The relationship between cardiovascular disease risk factors and gender

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between three socioeconomic sta- tuses and five behavior-related cardiovascular risk factors by gender, based on data from the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination III. Data from 4556 people were analyzed. The propensity toward obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and physical inactivity was significantly higher in women than in men. Hypertension and smoking were significantly more prevalent in men than in women. The differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors by gender is important and should be considered when developing programs to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

Gender Does Not Have a Potential Predictive Value for the Presence of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background: Previous studies reported that non-small cell carcinoma patients characterized by female gender, never-smoking status and adenocarcinoma histology were more likely to harbor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, some studies failed to find the relationship between EGFR mutation and gender. Methods: One hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients (90 men and 94 women) of resected lung adenocarcinoma were studied retrospectively. Since the smoking rate is significantly higher in men, we assumed that gender difference might be a seeming factor affected by smoking. Therefore we subdivided the patients into 2 groups: never- and ever-smokers. Results: The number of ever-smokers was 94.44% in men, whereas 8.51% in women. EGFR mutation was positive in 48.9%. For overall patients, EGFR mutation status was associated with gender, pStage, pT status, lepidic dominant histologic subtype, pure/mixed groundglass opacity (GGO) on computed tomography (CT) and smoking status. However, in ever-smokers, EGFR mutation status was associated with lepidic histologic subtype and GGO on CT, but not others including gender. Similar results were also found in never-smokers, and gender was not also related to EGFR mutation in never smokers. Conclusion: The EGFR mutational frequency among men and women was not significantly different when lung adenocarcinoma patients were stratified into never- and ever-smokers.

Effect of Osteoarthritis Patients' Gender on Rehabilitation after Total Knee Arthroplasty

Objective To investigate the influence of gender on osteoarthritic knee rehabilitation outcome of osteoarthritis patient undergoing total knee arthroplasty(TKA).Methods We prospectively studied thirty male and thirty female knee primary osteoarthritis patients receiving unilateral TKA with posterior stable-fixed plateau prosthesis at our hospital from March 2003 to March 2008.The age and body mass index of male and female patients were matched.The surgical and rehabilitation clinical factors were compared between two groups.Results There was no significant difference in postoperative hospitalization time,surgical tourniquet time,and wound drainage volume between two groups(P>0.05).The extension/flexion degrees of knee joint before operation,1-week,2-week and 1-year after operation for male patients were 6.0 ± 3.3 degrees/ 114.0 ± 10.0 degrees,2.0 ± 1.6 degrees/93.0 ± 7.4 degrees,0.6 ± 0.6 degrees/104.0 ± 9.9 degrees and 0.3 ± 0.5 degrees/125.0 ± 8.8 degrees,for female patients were 7.0 ± 3.4 degrees/112.0 ± 14.0 degrees,2.0 ± 1.3 degrees/89.0 ± 10.9 degrees,0.9 ± 0.8 degrees/101.0 ± 11.8 degrees,0.4 ± 0.5 degrees/124.0 ± 7.1 degrees.The range of motion before operation,1-week,2-week,and 1-year after operation for male patients was 108.0 ± 9.5 degrees,91.0 ± 7.1 degrees,103.0 ± 9.9 degrees,and 125.0 ± 8.9 degrees,for female patients was 105.0 ± 14.1 degrees,87.0 ± 11.4 degrees,100.0±11.9 degrees,and 124.0 ± 7.0 degrees.The preoperative and 1-year postoperative HSS scores were 55.8 ± 13.3 and 89.6 ± 6.7 for males and 54.5 ± 13.8 and 89.2 ± 4.1 for females.No significant statistical difference was observed between two gender groups in regards to degree of extension and flexion,range of motion and HSS score(P>0.05).Conclusions Gender does not influence postoperative knee function of osteoarthritis patients.TKA significantly improves knee joint function and relieve osteoarthritis-related pain.

Gender Discrimination in English

Gender discrimination in language is usually defined as discrimination based on sex,especially discrimination against women.With the rise of women’s liberation movement in the 1960s and 1970s,and the improvement of women’s social status in recent years,gender discrimination in English attracts more and more attention.Based on previous studies,this thesis first discusses the manifestations of gender discrimination in English vocabulary and address terms,then analyzes the factors of gender discrimination in English from social and cultural perspectives,finally puts forward some methods that are good for avoiding or eliminating gender discrimination in English.

