducing ethylene glycol(EG)additives into aqueous LiCl electrolyte.Since EG partially destroys hydrogen bond network among water molecules,the HGE exhibits maximum electrochemical stability window of 2.7 V and superior anti-freezing features with a glass transition temperature of-62.8℃.Further,the optimized MSCs using activated carbon microelectrodes possess impressive volumetric capacitance of 28.9 F cm^(-3)and energy density of 10.3 mWh cm^(-3)in the voltage of 1.6 V,2.6 times higher than MSCs tested in 1.2 V.Importantly,the MSCs display 68.3%capacitance retention even at-30℃ compared to the value at 25℃,and ultra-long cyclability with 85.7%of initial capacitance after 15,000 times,indicating extraordinary low-temperature performance.Besides,our devices offer favorable flexibility and modular integration.Therefore,this work provides a general strategy of realizing flexible,safe and anti-freezing microscale power sources,holding great potential towards subzero-temperature microelectronic applications.展开更多
Composite gel electrolytes containing several kinds of particles used as the quasi-solid-state electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were reported. Mesoporous particles (MCM-41) with unique structures com...Composite gel electrolytes containing several kinds of particles used as the quasi-solid-state electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were reported. Mesoporous particles (MCM-41) with unique structures composed of ordered nanochannels were served as a new kind of gelator for quasi-solid-state electrolytes. MCM-41, hydrophobic fumed silica Aerosil R972 and TiO2 nanopatricles P25 were dispersed into gel electrolytes respectively. The solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency of these cells is 4.65%, 6.85% and 5.05% respectively under 30 mW·cm-2 illumination. The preparation methods and the particles sizes exert an influence on the performance of corresponding solar cells. Owing to unique pore structures and high specific BET surface area, mesoporous silica MCM-41 was expected to have the potential to afford conducting nanochannels for redox couple diffusion.展开更多
A new microzone-combustion synthesis is proposed for preparing S, N-doped hierarchically porous carbons(CAC-CN) with a novel mixed microstructure of sp~2 short-range order area and sp~3 defective area,achieving a coex...A new microzone-combustion synthesis is proposed for preparing S, N-doped hierarchically porous carbons(CAC-CN) with a novel mixed microstructure of sp~2 short-range order area and sp~3 defective area,achieving a coexistence of high conductivity and high capacitance as well as good access for electrolyte.By engineering ‘‘water in salts" into a polymer matrix, a high-voltage(2.5 V) aqueous gel electrolyte(HGWIS) is prepared and used to construct an aqueous solid-state SCs by in situ polymerization between the electrodes. The good match of CAC-CN electrode and HG-WIS electrolyte endows the assembled devices with superior high energy density and excellent capacitance retention, also a good temperature robustness, as well a high flexibility in 0-180° bending cycles. This study indicates that the collaborative design strategy of electrode materials and electrolyte would be great potential in exploring advanced aqueous solid-state SCs.展开更多
To pursue electron-generation stability with no sacrifice of photovoltaic performance has been a persistent objective for all kinds of solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the experimental realization of this objective b...To pursue electron-generation stability with no sacrifice of photovoltaic performance has been a persistent objective for all kinds of solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the experimental realization of this objective by quasi-solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells from a series of conducting gel electrolytes composed of polyacrylamide(PAAm) matrix and conductive polymers [polyaniline(PANi), polypyrrole(PPy) or polythiophene(PT)]. The reduction of Sx2- occurred in both interface and three dimensional framework of conducting gel electrolyte as a result of the electrical conduction of PANi, PPy and PT toward refluxed electrons from external circuit to Pt electrode. The resulting solar cells can yield the solarto-electrical conversion efficiency of 2.33%, 2.25% and 1.80% for PANi, PPy and PT based gel electrolytes,respectively. Those solar cells possessed much higher efficiency than that of 1.74% based on pure PAAm gel electrolyte owing to the enhanced kinetics for Sx2- ? S2- conversion. More importantly, the stability of quasi-solid-state solar cell is significantly advanced, arising from the localization of liquid electrolyte into the three dimensional framework and therefore reduced leakage and volatilization.展开更多
A new type of semi-IPN gel electrolyte was prepared by thermal polymerization in this article.The cross-linked PEG200 (MXPEG) was prepared by condensation reaction in the presence of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane...A new type of semi-IPN gel electrolyte was prepared by thermal polymerization in this article.The cross-linked PEG200 (MXPEG) was prepared by condensation reaction in the presence of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS),the condensation product was then blent with PMMA and polymerized to form polymer blends with semi-IPN fabric.Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy were used to investigate the thermal transition behavior of the polymer blends prepared.Ion-conducting behaviors and the electrochemical stability window for semi-IPN gel electrolyte were investigated by means ofimpedance spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry.The Arrhenius-type relationship was observed in the temperature dependence ofionic conductivity.All the properties shows that the prepared semi-IPN gel electrolyte possesses certain levels of electrolye salt and plasticizer were expected to have applications of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium polymer secondary batteries.展开更多
