PS-modules over Rings of Generalized Power Series

Let R be a commutative ring and (S, ≤) a strictly totally ordered monoid which satisfies the condition that 0 ≤ s for every s ∈ S. In this paper we show that if RM is a PS-module, then the module [[MS≤]] of generalized power series over M is a PS [[RS,≤]]-module.

Nilpotent Elements and Nil-Reflexive Property of Generalized Power Series Rings

Let R be a ring and (S,≤) a strictly ordered monoid. In this paper, we deal with a new approach to reflexive property for rings by using nilpotent elements, in this direction we introduce the notions of generalized power series reflexive and nil generalized power series reflexive, respectively. We obtain various necessary or sufficient conditions for a ring to be generalized power series reflexive and nil generalized power series reflexive. Examples are given to show that, nil generalized power series reflexive need not be generalized power series reflexive and vice versa, and nil generalized power series reflexive but not semicommutative are presented. We proved that, if R is a left APP-ring, then R is generalized power series reflexive, and R is nil generalized power series reflexive if and only if R/I is nil generalized power series reflexive. Moreover, we investigate ring extensions which have roles in ring theory.

Principal Quasi-Baerness of Rings of Generalized Power Series

Let R be a ring such that all left semicentral idempotents are central and （S, ≤） a strictly totally ordered monoid satisfying that 0 ≤s for all s ∈S. It is shown that [[R^S≤]], the ring of generalized power series with coefficients in R and exponents in S, is right p.q.Baer if and only if R is right p.q.Baer and any S-indexed subset of I（R） has a generalized join in I（R）, where I（R） is the set of all idempotents of R.

Principal Quasi-Baerness of Rings of Skew Generalized Power Series

Let R be a ring and （S, 〈） be a strictly totally ordered monoid satisfying that 0 〈 s for all s C S. It is shown that if A is a weakly rigid homomorphism, then the skew generalized power series ring [[RS,-〈, λ]] is right p.q.-Baer if and only if R is right p.q.-Baer and any S-indexed subset of S,（R） has a generalized join in S,（R）. Several known results follow as consequences of our results.

Measuring Conflict Functions in Generalized Power Space

One of the most important open issues is that the classical conflict coefficient in D-S evidence theory （DST） cannot correctly determine the conflict degree between two pieces of evidence. This drawback greatly limits the use of DST in real application systems. Early researches mainly focused on the improvement of Dempster’s rule of combination （DRC）. However, the current research shows it is very important to define new conflict coefficients to determine the conflict degree between two or more pieces of evidence. The evidential sources of information are considered in this work and the definition of a conflict measure function （CMF） is proposed for selecting some useful CMFs in the next fusion work when sources are available at each instant. Firstly, the definition and theorems of CMF are put forward. Secondly, some typical CMFs are extended and then new CMFs are put forward. Finally, experiments illustrate that the CMF based on Jousselme and its similar ones are the best suited ones.

A New Probabilistic Transformation in Generalized Power Space

The mapping from the belief to the probability domain is a controversial issue, whose original purpose is to make （hard） decision, but for contrariwise to erroneous widespread idea/claim, this is not the only interest for using such mappings nowadays. Actually the probabilistic transformations of belief mass assignments are very useful in modern multitarget multisensor tracking systems where one deals with soft decisions, especially when precise belief structures are not always available due to the existence of uncertainty in human being’s subjective judgments. Therefore, a new probabilistic transformation of interval-valued belief structure is put forward in the generalized power space, in order to build a subjective probability measure from any basic belief assignment defined on any model of the frame of discernment. Several examples are given to show how the new transformation works and we compare it to the main existing transformations proposed in the literature so far. Results are provided to illustrate the rationality and efficiency of this new proposed method making the decision problem simpler.

Triangular Matrix Representations of Rings of Generalized Power Series

Let R be a ring and S a cancellative and torsion-free monoid and 〈 a strict order on S. If either （S,≤） satisfies the condition that 0 ≤ s for all s ∈ S, or R is reduced, then the ring [[R^S,≤]] of the generalized power series with coefficients in R and exponents in S has the same triangulating dimension as R. Furthermore, if R is a PWP ring, then so is [[R^S,≤]].