Confounding factors affect the pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a newly diagnosed esophageal disease in adult and children. The clinical and pathological characteristics of this disease have been established and were recently summarized in the expert clinical guideline published in 2011. In spite of the wide knowledge accumulated on this disease, there are many areas where scientific data are missing, especially in regard to the disease's pathophysiology. Recent publications have suggested that other confounding factors modify the disease and may affect its clinicalphenotypic presentation. Those factors may include place of living, air pollution, race, genetic factors and other. In the present report we discussed and review those confounding factors, the new developments, and what direction we should go to further advance our knowledge of this disease.

Gender-specific associations between coronary heart disease and other chronic diseases: cross-sectional evaluation of national survey data from adult residents of Germany

Background Combinations of coronary heart disease(CHD) and other chronic conditions complicate clinical management and increase healthcare costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate gender-specific relationships between CHD and other comorbidities. Methods We analyzed data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey(DEGS1), a national survey of 8152 adults aged 18-79 years. Female and male participants with self-reported CHD were compared for 23 chronic medical conditions. Regression models were applied to determine potential associations between CHD and these 23 conditions. Results The prevalence of CHD was 9%(547 participants): 34%(185) were female CHD participants and 66%(362) male. In women, CHD was associated with hypertension(OR = 3.28(1.81-5.9)), lipid disorders(OR = 2.40(1.50-3.83)), diabetes mellitus(OR = 2.08(1.24-3.50)), kidney disease(OR = 2.66(1.101-6.99)), thyroid disease(OR = 1.81(1.18-2.79)), gout/high uric acid levels(OR = 2.08(1.22-3.56)) and osteoporosis(OR = 1.69(1.01-2.84)). In men, CHD patients were more likely to have hypertension(OR = 2.80(1.94-4.04)), diabetes mellitus(OR = 1.87(1.29-2.71)), lipid disorder(OR = 1.82(1.34-2.47)), and chronic kidney disease(OR = 3.28(1.81-5.9)). Conclusion Our analysis revealed two sets of chronic conditions associated with CHD. The first set occurred in both women and men, and comprised known risk factors: hypertension, lipid disorders, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. The second set appeared unique to women: thyroid disease, osteoporosis, and gout/high uric acid. Identification of shared and unique gender-related associations between CHD and other conditions provides potential to tailor screening, preventive, and therapeutic options.

Variation in risk factors of dementia among four elderly patient cohorts

AIM: To examine variation in risk factors that contributed to dementia among four elderly cohorts by race and gender. METHODS: We examined 2008 Tennessee Hospital Discharged database for vascular factors that play a role in both stroke and dementia. Risk factors for dementia were examined for black and white patients aged 65+. Four race-gender groups of patients-white males(WM), black males(BM), white females(WF), and black females(BF) were compared for prevalence of dementia and stroke. A logistic model predicting dementia in each group separately used several vascular factors affectingdementia directly or indirectly through stroke. RESULTS: Three point six percent of patients hospitalized in 2008 had dementia and dementia was higher among females than males(3.9% vs 3.2%, P < 0.001), and higher among blacks than whites(4.2% vs 3.5%, P < 0.000). Further, BF had higher prevalence of dementia than WF(4.2% vs 3.8%, P < 0.001); similarly BM had more dementia than WM(4.1% vs 3.1%, P < 0.001). In logistic regression models, however, different patterns of risk factors were associated with dementia in four groups: among WF and WM, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and stroke predicted dementia. Among BF and BM, only stroke and diabetes were related to dementia.CONCLUSION: Aggressive management of risk factors(hypertension and diabetes) may subsequently reduce stroke and dementia hospitalization.

不同性别脑性瘫痪患儿临床特征的病例系列报告

背景脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)患儿临床表现多样,国内大样本数据分析不同性别脑瘫患儿特征的研究不多。目的探究脑瘫患儿临床特征的性别差异。设计病例系列报告。方法回顾性收集2019年1月至2022年2月在郑州大学第三附属医院住院治疗的脑瘫患儿的一般资料、围生期危险因素和临床特征。主要结局指标脑瘫患儿临床特征的性别差异。结果共纳入486例脑瘫患儿,其中男323例,女163例。脑瘫男性患儿中剖宫产、早产儿、巨大儿的比例均明显高于女性患儿,而正常出生体重儿的比例明显低于女性患儿,脑瘫男性患儿中春季出生的比例明显低于女性患儿,冬季出生的比例明显高于女性患儿,差异均有统计学意义。脑瘫男性患儿在妊娠并发症、窒息、脑出血、新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病、低血糖的比例明显高于女性患儿,差异均有统计学意义;在粗大运动功能分级系统(GMFCS)分级多组间比较中Ⅳ、Ⅴ级的比例明显高于女性患儿,在脑瘫患儿头颅MR分类系统多组间比较中白质异常的比例脑瘫男性患儿明显高于女性患儿,差异均有统计学意义。结论脑瘫患儿的部分临床特征存在性别差异,脑瘫患儿中以男性为主且严重程度较女性重。