Bacterial cellulose(BC)was innovatively combined with zwitterionic copolymer acrylamide and sulfobetaine methacrylic acid ester[P(AM-co-SBMA)]to build a dual-network porous structure gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)with...Bacterial cellulose(BC)was innovatively combined with zwitterionic copolymer acrylamide and sulfobetaine methacrylic acid ester[P(AM-co-SBMA)]to build a dual-network porous structure gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)with high ionic conductivity.The dual network structure BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)gels were formed by a simple one-step polymerization method.The results show that ionic conductivity of BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)GPEs at the room temperature are 3.2×10^(-2) S/cm@1 M H_(2)SO_(4),4.5×10^(-2) S/cm@4 M KOH,and 3.6×10^(-2) S/cm@1 M NaCl,respectively.Using active carbon(AC)as the electrodes,BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)GPEs as both separator and electrolyte matrix,and 4 M KOH as the electrolyte,a symmetric solid supercapacitors(SSC)(AC-GPE-KOH)was assembled and testified.The specific capacitance of AC electrode is 173 F/g and remains 95.0%of the initial value after 5000 cycles and 86.2%after 10,000 cycles.展开更多
Exploration of advanced gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)represents a viable strategy for mitigating dendritic lithium(Li)growth,which is crucial in ensuring the safe operation of high energy density Li metal batteries(L...Exploration of advanced gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)represents a viable strategy for mitigating dendritic lithium(Li)growth,which is crucial in ensuring the safe operation of high energy density Li metal batteries(LMBs).Despite this,the application of GPEs is still hindered by inadequate ionic conductivity,low Li^(+)transference number,and subpar physicochemical properties.Herein,Ti O_(2-x)nanofibers(NF)with oxygen vacancy defects were synthesized by a one-step process as inorganic fillers to enhance the thermal/mechanical/ionic-transportation performances of composite GPEs.Various characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that the oxygen vacancies on the surface of Ti O_(2-x)NF accelerate the dissociation of Li PF_6,promote the rapid transfer of free Li^(+),and influence the formation of Li F-enriched solid electrolyte interphase.Consequently,the composite GPEs demonstrate enhanced ionic conductivity(1.90m S cm^(-1)at room temperature),higher lithium-ion transference number(0.70),wider electrochemical stability window(5.50 V),superior mechanical strength,excellent thermal stability(210℃),and improved compatibility with lithium,resulting in superior cycling stability and rate performance in both Li||Li,Li||Li Fe PO_(4),and Li||Li Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)cells.Overall,the synergistic influence of nanofiber morphology and enriched oxygen vacancy structure of fillers on electrochemical properties of composite GPEs is comprehensively investigated,thus,it is anticipated to shed new light on designing high-performance GPEs LMBs.展开更多
The poor interfacial stability not only deteriorates fibre lithium-ion batteries(FLBs)performance but also impacts their scalable applications.To efficiently address these challenges,Prof.Huisheng Peng team proposed a...The poor interfacial stability not only deteriorates fibre lithium-ion batteries(FLBs)performance but also impacts their scalable applications.To efficiently address these challenges,Prof.Huisheng Peng team proposed a generalized channel structures strategy with optimized in situ polymerization technology in their recent study.The resultant FLBs can be woven into different-sized powering textiles,providing a high energy density output of 128 Wh kg^(-1) and simultaneously demonstrating good durability even under harsh conditions.Such a promising strategy expands the horizon in developing FLB with particular polymer gel electrolytes,and significantly ever-deepening understanding of the scaled wearable energy textile system toward a sustainable future.展开更多
Aqueous zinc metal batteries are regarded as the most promising energy storage system due to their advantages of high safety,low cost,and high theoretical capacity.However,the growth of dendrites and the occurrence of...Aqueous zinc metal batteries are regarded as the most promising energy storage system due to their advantages of high safety,low cost,and high theoretical capacity.However,the growth of dendrites and the occurrence of side reactions hinder the development of zinc metal batteries.Despite previous attempts to design advanced hydrogel electrolytes,achieving high mechanical performance and ionic conductivity of hydrogel electrolytes has remained challenging.In this work,a hydrogel electrolyte with an ionic crosslinked network is prepared by carboxylic bacterial cellulose fiber and imidazole-type ionic liquid,following by a covalent network of polyacrylamide.The hydrogel electrolyte possesses a superior ionic conductivity of 43.76 mS cm^(−1),leading to a Zn^(2+)migration number of 0.45,and high mechanical performance with an elastic modulus of 3.48 GPa and an elongation at breaking of 38.36%.More importantly,under the anion-coordination effect of the carboxyl group in bacterial cellulose and[BF4]−in imidazole-type ionic liquid,the solvation sheath of hydrated Zn^(2+)ions and the nucleation overpotential of Zn plating are regulated.The results of cycled testing show that the growth of zinc dendrites is effectively inhibited and the generation of irreversible by-products is reduced.With the carboxylic bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel electrolyte,the Zn||Zn symmetric batteries offer good cyclability as well as Zn||Ti batteries.展开更多
