A Study of the Gendered Identity of Female Migrants in Contemporary China

As a new group in the process of socio-economic transformation, female members of the Chinese floating population have negative self-identities rooted in the traditional gender discrimination in China society. This impacts negatively on female migrants1 both physiologically and psychologically, disadvantaging them in the pursuit of resources, opportunities and rights. It is therefore necessary to positively influence the self-image of female migrants so as to ensure their rights, further their interests and ultimately to achieve gender equality.

Survey and clinical considerations of gender identity in lower primary school children

BACKGROUND Gender consciousness directly affects the development of gender identity,which is a continuous and lifelong process.Meanwhile,hospitalization is a part of many children's lives and has an impact on their gender development.AIM To investigate the current situation of gender identity in lower primary school children by conducting a survey of 202 hospitalized children in the lower grades and to provide a theoretical basis and foundation for the cultivation of gender identity and medical treatment of children based on the results.This study aims to inspire clinical medical staff to scientifically and reasonably arrange hospital wards for lower primary school children and pay attention to gender protection during the medical treatment process and to help children shape a unified and clear gender identity,which will enable them to better integrate into society and promote their personality development.METHODS The gender consciousness scale for elementary and middle school students was RESULTS Gender identity was already present in lower primary school children.The children's gender roles and gender equality consciousness were strong,exceeding the critical value,but their gender characteristics,gender identity,and gender ideal consciousness were weak.Children aged 6 had the weakest gender identity,and girls had significantly stronger gender identity than boys.CONCLUSION Gender identity is already present in lower primary school children,providing a basis and inspiration for the cultivation of gender identity and medical treatment of lower primary school children.Clinical medical staff should be aware of and understand these results and should scientifically and reasonably arrange hospital wards for lower primary school children.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Factors Influencing Orthopedic Surgery Application, Diversity, and Trainee Experiences

Background: Women and racial and ethnic minorities remain underrepresented in orthopedic surgery. Exploring factors that draw individuals from these demographics to pursue orthopedic surgery and their experiences during training can provide valuable insights into this disparity. We aimed to quantify the current state of diversity in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation among orthopedic surgery residents and fellows, and to identify factors that influenced their decision to pursue orthopedic surgery. Methods: An institutionally validated survey was delivered via Qualtrics to national orthopedic surgery residency programs from January to April 2023. Topics addressed included gender identity, sexual orientation, racial and ethnic background, reasons for pursuing orthopedic surgery, and medical training experiences. Differences between gender and racial discrimination were assessed via Chi-square test. Results: A total of 119 orthopedic surgery residents and fellows responded. Of these, 62.2% (n = 74) identified as non-Hispanic White, 60.5% (n = 72) were male, and 86.6% (n = 103) identified as straight or heterosexual. Mentorship was cited by 79.9% (n = 95) of respondents as a critical factor in their decision to pursue orthopedic surgery. Additionally, 23% of female respondents and 4.2% of male respondents highlighted the presence of women and diverse faculty as very important. Gender identity negatively impacted the decision to pursue orthopedic surgery in 15.4% of female and 1.4% of male respondents (p = 0.004). Among underrepresented minorities (URMs), 24.4% reported negative experiences during training compared to 4.1% of non-Hispanic White participants (p = 0.002). Discrimination experiences ranged from 2.6% due to sexual orientation, 20.7% due to race and ethnicity, and 26.3% due to gender and gender identity. Conclusions: Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and gender continues to pose significant challenges for orthopedic surgery trainees. The presence of mentors, particularly women and individuals from diverse backgrounds, remains crucial in fostering interest in orthopedic surgery among underrepresented groups. Sustained efforts are needed to create a more inclusive and supportive environment all trainees.

Mass Media Effect on Gender Identity

Under the mass media effect,media both enable and constrain the audience to shape their gender identity.The purpose of this article is to review and consider the role media plays in the process of construction of contemporary gendered identities;especially the relationship among men,masculinity and media.