Measurement invariance and latent mean differences of the Chinese version physical activity self-efficacy scale across gender and education levels

Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.

握力与认知功能障碍的性别差异研究:基于2011—2014美国健康和营养调查的横断面研究

目的探究握力与认知功能的关联是否存在性别差异。方法利用2011—2014年美国国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)数据库开展横断面研究,评估即时记忆、延迟记忆、言语流畅性和注意力4个认知领域。采用加权线性回归、加权Logistic回归、相乘模型进行分析。结果回归分析显示,在男性,与握力最低组的研究对象相比,握力最高组研究对象有更低的整体认知功能降低(OR=0.377,95%CI:0.182~0.781)和即时记忆降低(OR=0.409,95%CI:0.221~0.759)的风险。在女性,握力与整体认知功能降低(OR=0.405,95%CI:0.224~0.733)、言语流畅性降低(OR=0.567,95%CI:0.356~0.902)以及注意力降低(OR=0.357,95%CI:0.211~0.607)的风险呈显著负相关关系。同时,性别和握力在整体认知功能、言语流畅性和注意力均存在显著交互作用,但是即时记忆、延迟回忆2个认知领域未检测到显著的交互作用。结论握力对整体认知功能和不同认知领域的影响存在性别差异。因此,提高握力水平,特别是女性,有利于预防认知功能下降。

Screening of Type 2 Diabetes in the City of Belo Horizonte: Differences between Genders

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem that carries a high social and economic burden. Its diagnosis is unknown in half of individuals who have the disease. The diagnosis of the risk factors should be done in the beginning, since changes in lifestyle and hyperglycemic correction may delay the appearance of the disease and its complications. In this context, screening has been considered an important tool for an early detection of diabetes in asymptomatic adults. Objective: The objective is to track diabetes in people from BH, comparing genders. Patients and methods: People were interviewed with questions concerning the risk factors associated with the development of diabetes. According to the risk factors present, they were classified as non-diabetic [ND], pre-diabetic [PD] or diabetic [DM]. Statistical analyses were performed considering p ≤ 0.05 as significant. Results: 1264 individuals participated (5.5% DM, 6.5% PD, 88.0% ND). When grouped, PD and DM males were more prevalent than PD and DM females. Those in the DM group had higher blood pressure, age, glycaemia, number of past smokers, first-degree relatives with diabetes than either PD or ND. Both males and females in DM and PD groups had a higher waist circumference than did either ND males or females. ND men had a higher intake of fried food and smoked more in the past than ND women. Both ND and PD males had higher blood pressure than women from the same groups. Conclusion: Screening for diabetes is very important for an early diagnosis and to avoid future complications in patients. It’s possible to infer that women are more conscientious when it comes to taking care of themselves than men.

Impact of Gender Difference on Characteristics and Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C

Gender difference in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is not previously well studied. We aimed to analyze the effect of gender difference on the risk factors of CHC, disease progression, and outcome after oral direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. The study was conducted at Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Sohag University, Egypt, in the period between 2018 and 2020. 775 patients were evaluated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) risk factors. Laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound and liver Shear wave elastography (SWE) were done. The patients were given antiviral therapy and followed up to assess the response and side effects of DAA therapy. 434 (56%) of study patients were males and 341 (44%) were females. Catching infection from blood transfusion and intravenous (IV) injection of tarter emetic was significantly higher in males, while catching infection from surgical operation was significantly higher in females. Hepatic fibrosis was significantly more extensive in males. Side effects were reported more in females. Sustained virological response (SVR) 12 was reported in 98.6%. Females had a slightly better SVR12 than males (99.4% versus 97.9%). In conclusion males were different from females in exposure to HCV risk factors. After introduction of blood screening and stoppage of parenteral anti-bilharzial therapy the risk of HCV infection could be greatly prevented in males, while the exposure of females to obstetric procedure is increasing nowadays which hides a risk of ongoing infection in females. So, HCV surveillance programs in females retain their importance in early detection and management of CHC. Although hepatic fibrosis progression was more in males, females were more liable to adverse events of DAA therapy. So, researchers should consider the gender of their patients in drug design and administration.