Aprotic lithium-air batteries(LABs)have been known as the holy grail of energy storage systems due to their extremely high energy density.However,their real-world application is still hindered by the great challenges ...Aprotic lithium-air batteries(LABs)have been known as the holy grail of energy storage systems due to their extremely high energy density.However,their real-world application is still hindered by the great challenges from the Li anode side,like dendrite growth and corrosion reactions,thus a pure oxygen atmosphere is usually adopted to prolong the lifetime of LABs,which is a major obstacle to fully liberate the energy density advantages of LABs.Here,a gel polymer electrolyte has been designed through in-situ polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane(DOL)by utilizing the unique semi-open nature of LABs to protect the Li anode to conquer its shortcomings,enabling the high-performance running of LABs in the ambient air.Unlike common liquid electrolytes,the in-situ formed gel polymer electrolyte could facilitate constructing a gradient SEl film with the gradual decrease of organic components from top to bottom,preventing the Li anode from dendrite growth and air-induced corrosion reactions and thus realizing durable Li repeated plating/stripping(2000h).Benefiting from the anode protection effects of the gradient SEI film,the LABs display a long lifetime of 17o cycles,paving an avenue for practical,long-term,and high-efficiency operation of LABs.展开更多
All solid-state electrolytes have the advantages of good mechanical and thermal properties for safer energy storage,but their energy density has been limited by low ionic conductivity and large interfacial resistance ...All solid-state electrolytes have the advantages of good mechanical and thermal properties for safer energy storage,but their energy density has been limited by low ionic conductivity and large interfacial resistance caused by the poor Li~+transport kinetics due to the solid-solid contacts between the electrodes and the solid-state electrolytes.Herein,a novel gel polymer electrolyte(UPP-5)composed of ionic liquid incorporated metal-organic frameworks nanoparticles(IL@MOFs)is designed,it exhibits satisfying electrochemical performances,consisting of an excellent electrochemical stability window(5.5 V)and an improved Li^(+)transference number of 0.52.Moreover,the Li/UPP-5/LiFePO_(4) full cells present an ultra-stable cycling performance at 0.2C for over 100 cycles almost without any decay in capacities.This study might provide new insight to create an effective Li^(+)conductive network for the development of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Serving as a promising alternative to liquid electrolyte in the application of portable and wearable devices,gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)are expected to obtain more preferable properties rather than just be satisfie...Serving as a promising alternative to liquid electrolyte in the application of portable and wearable devices,gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)are expected to obtain more preferable properties rather than just be satisfied with the merits of high safety and deformability.Here,an easy-operated method is employed to fabricate cross-linked composite polymer membranes used for GPEs assisted by UV irradiation,in which N-doped carbon quantum dots(N-CQDs)and TiO2are introduced as photocatalysts and additives to improve the performances of GPEs.Specifically,N-CQDs participate as a cross-linker to construct the inner porous structure,and TiO2nanoparticles serve as a stabilizer to improve the electrochemical stability of GPEs under high voltage(3.5 V).The excellent thermal and mechanical stability of the membrane fabricated in this work guarantee the safety of the supercapacitors(SCs).This GPE based SC not only exhibits prominent rate performance(105%capacitance retention at the current density of 40A g^(-1))and cyclic stability(85%at 1 A g^(-1)under 3.5 V after 20,000 cycles),but also displays remarkable energy density(42.88 Wh kg^(-1))with high power density(19.3 k W kg^(-1)).Moreover,the superior rate and cycling performances of the as-prepared GPE based flexible SCs under flat and bending state confirm the feasibility of its application in flexible energy storage devices.展开更多
Sodium-ion battery is a potential application system for large-scale energy storage due to the advantage of higher nature abundance and lower production cost of sodium-based materials.However,there exist inevitably th...Sodium-ion battery is a potential application system for large-scale energy storage due to the advantage of higher nature abundance and lower production cost of sodium-based materials.However,there exist inevitably the safety problems such as flammability due to the use of the same type of organic liquid electrolyte with lithium-ion battery.Gel polymer electrolytes are being considered as an effective solution to replace conventional organic liquid electrolytes for building safer sodium-ion batteries.In this review paper,the authors present a comprehensive overview of the research progress in electrochemical and physical properties of the gel polymer electrolyte-based sodium batteries.The gel polymer electrolytes based on different polymer hosts namely poly(ethylene oxide),poly(acrylonitrile),poly(methyl methacrylate),poly(vinylidene fluoride),poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene),and other new polymer networks are summarized.The ionic conductivity,ion transference number,electrochemical window,thermal stability,mechanical property,and interfacial issue with electrodes of gel polymer electrolytes,and the corresponding influence factors are described in detail.Furthermore,the ion transport pathway and ion conduction mechanism are analyzed and discussed.In addition,the advanced gel polymer electrolyte systems including flame-retardant polymer electrolytes,composite gel polymer electrolytes,copolymerization,single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes,etc.with more superior and functional performance are classified and summarized.Finally,the application prospects,development opportunities,remaining challenges,and possible solutions are discussed.展开更多