Morita Duality for the Rings of Generalized Power Series

Let A,B be associative rings with identity,and(S.≤)a strictly totally ordered monoid which is also artinian and finitely generated.For any bimodule AaMB. we show that the bimodule [[A^(S.≤)]][M^(S.≤)][[B^(S.≤)]]defines a Morita duality if and only if _AM_B defines a Morita duality and A is left noetherian.B is right noetherian.As a corollary,it.is shown that the ring[[A^(S.≤)]]of generalized power series over A has a Morita duality if and only if A is a left noetherian ring with a Morita duality induced by a bimodule _AM_B such that B is right noetherian.

PP-Rings of Generalized Power Series

As a generalization of power series rings, Ribenboim introduced the notion of the rings of generalized power series. Let R be a commutative ring, and （S.≤） a strictly totally ordered monoid. We prove that （1） the ring [[R(S.≤]] of generalized power series is a PP-ring if and only if R is a PP-ring and every S-indexed subset C of B（R） （the set of all idempotents of R） has a least upper bound in B（R）. and （2） if （S. ≤） also satisfies the condition that 0≤s for any s∈S, then the ring [[R(S.≤]] is weakly PP if and only if R is weakly PP.

On the P.Q.-Baer Skew Generalized Power Series Modules

For a ring R and a strictly totally ordered monoid(S,≤),letω:S→End(R)be a monoid homomorphism and M an(S,ω)-weakly rigid right R-module(i.e.,for any elements m∈M,b∈R and s∈S,mRb=0 if and only if mω(s)(Rb)=0),where End(R)is the ring of ring endomorphisms of R.It is shown that the skew generalized power series module M[[S]]_(R[[S,ω]])is a principally quasi-Baer module if and only if the annihilator of every submodule generated by an S-indexed subset of M is generated by an idempotent as a right ideal of R.As a consequence we deduce that for an(S,ω)-weakly rigid ring R,the skew generalized power series ring R[[S,ω]]is right principally quasi-Baer if and only if R is right principally quasi-Baer and any S-indexed subset of right semicentral idempotents in R has a generalized S-indexed join in R.The range of previous results in this area is expanded by these results.

Stable Rings for Morita Contexts of Generalized Power Series Rings

In this paper, we show that if rings A and B are （s, 2）-rings, then so is the ring of a Morita Context（[[A^S,≤]],[[B^S,≤]],[[M^S,≤]],[[N^S,≤]],ψ^S,Ф^S）of generalized power series. Also we get analogous results for unit 1-stable ranges, GM-rings and rings which have stable range one. These give new classes of rings satisfying such stable range conditions.

A Survey of the Researches on Grid-Connected Solar Power Generation Systems and Power Forecasting Methods Based on Ground-Based Cloud Atlas

Photovoltaic power generating is one of the primary methods of utilizing solar energy resources,with large-scale photovoltaic grid-connected power generation being the most efficient way to fully utilize solar energy.In order to provide reference strategies for pertinent researchers as well as potential implementation,this paper tries to provide a survey investigation and technical analysis of machine learning-related approaches,statistical approaches and optimization techniques for solar power generation and forecasting.Deep learning-related methods,in particular,can theoretically handle arbitrary nonlinear transformations through proper model structural design,such as hidden layer topology optimization and objective function analysis to save information that can increase forecasting accuracy while filtering out irrelevant or less affected data for forecasting.The research’s results indicate that RBFNN-AG performed the best when applying the predetermined number of days,with an NRMSE value of 4.65%.RBFNN-AG performs better than sophisticated models like DenseNet(5.69%),SLFN-ELM(5.95%),and ANN-k-means-linear regression correction(6.11%).Additionally,scenario application and PV system investment techniques are provided to evaluate the current condition of new energy development and market trends both domestically and internationally.