家庭风险因素对青少年自伤的累积效应及其性别差异

以累积风险模型为基础,以453名初一学生为被试进行间隔10个月的追踪研究,考察家庭风险因素对青少年当前和10个月后自伤行为的累积效应及其性别差异。结果表明:(1)家庭风险因素对青少年当前和10个月后的自伤均有明显的累积效应,且均以线性模式发挥作用;(2)在累积家庭风险与青少年当前自伤之间的线性关系中有明显的性别差异,女生有更高的家庭累积风险,且女生的自伤更容易受家庭累积风险的影响。

Gender-Based Violence among Pregnant Women Consulting at the Antenatal Care Unit of the Bamenda Regional Hospital

Background: Gender-based violence is violence against men and women in which the woman is more likely to be the victim. Globally, one in every four women is physically or sexually abused during pregnancy. The main objective was to study gender-based violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the Bamenda Regional Hospital (BRH). Methods: We carried out a hospital-based cross-sectional study among 231 pregnant women at the antenatal care unit of the BRH from January to March 2018. The study included all women who gave a written informed consent. A questionnaire adapted from the WHO multi-country study was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, aspects of gender-based violence (GBV), and data for other associated factors were collected by face-to-face interview. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to compare frequencies. Student t-test was used to compare means. Binary logistic regression analysis and multivariate analysis were used to eliminate confounders. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 56.3% (n = 130) of pregnant women involved in the study were found to be survivors of GBV. Psychological trauma, physical assault and sexual violence were found in 47.2%, 30.2% and 19.9% respectively. Depression and anxiety were the most frequent clinical manifestations. Only 37.7% of the survivors sought management. The factors statistically associated with the occurrence of GBV were: for physical violence a partner that smokes;for sexual violence a history of sexual assault on the survivor as a child, a primary level of education of the partner, and a partner that is alcoholic;for psychological violence a history of sexual assault on the survivor as a child, a primary level of education of the partner, and a partner that is alcoholic. After adjusting for confounders, having a partner with only a primary education had a statistically significant association [3.610 (1.431 - 9.091), p = 0.007] with the occurrence of GBV. Conclusion: GBV is a key health risk among pregnant women consulting at the ANC unit of the Bamenda Regional Hospital and proper education of the partner is primordial in its prevention.

不同性别早发急性冠脉综合征患者危险因素及病变特点分析

目的:探讨不同性别早发急性冠脉综合征(PACS)患者的危险因素及病变特点。方法:选择上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院心内科2016年1月至2019年1月收治的PACS患者338例,按性别分为男性组(195例)和女性组(143例),比较两组患者的基线资料、ACS分型、实验室检查指标、冠状动脉病变以及心脏结构变化情况。结果:与男性组比较,女性组年龄、糖尿病、脑梗死、不稳定型心绞痛比例、HDL-C、载脂蛋白A1、载脂蛋白A1/B水平显著升高,BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史、心肌梗死史、STEMI、NSTEMI比例,TG水平显著降低,P<0.05或<0.01;女性组单支病变比例(30.3%比40.6%)显著升高,左回旋支病变(56.9%比43.4%)、左室舒张末内径增大(6.2%比1.4%)和室间隔厚度增厚比例(16.9%比8.4%)显著降低,P均<0.05。结论:早发急性冠脉综合征患者中,男性吸烟率、TG水平显著升高,而女性患者脑梗死比例、HDL-C水平显著升高,左回旋支病变比例显著降低。两者之间存在显著差异。

不同性别老年人衰弱的影响因素分析

目的:探讨不同性别老年人发生衰弱的影响因素。方法:采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,抽取山西省11个地级市的1 090名65岁及以上的老年人进行问卷调查。将中文版衰弱评估量表评分≥2分作为是否存在衰弱的标准,把研究对象分为非衰弱组和衰弱组,通过Logistic回归分析男性和女性老年人发生衰弱的影响因素。结果:将婚姻状况、文化程度、退休前职业、人均月收入进行协变量调整后,男性老年人发生衰弱的影响因素包括跌倒、年龄、养老保险,女性老年人发生衰弱的影响因素包括跌倒、年龄、常住地。结论:社区可以根据不同性别老年人发生衰弱的影响因素,制定有效的干预措施,以改善老年人衰弱状况,提高其生活质量。