The safe,flexible,and environment-friendly Zn-ion batteries have aroused great interests nowadays.Nevertheless,flagrant Zn dendrite uncontrollably grows in liquid electrolytes due to insufficient surface protection,wh...The safe,flexible,and environment-friendly Zn-ion batteries have aroused great interests nowadays.Nevertheless,flagrant Zn dendrite uncontrollably grows in liquid electrolytes due to insufficient surface protection,which severely impedes the future applications of Zn-ion batteries especially at high current densities.Gel electrolytes are emerging to tackle this issue,yet the required high modulus for inhibiting dendrite growth as well as concurrent poor interfacial contact with roughened Zn electrodes are not easily reconcilable to regulate the fragile Zn/Zn^(2+) interface.Here we demonstrate,such a conflict may be defeated by using a mechanoadaptive cellulose nanofibril-based morphing gel electrolyte(MorphGE),which synergizes bulk compliance for optimizing interfacial contact as well as high modulus for suppressing dendrite formation.Moreover,by anchoring desolvated Zn^(2+) on cellulose nanofibrils,the side reactions which induce dendrite formation are also significantly reduced.As a result,the MorphGE-based symmetrical Zn-ion battery demonstrated outstanding stability for more than 100 h at the high current density of 10 mA·cm^(−2) and areal capacity of 10 mA·h·cm^(−2),and the corresponding Zn-ion battery delivered a prominent specific capacity of 100 mA·h·g^(−1) for more than 500 cycles at 20 C.The present example of engineering the mechanoadaptivity of gel electrolytes will shed light on a new pathway for designing highly safe and flexible energy storage devices.展开更多
1 Results Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium battery have been widely investigated recently because of their high ion conductivity at room temperature. We synthesized and characterized novel gel electrolytes based o...1 Results Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium battery have been widely investigated recently because of their high ion conductivity at room temperature. We synthesized and characterized novel gel electrolytes based on amphiphilic copolymethacrylates containing different lengths of ethylene oxide (EO) chain as ionophilic units and methyl methacrylate (MMA) chain as ionophobic units[1]. Their electrochemical properties were also measured.1H NMR and FTIR analysis results elucidated that PEG-b-glycidyl met...展开更多
基金the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea(No.2022R1A2B5B02002097),funded by the Korea government(MSIT).
文摘Current lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)rely on organic liquid electrolytes that pose significant risks due to their flammability and toxicity.The potential for environmental pollution and explosions resulting from battery damage or fracture is a critical concern.Water-based(aqueous)electrolytes have been receiving attention as an alternative to organic electrolytes.However,a narrow electrochemicalstability window,water decomposition,and the consequent low battery operating voltage and energy density hinder the practical use of aqueous electrolytes.Therefore,developing novel aqueous electrolytes for sustainable,safe,high-performance LIBs remains challenging.This Review first commences by summarizing the roles and requirements of electrolytes–separators and then delineates the progression of aqueous electrolytes for LIBs,encompassing aqueous liquid and gel electrolyte development trends along with detailed principles of the electrolytes.These aqueous electrolytes are progressed based on strategies using superconcentrated salts,concentrated diluents,polymer additives,polymer networks,and artificial passivation layers,which are used for suppressing water decomposition and widening the electrochemical stability window of water of the electrolytes.In addition,this Review discusses potential strategies for the implementation of aqueous Li-metal batteries with improved electrolyte–electrode interfaces.A comprehensive understanding of each strategy in the aqueous system will assist in the design of an aqueous electrolyte and the development of sustainable and safe high-performance batteries.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52072136,51972257,51872104,and 52172229)the Ningxia Key R&D Program(2019BFG02018)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2021IVA115,2021IVA071).
文摘Hybrid supercapacitors have shown great potentials to fulfill the demand of future diverse applications such as electric vehicles and portable/wearable electronics.In particular,aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors(ZHSCs)have gained much attention due to their low-cost,high energy density,and environmental friendliness.Nevertheless,typical ZHSCs use Zn metal anode and normal liquid electrolyte,causing the dendrite issue,restricted working temperature,and inferior device flexibility.Herein,a novel flexible Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor(FZHSC)is developed by using activated carbon(AC)anode,δ-MnO_(2) cathode,and innovative PVA-based gel electrolyte.In this design,heavy Zn anode and its dendrite issue are avoided and layered cathode with large interlayer spacing is employed.In addition,flexible electrodes are prepared and integrated with an anti-freezing,stretchable,and compressible hydrogel electrolyte,which is attained by simultaneously using glycerol additive and freezing/thawing technique to regulate the hydrogen bond and microstructure.The resulting FZHSC exhibits good rate capability,high energy density(47.86 Wh kg^(−1);3.94 mWh cm^(−3)),high power density(5.81 kW kg^(−1);480 mW cm^(−3)),and excellent cycling stability(~91%capacity retention after 30000 cycles).Furthermore,our FZHSC demonstrates outstanding flexibility with capacitance almost unchanged even after various continuous shape deformations.The hydrogel electrolyte still maintains high ionic conductivity at ultralow temperatures(≤−30℃),enabling the FZHSC cycled well,and powering electronic timer robustly within an all-climate temperature range of−30~80℃.This work highlights that the promising Zn metal-free aqueous ZHSCs can be designed with great multifunctionality for more practical application scenarios.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52034011)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province(2019RS3002)+1 种基金the Central Universities of Central South University(Grant No.2018zzts133)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2020RC2006).
