Correlation and path analysis of morphological and weight traits in marine gastropod Glossaulax reiniana

Using correlation and path analysis, the genetic correlation between weight traits and morphological traits was determined in the marine gastropod Glossaulax reiniana. A total of 100 G. reiniana individuals from a wild population were used. Shell width( X 1), shell height( X 2), umbo-callus height( X 3), body width( X 4), operculum length( X 5), operculum width( X 6), body weight( Y 1) and soft-tissue weight( Y 2) were measured, and the correlation coefficient matrix calculated. Morphological traits were used as independent variables and weight traits as dependent variables for path coefficient analysis. Path coefficients, correlation indices and determination coefficients were also determined. Results indicate that the correlation coefficients associated with each morphological and weight trait were all highly significant( P <0.01). After deleting redundant independent variables, the following optimum multiple regression equations were obtained using stepwise multiple regression analysis: Y 1 =- 29.317+0.362 X 2 +0.349 X 4 + 1.190 X 5 for body weight; and Y 2 =- 17.292+0.166 X 1 +0.171 X 2 +0.703 X 5, for soft-tissue weight. Operculum height had the highest positive direct correlation with both body weight and soft-tissue weight, which was in accordance with the test results obtained from determinate coefficient analysis. The indication of high genetic correlations between weight traits and morphological traits will provide valuable information for G. reiniana breeding programs.

A path analysis of the cultivated land change in Hubei Province,China

Hubei Province is one of the critical grain production regions in China with the quantitative cultivated landand good natural condition; it plays an important role in grain security in China. However, owing to rapid economicgrowth, population pressures, anthropogenic activities, and natural disasters, the quality of the cultivated land hassignificantly decreased in recent years and environmental resources are under increasing stress. In order to research onthe mechanism of the change of the cultivated land, this paper analyzes qualitatively the influencing factors of thecultivated land change in Hubei Province from 1978 to 2004, and distinguishes the direct factors from indirect influentones by means of the approach of the path analysis. The result shows that the area of the rent land in the total non-agricultural land, the total population growth and the fixed asset investment are the main factors deciding the change ofthe cultivated land. Meanwhile, the density of the transportation network, the proportion of per capita income of ruralcitizens to that of urban citizens, non-agricultural gross domestic production’s share of the total GDP has a less directeffect but a more indirect influence on the decrease of the cultivated land in Hubei Province. The result means that whilesome factors have less direct influence on the change of the cultivated land, its indirect influence are significant, viceversa. Thus it’s necessary to adopt a comprehensive measurement to protect the cultivated land.

Correlation and Path Coefficient and Chi-square Distance Cluster Analysis for Several Characteristics in Tobacco Germplasm Resource

Correlation and path coefficient analyses were conducted for 10 characteristics of 24 pure lines of flue-cured tobacco such as plant height, knot distance, leaf number, the central leaf length and width, ratio of the length to width, stem girth, dates of budding, leaf yield and ratio of the prime-medium tobacco. The leaf number and the central leaf length showed a positive or a strong positive correlation with the yield per plant. And the leaf number and leaf yield per plant showed a strong positive correlation with the ratio of prime-medium tobacco. The results showed that the leaf yield per plant among these characteristics played a major role in determining the ratio of prime-medium tobacco while the others were less related with the ratio. Square sum of deviation method cluster analyses showed that 24 pure lines of flue-cured tobacco were clustered into two groups. Of the pure lines, Line T1706 and Line T1245 had a far relationship with all other lines, and also had a heterosis when crossed with the other lines. Lines Guangdonghuang 1 and R72（3）B-2-1 were closely related.

