New Approach to Synchronize General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics with Constant “K”-Resulting Dark Matter as a New Fundamental Force Particle

Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction and expansion forces of space time. According to this, the space time with Planck diameter is a flat space time. This is the only diameter of space time that can be used as signal transformation in special relativity. This space time diameter defines the fundamental force which belongs to that space time. In quantum mechanics, this space time diameter is only the quantum of space which belongs to that particular fundamental force. Einstein’s general relativity equation and Planck parameters of quantum mechanics have been written in terms of equations containing a constant “K”, thus found a new equation for transformation of general relativity space time in to quantum space time. In this process of synchronization, there is a possibility of a new fundamental force between electromagnetic and gravitational forces with Planck length as its space time diameter. It is proposed that dark matter is that fundamental force carrying particle. By grand unification equation with space-time diameter, we found a coupling constant as per standard model “αs” for that fundamental force is 1.08 × 10-23. Its energy calculated as 113 MeV. A group of experimental scientists reported the energy of dark matter particle as 17 MeV. Thorough review may advance science further.

Experimental Test of General Relativity and the Physical Metric

The author will show that neither the Schwarzschild metric nor the metric introduced in 1916 by Schwarzschild describes the data produced by the time delay experiment by Shapiro et al. The author will describe the physical metric that will explain the time delay experiment data correctly as a solution to Einstein Equation of General Relativity. Other tests of General Relativity, the bending of light, the advancement of perihelia, gravitational red shift and gravitational lensing are satisfied by both the Schwarzschild metric and author’s physical metric.

The R-W Metric Has No Constant Curvature When Scalar Factor R(t) Changes with Time

The true meaning of the constant in the Robertson-Walker metric is discussed when the scalar factor s the function of time. By strict calculation based on the Riemannian geometry, it is proved that the spatial curvature of the R-W metric is K=(κ-R2)/R2 . The result indicates that the R-W metric has no constant curvature when R(t)≠0 and κ is not spatial curvature factor. We can only consider κ as an adjustable parameter with κ≠0 in general situations. The result is completely different from the current understanding which is based on the precondition that the scalar factor R(t) is fixed. Due to this result, many conclusions in the current cosmology such as the densities of dark material and dark energy should be re-estimated. In this way, we may overcome the current puzzling situation of cosmology thoroughly.

How Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Can Be Brought Together

This paper describes an easy and teaching way how quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) can be brought together. The method consists of formulating Schrödinger’s equation of a free quantum wave of a massive particle in curved space-time of GR using the Schwarzschild metric. The result is a Schrödinger equation of the particle which is automatically subjected to Newtons’s gravitational potential.

Orbital effect in the stationary axisymmetric field

This paper uses an elegant mathematical method to calculate the orbital effects in the axisymmetric field created by the spinning mass with electric charge and a large number of magnetic monopoles. In comparison with that in the Reissner-Nordstroem （R-N） field, the correction terms caused by the spinning mass decrease the advanced effect as the revolution direction of the test particle coincides with that of the Kerr field, however, the correction terms caused by the spinning charged mass increase the advance effect as the revolution direction of the test particle coincides with that of the Kerr-Newman-Kasnya （KNK） field. Generalizing the effect in the axisymmetric field, it obtains interesting results by discussing the parameters of the celestial body, these parameters provide a feasible experimental verification of the general relativity.

The Unified Field

This is a Unified Field description based on the holographic Time Dilation Cosmology, TDC, model, which is an eternal continuum evolving forward in the forward direction of time, at the speed of light, c, at an invariant 1 s/s rate of time. This is the Fundamental Direction of Evolution, FDE. There is also an evolution down time dilation gradients, the Gravitational Direction of Evolution, GDE. These evolutions are gravity, which is the evolutionary force in time. Gravitational velocities are compensation for the difference in the rate of time, dRt, in a dilation field, and the dRtis equal to the compensatory velocity’s percentage of c, and is a measure of the force in time inducing the velocity. In applied force induced velocities, the dRt is a measure of the resistance in time to the induced velocity, which might be called “anti-gravity” or “negative gravity”. The two effects keep the continuum uniformly evolving forward at c. It is demonstrated that gravity is already a part of the electromagnetic field equations in way of the dRt element contained in the TDC velocity formula. Einstein’s energy formula is defined as a velocity formula and a modified version is used for charged elementary particle solutions. A time dilation-based derivation of the Lorentz force ties gravity directly to the electromagnetic field proving the unified field of gravity and the EMF. It is noted how we could possibly create gravity drives. This is followed by a discussion of black holes, proving supermassive objects, like massive black hole singularities, are impossible, and that black holes are massless Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) that are vortices in spacetime. .