Complementary Pass-Transistor Adiabatic Logic Circuit Using Three-Phase Power Supply

A new low power quasi adiabatic logic,complementary pass transistor adiabatic logic (CPAL),is presented.The CPAL circuit is driven by a new three phase power clock,and its non adiabatic loss on output loads can be effectively reduced by using complementary pass transistor logic and transmission gates.Furthermore,the minimization of the energy consumption can be obtained by choosing the optimal size of bootstrapped nMOS transistors,thus it has more efficient energy transfer and recovery.A three phase power supply generator with a small control logic circuit and a single inductor is proposed.An 8 bit adder based on CPAL is designed and verified.With MOSIS 0 25μm CMOS technology,the CPAL adder consumes only 35% of the dissipated energy of a 2N 2N2P adder and is about 50% of the dissipated energy of a PFAL adder for clock rates ranging from 50 to 200MHz.

Corporate governance in generating companies of the Russian electric power industry in the context of ESG agenda

To address the issues of investment appeal in the Russian electric power industry,this study analyzes the dynamics of corporate governance,including permanent redistribution of property and compliance with the Russian Corporate Governance Code,in wholesale and territorial-generating companies.The increasing concentration of property in the hands of the state and its implications for investors are also noted.This study reveals the violations of essential principles,and the substantial differences in corporate governance practices,in the best-and worst-performing companies.Additional standards for better corporate governance practices to benefit the investors in the context of the current Environmental,Social,and corporate Governance(ESG)agenda are proposed.This study provides a new insight at the development of corporate governance in Russian power generating companies through property redistribution and compliance with corporate governance principles.

Viability of Harvesting Salinity Gradient (Blue) Energy by Nanopore-Based Osmotic Power Generation

The development of novel materials with ion-selective nanochannels has introduced a new technology for harvesting salinity gradient(blue)energy,namely nanopore power generators(NPGs).In this study,we perform a comprehensive analysis of the practical performance of NPG in both coupon-size and module-scale operations.We show that although NPG membrane coupons can theoretically generate ultrahigh power density under ideal conditions,the resulting power density in practical operations at a coupon scale can hardly reach 10 W·m^(-2) due to concentration polarization effects.For module-scale NPG operation,we estimate both the power density and specific extractable energy(i.e.,extractable energy normalized by the total volume of the working solutions),and elucidate the impact of operating conditions on these two metrics based on the interplay between concentration polarization and extent of mixing of the high-and low-concentration solutions.Further,we develop a modeling framework to assess the viability of an NPG system.Our results demonstrate that,for NPG systems working with seawater and river water,the gross specific extractable energy by the NPG system is very low(~0.1 kW?h?m?3)and is further compromised by the parasitic energy consumptions in the system(notably,pumping of the seawater and river water solutions and their pretreatment).Overall,NPG systems produce very low net specific extractable energy(<0.025 kW?h?m?3)and net power density(<0.1 W?m?2).Our study highlights the significant practical limitations in NPG operations,casting doubt on the viability of NPG as a technology for blue energy harvesting.

Battery Energy Storage to Strengthen the Wind Generator in Integrated Power System

The wind energy generation,utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing world-wide.The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time varying nature and causing stability problem.This weak interconnection of wind generating source in the electrical network affects the power quality and reliability.The localized energy storages shall compensate the fluctuating power and support to strengthen the wind generator in the power system.In this paper,it is proposed to control the voltage source inverter （VSI） in current control mode with energy storage,that is,batteries across the dc bus.The generated wind power can be extracted under varying wind speed and stored in the batteries.This energy storage maintains the stiff voltage across the dc bus of the voltage source inverter.The proposed scheme enhances the stability and reliability of the power system and maintains unity power factor.It can also be operated in stand-alone mode in the power system.The power exchange across the wind generation and the load under dynamic situation is feasible while maintaining the power quality norms at the common point of coupling.It strengthens the weak grid in the power system.This control strategy is evaluated on the test system under dynamic condition by using simulation.The results are verified by comparing the performance of controllers.