复发BPPV成人患者自身因素与季节因素相关性探索

目的分析复发良性阵发性位置性眩晕(benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV)成人患者的自身因素与季节因素之间的关系,探讨反复发作BPPV的相关因素。方法采用回顾性队列研究方法,纳入2015年2月~2022年1月北京市普仁医院收治的815例复发BPPV成人患者,分析其发病年龄、性别、季节性特点,同时探讨血管性危险因素、补充钙剂和维生素D的影响。结果复发BPPV患者年龄22~88岁,中位年龄61(55,67)岁,男女性别比为1∶3.01,男女患者的年龄、各年龄组男女性别比、血管性危险因素患病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),女性患者补充钙剂和维生素D的占比高于男性(P<0.001);复发BPPV发作无显著季节规律性,但呈现寒冷季节增多的趋势;血管性危险因素与年龄相关,与性别、季节无明显相关性;多次复发BPPV患者占20.86%(170/815),补充钙剂和维生素D是其独立影响因素。结论复发BPPV女性高发,老年多见,寒冷季发作次数较多,补充钙剂和维生素D可能减少复发频率。

Gender medicine and psoriasis

The study of specific differences between women and men is arousing huge interests in various fields of medicine, including dermatology. The available data on gender medicine applied to common skin diseases are unfortunately still scanty. Psoriasis is a chronic immunemediated skin disease which affects 1%-3% of most populations worldwide and can involve also the joints and entheses. The pathogenesis of the disease is very complex, resulting from the interaction between genetic predisposition and several environmental triggers. The pathogenic role of sex hormones has also been hypothesized. The analysis of gender-specific differences in psoriasis seems to suggest some interesting findings, such as an earlier age of disease onset in females, a higher probability of severe disease in men, or different tendencies in care utilization, adherence to treatment, development of psychological distress, and coping strategies. Moreover, sex-related differences have been recently described in some epidemiological and clinical features among patients with psoriatic arthritis. The objective of this article is to review briefly the available evidence regarding gender differences in various aspects of psoriasis, such as epidemiology, genetics, risk factors, associated conditions, quality of life, clinical and therapeutic aspects.

成年正畸患者颧牙槽嵴区微种植钉植入的位点选择

目的 对成年男性及女性正畸患者颧牙槽嵴区的骨皮质密度、骨皮质厚度及颊侧可利用的有效骨量进行分析,为微种植钉植入时的位点选择提供参考。方法 采集200例年龄20~30岁患者(男女比例为1∶1)的锥形束CT扫描数据,从近中至远中依次将矢状面上右侧上颌后牙区分为6个层面,每个层面在垂直距离为颊侧骨皮质距离釉牙骨质界8、10、12 mm处分别设置3个测量位点,共计18个测量位点,测量其骨皮质密度、厚度及有效骨量,并进行统计分析。结果 成年男性与女性正畸患者的骨皮质密度、厚度及有效骨量的最高值均位于平分第二前磨牙与第一磨牙根间区,其中骨皮质密度、厚度随着垂直高度增加而增大,而有效骨量随着垂直高度增加而减少。成年男性与女性患者之间的骨皮质密度、骨皮质厚度和颊侧有效骨量存在一定的差异。结论成年男性与女性正畸患者颧牙槽嵴区微种植钉的最佳植入位点均位于第二前磨牙与第一磨牙根间区,其中男性最佳植入位点的垂直高度可以适当高于女性。

性别和疫苗接种次数对轻型Omicron感染患者症状和核酸转阴时间的影响

目的探讨不同性别和疫苗接种次数对奥密克戎(Omicron)感染轻症患者症状和核酸转阴时间的影响。方法收集2022年3-5月入住吉林省长春市双阳区奢岭方舱医院348例Omicron感染者的临床资料,分析不同性别、基础疾病、疫苗接种次数患者临床症状和核酸转阴时间的特点。结果不同性别、基础疾病、疫苗接种次数患者感染Omicron后核酸转阴时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但与男性比较,女性感染Omicron后更容易出现多个轻型症状(≥3个),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论女性感染Omicron后更容易出现多个轻型症状;而性别和疫苗接种次数对Omicron感染者核酸转阴时间影响不显著。