Analysis of genetic effects and correlations for nutrient quality traits of indica rice in different environments

Understanding the variation for the expressionof genes in different environments is one of themajor goals in qualitative genetics. In this pa-per, the genetic models for quantitative traitsof endosperm in cereal crops were used to eval-uate the seed, cytoplasm and maternal geneticeffects as well as the genotype × environment(GE) interaction effects, and to predict thebreeding value of parents and genotypic corre-lation for nutrient quality traits of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Genetic Analysis on Plant Type of Northern Japonica Hybrid Rice

This study was designed to analyze the genetic relationship of the morphological traits of the northern japonica hybrid rice. The genetic relationship of the morphological traits of the 100 cultivars combined by the 10 sterile lines and the 10 restore lines was studied by using the principle component analysis and the SAS and QGA. The results showed that compared with the female parent, most of the morphological traits related closely to their father. The additive genetic effect and the dominant genetic effect appeared significantly, and the former was more significant than the latter. Genetic correlation analysis indicated that high plants or high plants with more leaves were in favor of improving the number and the weight of the spike and producing the hybrid vigor. The important factors influencing the plant type of the northern japonica hybrid rice were the plant height （PH）, the angle of the flag leaf （FLA）, flag leaf length （FLL）, and the weight of the shoots and leaves （SLW）, respectively. The morphological traits system of the northern japonica hybrid rice was very complex, and the restore line should be given more importance compared with the sterile line, and PH, FLA, FLL, and SLW should be considered first in the plant type breeding.

Dynamic genetic analysis for body weight and main length ratio in turbot Scophthalmus maximus

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of body width(BW)to body length(BL)ratio(BW/BL)and of body weight traits(BWT)in turbot,and to elucidate the genetic mechanism of the two traits during ontogeny by dynamic genetic analysis.From 3 to 27 months,BW,BL and BWT of each communally stocked fish were measured every 3 months.The BW/BL ratio was measured at different sampling ages.A twotrait animal model was used for genetic evaluation of traits.The results showed that the heritability values of BW/BL ratio ranged from 0.2168 to 0.3148,corresponding to moderate heritability.The BWT heritability values ranged from 0.2702 to 0.3479 corresponding to moderate heritability.The heritability of BW/BL ratio was lower than that of BWT,except at 3 months of age.Genetic correlation between BW/BL ratio and BWT decreased throughout the measurement period.Genetic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations.The current results for estimating genetic parameters demonstrate that the BW/BL ratio could be used as a phenotypic marker of fast-growing turbot,and the BW/BL ratio and BWT could be improved simultaneously through selective breeding.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Cherry Tomato Core Collection Based on Genotypic Values

Taking 65 cherry tomato core germplasms as experimental materials,the genetic diversity of seven agronomic traits were analyzed.The correlation between any two of the seven agronomic traits and the genetic relationships of these germplasms were analyzed based on genotypic values.The genetic diversity indices of the seven agronomic traits were 4.15,4.13,4.16,4.13,4.13,4.13 and 4.01,respectively,showing that the cherry tomato core collection had abundant genetic diversity.The correlation analysis between traits based on genotype effect values showed that leaf length was significantly correlated with leaf width with the correlation coefficient of 0.56.The fruit width was significantly correlated with fruit length with the correlation coefficient of 0.52.The flesh thickness was significantly correlated with fruit length and fruit width with the correlation coefficients of 0.49 and 0.39,respectively.The single fruit weight was significantly correlated with fruit length,fruit width and flesh thickness with the correlation coefficients of 0.44,0.61 and 0.62,respectively.When the genetic distances between core germplasms of cherry tomato were calculated based on the phenotypic values,65 core germplasms of cherry tomato were divided into three groups with the rescaled distance of 10.When the genetic distances between core germplasms of cherry tomato were calculated based on the genotypic values,the 65 core germplasms of cherry tomato were divided into four groups with the rescaled distance of 10.Comparing the 2 clustering results,it could find that genotypic value-based clustering analysis could better clarify the genetic relationship between core germplasms.This study could provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of cherry tomato core germplasms.

Statistical Analysis of Leaf Water Use Efficiency and Physiology Traits of Winter Wheat Under Drought Condition

Five statistical methods including simple correlation, multiple linear regression, stepwise regression, principal components, and path analysis were used to explore the relationship between leaf water use efficiency （WUE） and physiological traits （photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, etc.） of 29 wheat cultivars. The results showed that photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were the most important leaf WUE parameters under drought condition. Based on the results of statistical analyses, principal component analysis could be the most suitable method to ascertain the relationship between leaf WUE and relative physiological traits. It is reasonable to assume that high leaf WUE wheat could be obtained by selecting breeding materials with high photosynthesis rate, low transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance under dry area.