Catholicism and Machismo： The Impact of Religion on Hispanic Gender Identity

Masculinity is strictly a cultural concept. Each society interprets and applies arbitrary gender definitions differently. This study will make a distinction between cultural masculinity and biological maleness. Gender disparity, he will argue, is deeply rooted in the Judeo-Christian tradition and remains the basis for feminine and masculine gender stereotypes in Spanish speaking Latin America. Mary, as virgin and mother, represents the sole role model for Hispanic women, while the male identity will be traced to Adam, Joseph and Catholic priesthood with the church as ultimate wedded partner. In addition, the Spanish conquest influenced male gender identity in Latin America. The small physique of the indigenous peoples of Latin America, combined with the loss of land to the Spaniards questioned the social identity of the male. In order to compensate for their military inferiority and physical weakness, indigenous males developed an elaborate system of masculine behaviors, in short machismo. Simultaneously, the acceptance of Catholic doctrines replaced the natural biology of men and women. This study will analyze the social impact of Hispanic gender identity as interaction between Spanish conquest and Catholic doctrine.

Feminism and Gender Identity in Feminist Translation

Bringing the aspect of ＂gender＂ into translation studies, feminism gave fresh impetus to the ＂Cultural Turn＂ for translation studies in 1990s. Feminist translation theory puts forward its viewpoints on the role of gender and approves of translators＇ gender role in the interpretation of the original text. It seems that gender is of no more importance than other factors, such as nationality, class, and ideology of translators. Translation and women have been long associated with each other for they both occupy peripheral positions. The conventional view holding sway is that a translation is considered a secondary work dependent on, and subservient to, the original text, just as women are assigned dependent functions under patriarchal power. Unsatisfied with the notion that translator, translation and women are all relegated to the inferior class, feminist translators do their utmost to cast away the conventional sexism ideas in translation studies and social ideology. The core of feminist translation theory is： ＂identify and critique the tangle of concepts which relegates both women and translation to the bottom of the social and literary ladder＂ （Simon 1996：1）. In order to realize the dream to overthrow patriarchal domination and make themselves visible, feminist translators seek to emphasize their identity and ideological stance in the translation project. Feminist translators are no longer invisible. They have the right to revise, manipulate and occupy the source text. Feminist translation is nothing but the translators＇ creative treason from the perspective of feminism. The thesis first systematically summarizes the present feminist translation theories, followed by a detailed analysis of some gender-related translation issues, especially the relationship between language and gender. After the analysis of some cases from the feminist translators, different translation approaches adopted are explored to show the peculiar characteristics of feminist translation.

Eight-year follow-up on postoperative improvement protocol in extensive metoidioplasty transgenders:A case series

Background:This study aimed to evaluate the long-term penile size among patients who underwent extensive metoidioplasty.Methods:An evaluation was conducted on 7 out of 14 patients(mean age:29.71±13.76 years)who participated in a 2015 study that introduced a postoperative protocol to improve penile size after extensive metoidioplasty.Five transsexual females(46XX karyotype)and two patients with 5-alpha reductase deficiency were retrospectively followed up in 2023 to assess the long-term efficacy of the protocol at a specialized clinic in a general hospital in Tehran,Iran.All participants were informed about the study and consented to participate.Results:Five patients achieved increased penile size from their 2015 measurements(mean,29.00±13.34 mm).Five patients requested a larger sized penile traction device to continue the protocol.Conclusion:The long-term implementation of this protocol can result in increased penile size.We advise highly motivated patients to continue practicing the protocol to achieve better results.