文摘Quasi-solid-state lithium metal battery is a promising candidate for next generation high energy density and high safety power supply.Despite intensive efforts on electrolytes,uncontrolled interfacial reactions on lithium with electrolyte and patchy interfacial contacts still hinder its practical process.Herein,we bring in rationally designed F contained groups into polymer skeleton via in-situ gelation for the first time to establish quasi-solid-state battery.This method achieves a capacity retention of 90%after 1000 cycles at 0.5C with LiFePO_(4)cathodes.The interface constructed by polymer skeleton and reaction with–CF_(3)lead to the predicted solid electrolyte interface species with high stability.Furthermore,we optimize molecular reactivity and interface stability with regulating F contained end groups in the polymer.Comparisons on different structures reveal that high performance solid stable lithium metal batteries rely on chemical modification as well as stable polymer skeleton,which is more critical to construct robust and steady SEI with uniform lithium deposition.New approach with functional groups regulation proposes a more stable cycling process with a capacity retention of 94.2%at 0.5C and 87.6%at 1C after 1000 cycles with LiFePO_(4) cathodes,providing new insights for the practical development of quasi-solid-state lithium metal battery.
基金the SZSTI of Shenzhen Municipal Government (JCYJ20170818141758464)the CRCG grant of the University of Hong Kong (201910160008)。
文摘Hydrogel electrolyte is especially suitable for solid-state Al-air batteries targeted for various portable applications, which may, however, lead to continuous Al corrosion during battery standby. To tackle this issue, an ethanol gel electrolyte is developed for Al-air battery for the first time in this work, by using KOH as solute and polyethylene oxide as gelling agent. The ethanol gel is found to effectively inhibit Al corrosion compared with the water gel counterpart, leading to stable Al storage. When assembled into an Al-air battery, the ethanol gel electrolyte achieves a much improved discharge lifetime and specific capacity, which are 5.3 and 4.1 times of the water gel electrolyte at 0.1 mA cm^(-2), respectively.By studying the gel properties, it is found that a lower ethanol purity can improve the battery power output, but at the price of decreased discharge efficiency. On the contrary, a higher polymer concentration will decrease the power output, but can bring extra benefit to the discharge efficiency. As for the gel thickness, a moderate value of 1 mm is preferred to balance the power output and energy efficiency. Finally, to cater the increasing market of flexible electronics, a flexible Al-air battery is developed by impregnating the ethanol gel into a paper substrate, which can function normally even under serious deformation or damage.
基金DAE-BRNS, BARC Mumbai, India for financial support through research Project no.2012/34/67/BRNS/2911 dtd. 07/03/2013
文摘The demand of microelectronic devices postulated high energetic flexible energy storage devices. Flexible solid state supercapacitor is flawless possible candidate to fulfill the requirement of microelectronic devices. This investigation provides practical evidence of the use of flexible solid state supercapacitors based on MnOelectrodes with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)-Li ClOgel electrolyte. Initially, different acid mediated growths of MnOhave been carried. Later, the electrochemical performances of MnOelectrodes have been carried out. Impressively, the fabricated symmetric flexible solid state supercapacitor(FSS-SC) device demonstrates the highest operating potential window of 1.6 V with extended cycling stability. Moreover, the cell exhibits high energy density of 23 Wh/kg at power density of 1.9 k W/kg. It is interesting to note that the device shows excellent flexibility upon bending at angle of 180° for number of times. These results clearly evidenced those symmetric FSS-SC devices based on MnOelectrodes are promising energy storage devices for microelectronic applications.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22125903,51872283,22109160,22005297)the Dalian Innovation Support Plan for High Level Talents(2019RT09)+6 种基金the The Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory For Clean Energy(DNL),CAS,DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201912,DNL201915,DNL202016,DNL202019),DICP(DICP ZZBS201802,DICP I2020032)The Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(YLU-DNL Fund 2021002,YLU-DNL Fund 2021009)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M693126,2020M680995,2021M703145,2021M693127)the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program(Talent-Introduction Program)(YJ20210311)the Plan for promoting innovative talents of Education Department of Liaoning Province(LCR2018015)the Shenyang Youth Science and Technology Project(RC200444)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2021-MS-234)。
文摘Micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)are considered as highly competitive power sources for miniaturized electronics.However,narrow voltage window and poor anti-freezing properties of MSCs in conventional aqueous electrolytes lead to low energy density and limited environmental adaption.Herein,we report the construction of low-temperature and high-energy-density MSCs based on anti-freezing hybrid gel electrolytes(HGE)through introducing ethylene glycol(EG)additives into aqueous LiCl electrolyte.Since EG partially destroys hydrogen bond network among water molecules,the HGE exhibits maximum electrochemical stability window of 2.7 V and superior anti-freezing features with a glass transition temperature of-62.8℃.Further,the optimized MSCs using activated carbon microelectrodes possess impressive volumetric capacitance of 28.9 F cm^(-3)and energy density of 10.3 mWh cm^(-3)in the voltage of 1.6 V,2.6 times higher than MSCs tested in 1.2 V.Importantly,the MSCs display 68.3%capacitance retention even at-30℃ compared to the value at 25℃,and ultra-long cyclability with 85.7%of initial capacitance after 15,000 times,indicating extraordinary low-temperature performance.Besides,our devices offer favorable flexibility and modular integration.Therefore,this work provides a general strategy of realizing flexible,safe and anti-freezing microscale power sources,holding great potential towards subzero-temperature microelectronic applications.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50573043 and 50572046.