Analysis on the Effects of Morphological Traits of Lutraria sieboldii on Its Body Mass Trait

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the relationship between morphological traits and body mass trait of Lutraria sieboldii.[Methods]110 were randomly selected from 120 2^(nd)-instar L.sieboldii collected from the Tieshangang area of Beihai,Guangxi,and 132 were randomly selected from 150 shellfish at the instar of 0.6.Their morphological traits were measured:shell length(SL),shell height(SH),shell width(SW),anterior length(AL),posterior length(PL),nose length(NL)in closed shell state,and maximum open shell width(OS)between two shells in closed shell state,and the body mass trait BM was also measured.Statistical methods such as path analysis and multiple regression were used for data analysis,and the effects of these seven morphological traits on the body mass trait were studied,respectively.The correlation between the tested seven quantitative traits and one body mass trait was all positive,all reaching an extremely significant level(P<0.01).[Results]The body mass trait of the shellfish at the instar of 2 had the highest correlation coefficient with shell length(0.922),that is,shell length had the greatest direct impact on the body mass trait;the path coefficient was 0.700;and the final multiple regression equation established was BM=-124.882+1.189 SL+1.551 SH+1.035 SW+0.119 NL,and the total determination coefficient(R^(2))on body mass was 0.849.The body mass trait of the shellfish at the instar of 0.6 had the highest correlation coefficient with shell length(0.859),that is,shell length had the greatest direct impact on the body mass trait;the path coefficient was 0.494;and the final multiple regression equation established was BM=-1.917+0.111 SL+0.021 NL+0.078 SW+0.032 OS,and the total determination coefficient(R~2)on body mass was 0.828.The multivariate regression variance analysis showed that the regression between the morphological traits and body mass trait of the L.sieboldii at the instars of 2 and 0.6 reached an extremely significant level(P<0.01).[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the selection of broodstock in the selection and breeding of L.sieboldii.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Job Burnout of Nurses in Haikou Tertiary Hospital

Objective: To understand the influencing factors of job burnout among nurses in Haikou 3A hospital and explore its direct and indirect effects, so as to provide a scientific basis for the work efficiency of nursing staff. Methods: Between November 2, 2015 and November 2015, using multi stage random sampling, self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 1049 nursing staff, using the path analysis method to study the effect of direct and indirect factors effect. Results: The total score of job burnout of nurses was 38.44 ± 7.55, high occupational burnout was 0.9%, moderate occupational burnout was 66.5%, and low occupational burnout was 32.6%. The scores of job burnout were compared among the nurses with different titles, and less achievement (F = 8.342, P < 0.001) and depersonalization (F = 3.12, P = 0.025) were statistically significant. Nurses’ Job Burnout and job stressors were the first, and the canonical correlation coefficient was 0.4397 (F = 20.54, P < 0.0001), indicating that the more problems existed in patient care, the greater the degree of emotional exhaustion. The first canonical correlation coefficient of job burnout and job satisfaction of nurses was 0.3791 (F = 12.8, P < 0.0001), indicating that the better the family and work balance, the less individualized nurses were. The path analysis results showed that the 4 dimensions of job stressors (management and interpersonal problems) is positive, the direct effect of the strongest (0.219), the total effect of sort of work pressure source of 4 dimensions (0.245) > 5 dimensions of work pressure source (0.125) > title (−0.112) job satisfaction scores (−0.097). Conclusion: Job stress, job satisfaction and job title are the factors that affect job burnout. The 4 and the direct and indirect effects of job stressors are the strongest, and measures should be taken to solve these problems.