Performance investigation of plasma magnetohydrodynamic power generator

A magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） power generator system involves several subjects such as magnetohydrodynamics, plasma physics, material science, and structure mechanics. Therefore, the performance of the MHD power generator is affected by many factors, among which the load coefficient k is of great importance. This paper reveals the effect of some system parameters on the performance by three-dimensional （3D） numerical simulation for a Faraday type MHD power generator using He/Xe as working plasma. The results show that average electrical conductivity increases first and then decreases with the addition of magnetic field intensity. Electrical conductivity reaches the maximum value of 11.05 S/m, while the applied magnetic field strength is B = 1.75 T. When B 〉 3 T, the ionization rate along the midline well keeps stable, which indicates that the ionization rate and three-body recombination rate （three kinds of particles combining to two kinds of particles） are approximately equal, and the relatively stable plasma structure of the mainstream is preserved. Efficiency of power generation of the Faraday type channel increases with an increment of the load factor. However, enthalpy extraction first increases to a certain value, and then decreases with the load factor. The enthalpy extraction rate reaches the maximum when the load coefficient k equals 0.625, which is the best performance of the power generator channel with the maximum electricity production.

Feasibility Demonstrations of Liquid Turbine Power Generator Driven by Low Temperature Heats

Lower temperature waste heats less than 373 K have strong potentials to supply additional energies because of their enormous quantities and ubiquity. Accordingly, reinforcement of power generations harvesting low temperature heats is one of the urgent tasks for the current generation in order to accomplish energy sustainability in the coming decades. In this study, a liquid turbine power generator driven by lower temperature heats below 373 K was proposed in the aim of expanding selectable options for harvesting low temperature waste heats less than 373 K. The proposing system was so simply that it was mainly composed of a liquid turbine, a liquid container with a biphasic medium of water and an underlying water-insoluble low-boiling-point medium in a liquid phase, a heating section for vaporization of the liquid and a cooling section for entropy discharge outside the system. Assumed power generating steps via the proposing liquid turbine power generator were as follows: step 1: the underlying low-boiling-point medium in a liquid phase was vaporized, step 2: the surfacing vapor bubbles of low-boiling-point medium accompanied the biphasic medium in their wakes, step 3: such high momentum flux by step 2 rotated the liquid turbine (i.e. power generation), step 4: the surfacing low-boiling-point medium vapor was gradually condensed into droplets, step 5: the low-boiling-point medium droplets were submerged to the underlying medium in a liquid phase. Experiments with a prototype liquid turbine power generator proved power generations in accordance with the assumed steps at a little higher than ordinary temperature. Increasing output voltage could be obtained with an increase in the cooling temperature among tested ranging from 294 to 296 K in contrast to normal thermal engines. Further improvements of the direct current voltage from the proposing liquid turbine power generator can be expected by means of far more vigorous multiphase flow induced by adding solid powders and theoretical optimizations of heat and mass transfers.

Theoretical On-Board Hydrogen Redox Electric Power Generator for Infinite Cruising Range Fuel Cell Vehicles

The development of hydrogen redox electric power generators for infinite cruising range electric vehicles represents a true technological breakthrough. Such systems consist of a polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen electrolytic cell equipped with an electrostatic-induction potential-superposed water electrolytic cell that provides a stoichiometric H2-O2 fuel mixture during operation of the vehicle. This generator functions with zero power input, zero matter input and zero emission due to the so-called ＂zero power input＂ electrostatic-to-chemical energy conversion occurring in the electrolytic cell. Here, theoretical simulations were performed to verify the target performance of such generators, assuming a pair of FC （fuel cell） and electrolytic cell stacks, both of which are commercially available.

Pressure control of PEMFC distributed power generator

Control design is important for PEMFC （proton exchange membrane fuel cell） distributed power generator to satisfy user requirement for safe and stable operation. For a complex multi-variable dynamic system, a dynamic simulation model is first established. In view of close coupling and non-linear relationships between variables, the intelligent auto-adapted PI decoupling control method is used. From the simulation results it is found that, by bringing quadratic performance index in the single neuron, constructing adaptive PI controller, and adjusting gas flow rates through the second pressure relief valve and air compressor coordinately, both anode and cathode pressures can be maintained at ideal levels.