文摘Composite gel electrolytes containing several kinds of particles used as the quasi-solid-state electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were reported. Mesoporous particles (MCM-41) with unique structures composed of ordered nanochannels were served as a new kind of gelator for quasi-solid-state electrolytes. MCM-41, hydrophobic fumed silica Aerosil R972 and TiO2 nanopatricles P25 were dispersed into gel electrolytes respectively. The solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency of these cells is 4.65%, 6.85% and 5.05% respectively under 30 mW·cm-2 illumination. The preparation methods and the particles sizes exert an influence on the performance of corresponding solar cells. Owing to unique pore structures and high specific BET surface area, mesoporous silica MCM-41 was expected to have the potential to afford conducting nanochannels for redox couple diffusion.
基金supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2018MEM014)the Shandong Provincial Key R&D plan and the Public Welfare Special Program, China (2017GGX20124)。
文摘A new microzone-combustion synthesis is proposed for preparing S, N-doped hierarchically porous carbons(CAC-CN) with a novel mixed microstructure of sp~2 short-range order area and sp~3 defective area,achieving a coexistence of high conductivity and high capacitance as well as good access for electrolyte.By engineering ‘‘water in salts" into a polymer matrix, a high-voltage(2.5 V) aqueous gel electrolyte(HGWIS) is prepared and used to construct an aqueous solid-state SCs by in situ polymerization between the electrodes. The good match of CAC-CN electrode and HG-WIS electrolyte endows the assembled devices with superior high energy density and excellent capacitance retention, also a good temperature robustness, as well a high flexibility in 0-180° bending cycles. This study indicates that the collaborative design strategy of electrode materials and electrolyte would be great potential in exploring advanced aqueous solid-state SCs.
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21503202, 61604143 and 61774139)Yunnan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2017FA024)
文摘To pursue electron-generation stability with no sacrifice of photovoltaic performance has been a persistent objective for all kinds of solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the experimental realization of this objective by quasi-solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells from a series of conducting gel electrolytes composed of polyacrylamide(PAAm) matrix and conductive polymers [polyaniline(PANi), polypyrrole(PPy) or polythiophene(PT)]. The reduction of Sx2- occurred in both interface and three dimensional framework of conducting gel electrolyte as a result of the electrical conduction of PANi, PPy and PT toward refluxed electrons from external circuit to Pt electrode. The resulting solar cells can yield the solarto-electrical conversion efficiency of 2.33%, 2.25% and 1.80% for PANi, PPy and PT based gel electrolytes,respectively. Those solar cells possessed much higher efficiency than that of 1.74% based on pure PAAm gel electrolyte owing to the enhanced kinetics for Sx2- ? S2- conversion. More importantly, the stability of quasi-solid-state solar cell is significantly advanced, arising from the localization of liquid electrolyte into the three dimensional framework and therefore reduced leakage and volatilization.
文摘A new type of semi-IPN gel electrolyte was prepared by thermal polymerization in this article.The cross-linked PEG200 (MXPEG) was prepared by condensation reaction in the presence of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS),the condensation product was then blent with PMMA and polymerized to form polymer blends with semi-IPN fabric.Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy were used to investigate the thermal transition behavior of the polymer blends prepared.Ion-conducting behaviors and the electrochemical stability window for semi-IPN gel electrolyte were investigated by means ofimpedance spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry.The Arrhenius-type relationship was observed in the temperature dependence ofionic conductivity.All the properties shows that the prepared semi-IPN gel electrolyte possesses certain levels of electrolye salt and plasticizer were expected to have applications of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium polymer secondary batteries.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51472166)。
文摘Bacterial cellulose(BC)was innovatively combined with zwitterionic copolymer acrylamide and sulfobetaine methacrylic acid ester[P(AM-co-SBMA)]to build a dual-network porous structure gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)with high ionic conductivity.The dual network structure BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)gels were formed by a simple one-step polymerization method.The results show that ionic conductivity of BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)GPEs at the room temperature are 3.2×10^(-2) S/cm@1 M H_(2)SO_(4),4.5×10^(-2) S/cm@4 M KOH,and 3.6×10^(-2) S/cm@1 M NaCl,respectively.Using active carbon(AC)as the electrodes,BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)GPEs as both separator and electrolyte matrix,and 4 M KOH as the electrolyte,a symmetric solid supercapacitors(SSC)(AC-GPE-KOH)was assembled and testified.The specific capacitance of AC electrode is 173 F/g and remains 95.0%of the initial value after 5000 cycles and 86.2%after 10,000 cycles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52122702,52277215)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(JQ2021E005)。
文摘Exploration of advanced gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)represents a viable strategy for mitigating dendritic lithium(Li)growth,which is crucial in ensuring the safe operation of high energy density Li metal batteries(LMBs).Despite this,the application of GPEs is still hindered by inadequate ionic conductivity,low Li^(+)transference number,and subpar physicochemical properties.Herein,Ti O_(2-x)nanofibers(NF)with oxygen vacancy defects were synthesized by a one-step process as inorganic fillers to enhance the thermal/mechanical/ionic-transportation performances of composite GPEs.Various characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that the oxygen vacancies on the surface of Ti O_(2-x)NF accelerate the dissociation of Li PF_6,promote the rapid transfer of free Li^(+),and influence the formation of Li F-enriched solid electrolyte interphase.Consequently,the composite GPEs demonstrate enhanced ionic conductivity(1.90m S cm^(-1)at room temperature),higher lithium-ion transference number(0.70),wider electrochemical stability window(5.50 V),superior mechanical strength,excellent thermal stability(210℃),and improved compatibility with lithium,resulting in superior cycling stability and rate performance in both Li||Li,Li||Li Fe PO_(4),and Li||Li Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)cells.Overall,the synergistic influence of nanofiber morphology and enriched oxygen vacancy structure of fillers on electrochemical properties of composite GPEs is comprehensively investigated,thus,it is anticipated to shed new light on designing high-performance GPEs LMBs.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1203304)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220288)+1 种基金Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Start-up grant E1552102)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M732553).