Gender differences in hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury in rats are associated with endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide

AIM: This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that gender differences in I/R injury are associated withendothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO).METHODS: Wistar rats were randomized into seven experimental groups (12 animals per group). Except for the sham operated groups, all rats were subjected to total liver ischemia for 40 min followed by reperfusion. All experimental groups received different treatments 45 min before the laparotomy. For each group, half of the animals (six) were used to investigate the survival; blood samples and liver tissues were obtained in the remaining six animals after 3 h of reperfusion to assess serum NO, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and TNF-α levels, liver tissuemalondialdehyde (MDA) content, and severity of hepatic I/R injury.RESULTS: Basal serum NO levels in female sham operated (FS) group were nearly 1.5-fold of male sham operated (MS) group (66.7±11.0 μmol/L vs 45.3±10.1μmol/L, P＜0.01). Although serum NO levels decreased significantly after hepatic I/R (P＜0.01, vs sham operated groups), they were still significantly higher in female rat (F) group than in male rat (M) group (47.8±8.6 μmol/L vs 23.8±4.7 μmol/L, P＜0.01). Serum ALT and TNF-α levels, and liver tissue MDA content were significantly lower in F group than in M group (370.5±46.4 U/L, 0.99±0.11 μg/L and 0.57±0.10 μmol/g vs668.7±78.7 U/L, 1.71±0.18 μg/Land 0.86±0.11 μmol/g, respectively, P＜0.01). I/R induced significant injury to the liver both in M and F groups (P＜0.01 vs sham operated groups). But the degree of hepatocyte injury was significantly milder in F group than in M group (P＜0.05 and P＜0.01). The median survival time was six days in F group and one day in M group. The overall survival rate was significantly higher in F group than in M group (P＜0.05). When compared with male rats pretreated with saline (M group), pretreatment of male rats with 17-β- estradiol (E2) (M+E2 group) significantly increased serum NO levels and significantly decreased serum ALT and TNF-α levels, and liver tissue MDA content after I/R (P＜0.01).The degree of hepatocyte injury was significantly decreased and the overall survival rate was significantly improved in M+E2 group than in M group (P＜0.01 and P＜0.05). TheNOS inhibitor Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment could completely abolish the protective effects of estrogen in both male and female rats. CONCLUSION: The protective effects afforded to female rats subjected to hepatic I/R are associated with eNOSderived NO.

Spain is Different Mass Tourism and Gender Idendities in the Sixties

In Spain, the historical context of the sixties was experienced as a particularly changing one. Gone were the post-war years, and with them the autarchy, poverty and famine, characteristics of that time. After a transitory fifties decade, the country entered a prosperous time, which is known as the develompentism sixties--desarrollismo. The franscoism itself promoted this change. Meanwhile, it became a mandatory to guide the population so the fostered modem life did not imply, among other issues, an abandonment of the traditional gender order. Popular cinema played a key role in that objective. Particularly tourism narratives had direct implications on the renewed way to understand gender identities. In this article we will approach two blockbusters, as representative examples of the mainstream films productions, through which analyse how masculinity and femininity were screened and considered.

Queen Cleopatra in the Eyes of the Western Macho

This research involves discovering the male western perspective toward the female oriental character Cleopatra the Queen of Egypt by comparing two literary works Antony ＆ Cleopatra by Shakespeare verses Caesar and Cleopatra by Bernard Shaw. Also this research gives a glimpse of the history of how Cleopatra was viewed from Roman point of view. The goal is to show how the western masculine frame of mind looked at the oriental femininity depicted by Cleopatra also; the research will discuss the way both authors displayed the oriental Queen of Egypt Cleopatra in their literary works. Cleopatra was presented as a mystery to all the male figures who wrote about her. In Caesar and Cleopatra, George Bernard Shaw uses his legendary wit to turn ancient history on its head--and to challenge Shakespeare＇s view of his two famous protagonists. Political drama meets sparkling comedy as veteran strategist Julius Caesar becomes mentor to the enchanting teenage queen of Roman-occupied Egypt. To conclude, Bernard Show portrayed the character of Caeser and Cleopatra unlike Shakespeare＇s weak representation of Julius Caeser

Imploding the Mirage: The Yogyakarta Principles and the New Era of Globalization

The aim of the article is to examine the role of the Yogyakarta Principles in the new era of globalization.The Principles could be assimilated for their modesty and multiple points of entry in the global system.However,they have not necessarily created formal protections for sexual minorities that keep being abused globally because conservative elites share goals and tactics among themselves to repress these minorities.