Correlation, Regression and Path Analyses of Seed Yield Components in <i>Crambe abyssinica</i>, a Promising Industrial Oil Crop

In the present study correlation, regression and path analyses were carried out to decide correlations among the agro- nomic traits and their contributions to seed yield per plant in Crambe abyssinica. Partial correlation analysis indicated that plant height (X1) was significantly correlated with branching height and the number of first branches (P 2) was significantly correlated with pod number of primary inflorescence (P 3) was significantly correlated with number of secondary branches (P -grain weight (P 4) was significantly correlated with seed yield per plant (P 7) was significantly correlated with seed yield per plant (P -grain weight (P -grain weight (X8) was significantly correlated with seed yield per plant (P -grain weight contributed significantly to seed yield per plant at P 7) and 1000-grain weight (X8) to seed yield per plant (Y) is Y = 0.006 X7 + 1.222 X8 - 7.191. The path coefficient of pod number per plant to seed yield per plant was 0.967 and that of 1000-grain weight was 0.194. The determination coefficient of pod number per plant and 1000-grain weight to seed yield per plant was 0.983 and the determination coefficient of other agronomic traits was 0.130. Coefficient of variance indicated that the length of primary inflorescence showed the greatest variation, followed by seed yield per plant, pod number per plant, number of secondary branches, branching height, pod number of primary inflorescence, number of first branches, seed yield per plot, 1000-grain weight and plant height. It was suggested that seed yield per plant in Crambe might be improved by increasing the pod number per plant through selection or cultivation, but the negative correlation between pod number per plant and 1000-grain weight also needs to be considered.

Genetic Diversity and Correlation Studies for Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD), Fiber &Yield Related Attributes in Exotic Lines of <i>Gossypium arboreum</i>L.

Genetic diversity provides the foundation for crop improvement. Genetic variation and associations among Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD), fiber and yield related traits were investigated in exotic lines of Gossypium arboreum L. in an experimental field at the Central Cotton Research Institute (CCRI), Multan, Pakistan during the crop season 2011-12. One hundred and nineteen (119) accessions imported from USA through the Pakistan and US “Cotton Productivity Enhancement Program” (CPEP), were evaluated in this study. Various statistical approaches including descriptive statistics, correlation and principal component analysis was performed to evaluate and identify desirable genotypes. Results revealed that seed cotton yield was significantly and positively correlated with boll weight and number of bolls plant-1. Similarly, plant height was also significantly correlated with sympodial branches, lint percentage and micronaire value. Lint percentage showed a highly significant and positive correlation with plant height, sympodial branches and micronaire value. With respect to fiber traits, negative and significant relationships were observed between the micronaire value (MIC) and fiber strength. CLCuD showed no relationship with any of the studied traits, as all the G. arboreum L. lines evaluated were scored resistant to CLCuD. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first four out of 11 components contributed about 65.88% of the total variation having an eigen value greater than 1. Based on PCA, the genotypes GS-4, GS-9, GS-8, GS-55 and GS-50 could be utilized successfully in a future breeding program based on having the highest positive loading factor for staple length (0.135) in PC1 and seed cotton yield (0.625), number of bolls plant-1, boll weight, first sympodial nod, staple length and fiber strength in PC2 respectively.

Decomposition Method of Genetic Correlation Coefficient Based on NC Ⅱ Mating Design

There are different degrees of correlation between crop traits. The phenotypic correlation is decomposed into genetic and environmental correlation in quantitative genetics. In this paper,according to stochastic model of variance and covariance analysis,we calculate different genetic components,bring up a decomposition method of genetic correlation coefficient based on NC II mating design,and use examples to show analytic steps and interpret results.

Distinguishing of Stable Genotypes and Mega Environment for Grain Yield Performance of Sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>(L.) Moench] Genotypes Using Spatial Analysis