文摘The poor interfacial stability not only deteriorates fibre lithium-ion batteries(FLBs)performance but also impacts their scalable applications.To efficiently address these challenges,Prof.Huisheng Peng team proposed a generalized channel structures strategy with optimized in situ polymerization technology in their recent study.The resultant FLBs can be woven into different-sized powering textiles,providing a high energy density output of 128 Wh kg^(-1) and simultaneously demonstrating good durability even under harsh conditions.Such a promising strategy expands the horizon in developing FLB with particular polymer gel electrolytes,and significantly ever-deepening understanding of the scaled wearable energy textile system toward a sustainable future.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51903113,51763014,and 52073133)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022T150282,2019M663858)Program for Hongliu Excellent and Distinguished Young Scholars at Lanzhou University of Technology.
文摘Aqueous zinc metal batteries are regarded as the most promising energy storage system due to their advantages of high safety,low cost,and high theoretical capacity.However,the growth of dendrites and the occurrence of side reactions hinder the development of zinc metal batteries.Despite previous attempts to design advanced hydrogel electrolytes,achieving high mechanical performance and ionic conductivity of hydrogel electrolytes has remained challenging.In this work,a hydrogel electrolyte with an ionic crosslinked network is prepared by carboxylic bacterial cellulose fiber and imidazole-type ionic liquid,following by a covalent network of polyacrylamide.The hydrogel electrolyte possesses a superior ionic conductivity of 43.76 mS cm^(−1),leading to a Zn^(2+)migration number of 0.45,and high mechanical performance with an elastic modulus of 3.48 GPa and an elongation at breaking of 38.36%.More importantly,under the anion-coordination effect of the carboxyl group in bacterial cellulose and[BF4]−in imidazole-type ionic liquid,the solvation sheath of hydrated Zn^(2+)ions and the nucleation overpotential of Zn plating are regulated.The results of cycled testing show that the growth of zinc dendrites is effectively inhibited and the generation of irreversible by-products is reduced.With the carboxylic bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel electrolyte,the Zn||Zn symmetric batteries offer good cyclability as well as Zn||Ti batteries.
基金supports from the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2020YFE0204500 and 2021YFF0500600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52171194 and 52271140)+2 种基金CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(No.YSBR-058)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.2020230 and 2021223)Changchun Science and Technology Development Plan Funding Project(No.21ZY06).
文摘Aprotic lithium-air batteries(LABs)have been known as the holy grail of energy storage systems due to their extremely high energy density.However,their real-world application is still hindered by the great challenges from the Li anode side,like dendrite growth and corrosion reactions,thus a pure oxygen atmosphere is usually adopted to prolong the lifetime of LABs,which is a major obstacle to fully liberate the energy density advantages of LABs.Here,a gel polymer electrolyte has been designed through in-situ polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane(DOL)by utilizing the unique semi-open nature of LABs to protect the Li anode to conquer its shortcomings,enabling the high-performance running of LABs in the ambient air.Unlike common liquid electrolytes,the in-situ formed gel polymer electrolyte could facilitate constructing a gradient SEl film with the gradual decrease of organic components from top to bottom,preventing the Li anode from dendrite growth and air-induced corrosion reactions and thus realizing durable Li repeated plating/stripping(2000h).Benefiting from the anode protection effects of the gradient SEI film,the LABs display a long lifetime of 17o cycles,paving an avenue for practical,long-term,and high-efficiency operation of LABs.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21701083)。
文摘All solid-state electrolytes have the advantages of good mechanical and thermal properties for safer energy storage,but their energy density has been limited by low ionic conductivity and large interfacial resistance caused by the poor Li~+transport kinetics due to the solid-solid contacts between the electrodes and the solid-state electrolytes.Herein,a novel gel polymer electrolyte(UPP-5)composed of ionic liquid incorporated metal-organic frameworks nanoparticles(IL@MOFs)is designed,it exhibits satisfying electrochemical performances,consisting of an excellent electrochemical stability window(5.5 V)and an improved Li^(+)transference number of 0.52.Moreover,the Li/UPP-5/LiFePO_(4) full cells present an ultra-stable cycling performance at 0.2C for over 100 cycles almost without any decay in capacities.This study might provide new insight to create an effective Li^(+)conductive network for the development of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.