Female Executives＇ Experiences of Contrapower Sexual Harassment From Male Subordinates in the Workplace

This paper examines female executives＇ experiences of contra-power sexual harassment （CPSH）. One hundred and fifteen respondents, consisting of 67 female executives and 48 male subordinates, were purposively selected. Both quantitative and qualitative data were utilized. Female executives perceived and experienced three out of the 11 acts-male subordinates grabbing their groins before female executives, male subordinates bragging about their sexual organs as hefty before female executives, and male subordinates bragging about their prowess in bed before female executives-as most sexually harassing And 35~6 of the male respondents reported that they grabbed their groins before female executives, 60.4% bragged of the size of their sexual organs, and 52.1% bragged of their prowess in bed. The focused group discussions （FGDs） revealed that CPSH may induce low job satisfaction, job commitment and reduced productivity, increase feelings of loss of control over the body, destroy gender identity, and increase the tendency to quit the job. Female executives ignored the acts and maintained strict formal relationships with their male subordinates as ways of coping with the acts. Conclusively, as powerful as female executives are in position of authority, they are still powerless as regards CPHS.

Evaluating implicit gender bias at Canadian otolaryngology meetings through use of professional title

Objectives:Increasing numbers of women enter medical school annually.The number of female physicians in leadership positions has been much slower to equalize.There are also well‐documented differences in the treatment of women as compared to men in professional settings.Female presenters are less likely to be introduced by their professional title(“Doctor”)for grand rounds and conferences,especially with a man performing the introduction.This study reviewed the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery(CSOHNS)meetings from 2017 to 2020 to determine the proportion of presenters introduced by their professional title and whether this varied by gender.Methods:Recordings from CSOHNS meetings were reviewed and coded for introducer and presenter demographics,including leadership positions and gender.Chi‐squared tests of proportion and multivariate logistic regression was used to compare genders and identify factors associated with professional versus unprofessional forms of address.Results:No significant association was found between professional title use and introducer or presenter gender.Female presenters were introduced with professional title 69.6%of the time,while male presenters were introduced with professional title 67.6%of the time(P=0.69).Residents were introduced with a professional title with the most frequency(75.8%),while attending staff were introduced with a professional title with the least frequency(63.0%)(P=0.02).Conclusions:The lack of gender bias in speaker introductions at recent CSOHNS meetings demonstrates progress in achieving gender equity in medicine.Research efforts should continue to define additional forms of unconscious bias that may be contributing to gender inequity in leadership positions.

Identity,stigma,and HIV risk among transgender women:a qualitative study in Jiangsu Province,China

Background:Transgender women have multiple disparities globally,including social rejection and stigma,HIV infection and untreated mental health problems.However,few data on transgender women are available in China.Therefore,this study aimed to explore transgender women's experiences on gender identity,disclosure,discrimination,transgender-specific medical care,and perceptions of HIV and sexually transmitted infections(STI)risk in China.Methods:A qualitative study was conducted in Nanjing and Suzhou city,China in 2018.Key informant interviews(n=14)and focus group discussions(n=2)with diverse transgender women were implemented.Text was transcribed and translated,and Dedoose™software was used for coding,analysis and interpretation by the research team.Results:Chinese transgender women share experiences with transgender women worldwide,including a long and challenging identity search,stigma and discrimination,poor access to trans-specific services and unmet needs for mental health care.Features unique to them include terms used for self-identification,culturally-shaped expectations for reproduction,and ideals of placing the familial and societal welfare over personal fulfillment.Social networks of this population appear sparse,scattered,and underground.Familial rejection was experienced by nearly all respondents.Perceptions of HIV and STI risk and history of HIV testing were notably low.Conclusions:Transgender women in China face high social rejection and discrimination along with unmet need for various types of healthcare.Scaling up transgender-specific services including gender-affirming medical care,mental health care and HIV/STI prevention are warranted to address the social,medical and mental health of transgender women in China.