Sorghum is a staple food crop in Ethiopia and its production is mainly constrained by drought, other environmental factors, and the use of low-yielding, local sorghum varieties. To improve sorghum productivity, it is crucial to provide farmers with high yielding, stable sorghum cultivars that are tolerant to drought and other constraints. The stable performance of sorghum varieties in a growing region is critical to obtain a high and stable yield. In the 2012-2014 crop year, 24 genotypes, including standard controls, were evaluated at the national variety trial stage over six main dry lowland sorghum growing sites and two years made 7 environments to evaluate their performance, stability and to quantify Genotype by Environment Interaction (GEI) across moisture stress sorghum growing areas of Ethiopia. Spatial modeling has been used to estimate predicted mean (BLUPs) results and Performance and estimation of environmental correlation, heritability, GEI, and other parameters using the ASReml3-R analysis package. The predicted mean yield of the test genotypes across the environment ranged from 3.45 to 1.56 t·ha-1. Based on the result genotype G13, it could be further promoted because of its yield advantage and other important attributes over the standard checks, but it is the least stable. Based on the analyzed result, two mega environments were formed and Environment 1 (E1) is identified as an ideal environment among the testing environments.

Genetic dissection of glutathione S-transferase omega-1:identification of novel downstream targets and Alzheimer's disease pathways

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is affected by genetic factors.Polymorphisms in the glutathione S-transfe rase omega-1(Gsto1)gene have been shown by genetic correlation analyses performed in different ethnic populations to be genetic risk factors for AD.Gene expression profile data from BXD recombinant inbred mice were used in combination with genetic and bioinformatic analyses to chara cterize the mechanisms underlying regulation of Gstol variation regulation and to identify network membe rs that may contribute to AD risk or progression.Allele-specific assays confirmed that variation in Gstol expression is controlled by cis-expression quantitative trait loci.We found that Gstol mRNA levels were related to several central nervous system traits,such as glial acidic fibrillary protein levels in the caudate putamen,co rtical gray matter volume,and hippocampus mossy fiber pathway volume.We identified 2168 genes whose expression was highly correlated with that of Gsto1.Some genes were enriched for the most common neurodegenerative diseases.Some Gsto1-related genes identified in this study had previously been identified as susceptibility genes for AD,such as APP,Grin2 b,Ide,and Psenen.To evaluate the relationships between Gstol and candidate network members,we transfected astrocytes with Gstol siRNA and assessed the effect on putative downstream effecto rs.We confirmed that knockdown of Gstol had a significant influence on Pa2g4 expression,suggesting that Pa2g4 may be a downstream effector of Gstol,and that both genes intera ct with other genes in a network during AD pathogenesis.

Estimation of Genetic Divergence and Character Association Studies in Local and Exotic Diversity Panels of Soybean(Glycine max L.)Genotypes

The availability of favorable genetic diversity is a thriving vitality for the success of a breeding program.It provides a firm basis of selecting superior breeding lines for the development of high yielding crop genotypes.In this context,present investigation aimed to generate information on genetic divergence and character association in a diversity panel of 123 local and exotic soybean genotypes.Analysis of variance revealed significant response of the evaluated genotypes based on studied attributes.It depicted the probability of selecting desirable soybean genotypes by focusing on character association studies and genetic diversity analysis.Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant showed high positive correlation with 100-seed weight followed by pods per plant and plant height.Furthermore,path coefficient analysis exposed that pods per plant had maximum direct contribution in seed yield per plant followed by 100-seed weight,days to flowering and SPAD measurement.Genotype named“G-10”showed maximum yield per plant followed by 24607,G-52,24593,Arisoy,24566,17426,A-3127,24570 and 24567.Genetic diversity analysis grouped the evaluated germplasm into 17 clusters.All clusters showed zero intra-cluster variability;while inter-cluster divergence ranged from 9.00 to 91.11.Cluster V showed maximum inter-cluster distance with cluster XII followed by that of between V and VIII.Moreover,cluster IV with superior genotypes(G-10,24607,24593 and 24566),VI(17426 and 24567),XIII(24570)and X(Arisoy and G-52)showed above mean values for most of the studied characters.Overall,the results of hybridization between the superior genotypes of these cluster pairs might be useful for soybean breeding with improving agronomic traits and adaptability.