基金funding supports from the Natural Science Basis Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2019JLZ-10)the Independent Research Project of National Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment(EIPE19111)。
文摘Serving as a promising alternative to liquid electrolyte in the application of portable and wearable devices,gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)are expected to obtain more preferable properties rather than just be satisfied with the merits of high safety and deformability.Here,an easy-operated method is employed to fabricate cross-linked composite polymer membranes used for GPEs assisted by UV irradiation,in which N-doped carbon quantum dots(N-CQDs)and TiO2are introduced as photocatalysts and additives to improve the performances of GPEs.Specifically,N-CQDs participate as a cross-linker to construct the inner porous structure,and TiO2nanoparticles serve as a stabilizer to improve the electrochemical stability of GPEs under high voltage(3.5 V).The excellent thermal and mechanical stability of the membrane fabricated in this work guarantee the safety of the supercapacitors(SCs).This GPE based SC not only exhibits prominent rate performance(105%capacitance retention at the current density of 40A g^(-1))and cyclic stability(85%at 1 A g^(-1)under 3.5 V after 20,000 cycles),but also displays remarkable energy density(42.88 Wh kg^(-1))with high power density(19.3 k W kg^(-1)).Moreover,the superior rate and cycling performances of the as-prepared GPE based flexible SCs under flat and bending state confirm the feasibility of its application in flexible energy storage devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21771164,U1804129)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.222300420525)the Zhongyuan Youth Talent Support Program of Henan Province
文摘Sodium-ion battery is a potential application system for large-scale energy storage due to the advantage of higher nature abundance and lower production cost of sodium-based materials.However,there exist inevitably the safety problems such as flammability due to the use of the same type of organic liquid electrolyte with lithium-ion battery.Gel polymer electrolytes are being considered as an effective solution to replace conventional organic liquid electrolytes for building safer sodium-ion batteries.In this review paper,the authors present a comprehensive overview of the research progress in electrochemical and physical properties of the gel polymer electrolyte-based sodium batteries.The gel polymer electrolytes based on different polymer hosts namely poly(ethylene oxide),poly(acrylonitrile),poly(methyl methacrylate),poly(vinylidene fluoride),poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene),and other new polymer networks are summarized.The ionic conductivity,ion transference number,electrochemical window,thermal stability,mechanical property,and interfacial issue with electrodes of gel polymer electrolytes,and the corresponding influence factors are described in detail.Furthermore,the ion transport pathway and ion conduction mechanism are analyzed and discussed.In addition,the advanced gel polymer electrolyte systems including flame-retardant polymer electrolytes,composite gel polymer electrolytes,copolymerization,single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes,etc.with more superior and functional performance are classified and summarized.Finally,the application prospects,development opportunities,remaining challenges,and possible solutions are discussed.
基金the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.51903041,21991123,and 51873035)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.19ZR1470700)“Qimingxing Plan”(No.19QA1400200).
文摘The safe,flexible,and environment-friendly Zn-ion batteries have aroused great interests nowadays.Nevertheless,flagrant Zn dendrite uncontrollably grows in liquid electrolytes due to insufficient surface protection,which severely impedes the future applications of Zn-ion batteries especially at high current densities.Gel electrolytes are emerging to tackle this issue,yet the required high modulus for inhibiting dendrite growth as well as concurrent poor interfacial contact with roughened Zn electrodes are not easily reconcilable to regulate the fragile Zn/Zn^(2+) interface.Here we demonstrate,such a conflict may be defeated by using a mechanoadaptive cellulose nanofibril-based morphing gel electrolyte(MorphGE),which synergizes bulk compliance for optimizing interfacial contact as well as high modulus for suppressing dendrite formation.Moreover,by anchoring desolvated Zn^(2+) on cellulose nanofibrils,the side reactions which induce dendrite formation are also significantly reduced.As a result,the MorphGE-based symmetrical Zn-ion battery demonstrated outstanding stability for more than 100 h at the high current density of 10 mA·cm^(−2) and areal capacity of 10 mA·h·cm^(−2),and the corresponding Zn-ion battery delivered a prominent specific capacity of 100 mA·h·g^(−1) for more than 500 cycles at 20 C.The present example of engineering the mechanoadaptivity of gel electrolytes will shed light on a new pathway for designing highly safe and flexible energy storage devices.
文摘1 Results Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium battery have been widely investigated recently because of their high ion conductivity at room temperature. We synthesized and characterized novel gel electrolytes based on amphiphilic copolymethacrylates containing different lengths of ethylene oxide (EO) chain as ionophilic units and methyl methacrylate (MMA) chain as ionophobic units[1]. Their electrochemical properties were also measured.1H NMR and FTIR analysis results elucidated that PEG-b-glycidyl met...