From Dirac’s Aether to the Dirac Equation

In 1951, Dirac proposed a formalism for a Lorentz invariant Aether with a vacuum state that contains all possible velocity states at each space-time point. Dirac showed no explicit path from the Aether towards the Quantum Mechanics. In this paper, we demonstrate that Dirac’s proposed Aether can be described by a lattice of possible events in space-time built in the local Lorentz frame. The idealised case of single velocity state leads to the famous Dirac equation for a plane wave state and is compatible with quantum statistics. On the lattice, possible space-time events are connected by the Dirac spinors which provide the probability of observing an event. The inertial mass of a particle is shown to be equivalent to the density of possible events on the lattice. Variation of the lattice density of events modifies the metric and provides a space-time curvature leading to the Hilbert action associated with general relativity. In classical limit, the perturbation in the density of possible events of the Aether is proportional to the Newtonian gravitational potential.

空间计量中时间单位和时间测量

时间单位和时间测量统一问题是空间计量的关键问题。空间计量的研究对象是地球以外广域时空,它是在传统计量学基础上的延伸。狭义相对论证明了时间是相对的,只有在同一个坐标系内才能对同时性进行定义。在地球上已经习惯了随地球旋转的非惯性坐标系,并且在非惯性系上定义了时间单位和测量理论,然而在不旋转的惯性坐标系上进行时间测量更加合理。广义相对论中的原时和坐标时都是以国际单位制SI秒为时间单位的,即使有相对速度效应、引力红移效应、Sagnac效应等相对论效应影响时钟的快慢,SI秒的定义是绝对的。时空度规把坐标轴伸展成有刻度的坐标,度规给坐标轴刻度之间赋予一种比例关系,当度规为变量时,时空就是弯曲的。以转盘上的弯曲时空为例子,给出了非惯性坐标系上时间统一的广义相对论算法。卫星导航系统为了统一时间,把星载原子钟走速进行了相对论公式修正,不再以SI秒为单位测量原时,因此不同轨道上的卫星采用了不同时间单位。

空间计量中长度单位和距离测量

长度单位定义是建立在光直线传播、光速在真空中为常数,以及光速各向同性的理论基础上,二维球面上的直线,在三维空间中是弯曲的测地线;三维空间的直线,在四维时空中也是弯曲的测地线。长度单位的定义是否适用四维时空呢?SI秒和SI米的定义适用于全域时空,但使用它们必需明确原时和坐标时的区别。爱因斯坦的狭义相对论以及光速不变原理只适用于惯性系,不适用于非惯性系。本文以转盘上的非惯性坐标系为例,利用广义相对论的坐标变换和时空度规运算,揭示了非惯性坐标系上的时空弯曲和光的非直线传播现象。计算了非惯性坐标系上Sagnac效应对卫星和地面站双向测距的影响,初步研究表明空间测量范围从局域推广到全域的话,诸如引力红移、相对速度效应、Sagnac效应等将会成为空间长度测量不确定度的影响因素,因此空间计量理论必须建立在广义相对论基础之上,用四维时空观念理解空间距离测量问题。

广义相对论浅释(1)

本文用通俗的方法介绍了广义相对论的基本思想 ,并得到了史瓦西场时空弯曲的规律及质点在史瓦西场中自由运动的规律 ,从而解决了引力红移 ,CS原子钟环地球飞行后与地面上 CS原子钟的时差 ,行星进动 ,光子经过太阳表面时的偏转角 ,雷达回波延迟等问题 .

广义相对论中的时空度量和光速

爱因斯坦引力几何化的思想是解决引力本质问题的关键,从而广义相对论中的时空度量问题就是实现这一思想的核心问题;关于广义相对论中是否存在有如狭义相对论那样的"光速不变"问题,往往有着不同的说法,在此给出了说明.

爱因斯坦建立广义相对论的思路

分析并阐述了爱因斯坦在狭义相对论基础上创建广义相对论的思路 .

Encoding Energy-Density as Geometry

Physicists possess an intuitive awareness of Euclidian space and time and Galilean transformation, and are then challenged with Minkowski space-time and Einstein’s curved space-time. Relativistic experiments support the “time-dilation” interpretation and others support “curved space-time” interpretation. In this, and related work, we investigate the key issues in terms of the intuitive space-time frame. In particular, we provide alternative approaches to explain “time dilation” and to explain the energy density for gravity systems. We approach the latter problem from an information perspective.

On the Energy-Momentum Problem in Static Einstein Universe

The energy-momentum distributions of Einstein＇s simplest static geometrical model for an isotropic and homogeneous universe are evaluated. For this purpose, Einstein, Bergmann-Thomson, Landau-Lifshitz （LL）, Moller and Papapetrou energy-momentum complexes are used in general relativity. While Einstein and Bergmann-Thomson complexes give exactly the same results, LL and Papapetrou energy-momentum complexes do not provide the same energy densities. The Moller energy-momentum density is found to be zero everywhere in Einstein＇s universe. Also, several spacetimes are the limiting cases considered here.