蛤蜊岗不同贝龄四角蛤蜊数量性状的通径分析

为研究蛤蜊岗不同贝龄四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)形态性状与质量性状之间的相关性,采用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析等方法,对1~3龄四角蛤蜊的壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)、壳高(SH)、活体湿重(BW)和软组织湿重(RW)等参数进行分析,建立形态性状与质量性状之间的回归方程。结果显示,不同生长阶段四角蛤蜊形态性状对质量性状的贡献存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。与1~3龄四角蛤蜊活体湿重最相关的形态性状均为壳宽。对软组织湿重影响最大的形态性状,在1龄贝为壳宽,在2龄和3龄贝为壳长。壳高对2龄四角蛤蜊活体湿重和软组织湿重的直接通径系数均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。以活体湿重为目标性状时,1~3龄贝均应以壳宽为主要选择性状,并以壳长作为辅助选择性状;以软组织湿重为目标性状时,1龄贝应以壳宽为主要选择性状,同时辅以壳长;2龄和3龄贝均应以壳长为主要选择性状,并分别以壳宽和壳高作为2龄贝和3龄贝的辅助选择性状。研究结果可为蛤蜊岗四角蛤蜊良种选育提供基础数据。

蜂窝车联网侧行链路信道测量与分析

蜂窝车联网侧行链路接口(PC5)采用终端到终端直接通信的形式,因其通信延迟低、传输容量大和传输可靠性高的特点而具备广阔的科研和工程前景。为了实测蜂窝车联网侧行链路信道特性,使用具有PC5接口的车载板卡在城市道路进行了通信测量工作,并依据测量结果从信道特征对PC5接口信道进行了分析。分析了通信收包时延随距离和信噪比变化的特征,将实测参考信号接收功率值与自由空间和双射线两种路径损耗经验模型及对数距离和双斜率两种路径损耗拟合模型的预测值进行了对比,并引入了四种相关性分析算法,从数值偏移量、线性相关程度和几何形态相似度等角度分析了模型预测值与实测数据的关联性,最终验证了双斜率路径损耗模型最适合表征PC5接口通信信道在城市环境下的衰落特征,基于该模型测算得到的路径损耗指数和阴影衰落方差也进一步说明此模型能够更好地结合实验环境表征信道特性。

管工交叉专业改革——基于三链融合的理论视角

在智慧经济与产业创新引领下,在新文科建设的推动下,高校迫切需要对管工交叉型专业进行创新改革。文章结合天津市高校物流专业调研数据,从“历史链—组织链—目标链”三链融合理论出发,利用问卷调查进行了三链融合数据的皮尔逊相关分析,提出了管工交叉型专业改革的内在逻辑、障碍总结与路径设计。研究结果表明:以三链为基础,当前高校专业改革面临的主要障碍包括师资历史积淀少、产学研合作制度不完善、监督制度不健全、反馈制度效率低、就业升学目标不清晰以及资源组织目标不清晰等方面。因此,天津市高校应依托于教学改革、科研育人、社会服务三个模块实现数字化、智慧化、整合性人才培养目标的专业创新改革。文章结合天津大学物流工程专业改革案例,为高校管工交叉专业转型提供思路与参考。

半干旱地区燕麦种子产量及其相关农艺性状

本研究选取19个燕麦(Avena sativa)品种(系)的产量相关性状指标,采用相关性分析、通径分析、灰色关联度分析以及聚类分析,探讨甘肃中部半干旱地区燕麦种子产量影响因素并筛选综合性状优良的燕麦种质。结果表明:燕麦种子产量为3 283.33~5 833.33 kg·hm^(-2),其中‘Cinskinaly’的产量最高。种子产量与千粒重、成穗数极显著正相关(P <0.01),与单株穗粒重显著正相关(P <0.05),而与株高显著负相关(P <0.05);通径分析结果表明,单株穗粒数、单株穗粒重、千粒重是决定种子产量的重要因素。聚类分析将19份燕麦材料析划分为4个类群:第Ⅰ类可作饲草资源加以筛选利用;第Ⅱ类适合作高产抗倒伏产籽型品种;第Ⅲ类为优选裸燕麦材料;而第Ⅳ类生产适应性和田间表现差,可直接淘汰。筛选出综合表现较佳的两个裸燕麦品系‘201006-01-01-9’‘201003-06-5’和1个皮燕麦品系‘201113-03-05’,可提升到甘肃省区域试验。