Targeted treatment of cancer with monoclonal antibodies increases the benefit for patients. In order to improve the anti-tumor activity of monoclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies have entered the research fie...Targeted treatment of cancer with monoclonal antibodies increases the benefit for patients. In order to improve the anti-tumor activity of monoclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies have entered the research field. The emergence of various techniques to produce multi-specific recombinant antibody molecules has led to the selection of target combinations in various forms. To date, only a few multi-specific constructs have entered phase III clinical trials, in contrast to classical monoclonal antibodies. Some of the format options are outlined from a technical point of view. We focus on the achievements and prospects of the underlying technologies for generating biand multispecific antibodies.展开更多
Human science and technology continue to advance over time.In the future,universal drugs will gradually fade out of our lives with the accumulation of time.With the advancement of genetic engineering,future genetic en...Human science and technology continue to advance over time.In the future,universal drugs will gradually fade out of our lives with the accumulation of time.With the advancement of genetic engineering,future genetic engineering drugs will be based on each difference and due to It differs from person to person,and the development of genetic engineering pharmaceuticals will make breakthroughs.展开更多
The highest-level interference essence against virus and turnour genetic engineering medicine is a new type created in the 1980s. Compared with chemical medicines, the interference essence has a special effect in the ...The highest-level interference essence against virus and turnour genetic engineering medicine is a new type created in the 1980s. Compared with chemical medicines, the interference essence has a special effect in the treatment of viruses and tumours. The human a, type genetic engineering interference essense is prepared by the Institute of Viruses of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medical Sciences, the Shanghai Vaccine展开更多
Acremonium chrysogenum is an important filamentous fungus which produces cephalosporin C in industry.This review summarized the study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum,including biosynthesis and regulat...Acremonium chrysogenum is an important filamentous fungus which produces cephalosporin C in industry.This review summarized the study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum,including biosynthesis and regulation for fermentation of cephalosporin C,molecular techniques,molecular breeding and transcriptomics of Acremonium chrysogenum.We believe with all the techniques available and full genomic sequence,the industrial strain of Acremonium chrysogenum can be genetically modified to better serve the pharmaceutical industry.展开更多
ITHACA, N.Y. -- Ray J. Wu, Cornell University professor of molecular biology and genetics, who was widely recog-nized as one of the fathers of genetic engineering and who developed and sought to feed the world with a ...ITHACA, N.Y. -- Ray J. Wu, Cornell University professor of molecular biology and genetics, who was widely recog-nized as one of the fathers of genetic engineering and who developed and sought to feed the world with a higher yield-ing rice that resists insects and drought, died of cardiac arrest in Ithaca, Feb. 10.展开更多
CRISPR-derived biotechnologies have revolutionized the genetic engineering field and have been widely applied in basic plant research and crop improvement.Commonly used Agrobacterium-or particle bombardment-mediated t...CRISPR-derived biotechnologies have revolutionized the genetic engineering field and have been widely applied in basic plant research and crop improvement.Commonly used Agrobacterium-or particle bombardment-mediated transformation approaches for the delivery of plasmid-encoded CRISPR reagents can result in the integration of exogenous recombinant DNA and potential off-target mutagenesis.Editing efficiency is also highly dependent on the design of the expression cassette and its genomic insertion site.Genetic engineering using CRISPR ribonucleoproteins(RNPs)has become an attractive approach with many advantages:DNA/transgene-free editing,minimal off-target effects,and reduced toxicity due to the rapid degradation of RNPs and the ability to titrate their dosage while maintaining high editing efficiency.Although RNP-mediated genetic engineering has been demonstrated in many plant species,its editing efficiency remains modest,and its application in many species is limited by difficulties in plant regeneration and selection.In this review,we summarize current developments and challenges in RNPmediated genetic engineering of plants and provide future research directions to broaden the use of this technology.展开更多
Chloroplast is a discrete,highly structured,and semi-autonomous cellular organelle.The small genome of chloroplast makes it an up-and-coming platform for synthetic biology.As a special means of synthetic biology,chlor...Chloroplast is a discrete,highly structured,and semi-autonomous cellular organelle.The small genome of chloroplast makes it an up-and-coming platform for synthetic biology.As a special means of synthetic biology,chloroplast genetic engineering shows excellent potential in reconstructing various sophisticated metabolic pathways within the plants for specific purposes,such as improving crop photosynthetic capacity,enhancing plant stress resistance,and synthesizing new drugs and vaccines.However,many plant species exhibit limited efficiency or inability in chloroplast genetic transformation.Hence,new transformation technologies and tools are being constantly developed.In order to further expand and facilitate the application of chloroplast genetic engineering,this review summarizes the new technologies in chloroplast genetic transformation in recent years and discusses the choice of appropriate synthetic biological elements for the construction of efficient chloroplast transformation vectors.展开更多
Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated plant transformation is a versatile tool for plant genetic engineering following its discovery nearly half a century ago.Numerous modifications were made in its application to increa...Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated plant transformation is a versatile tool for plant genetic engineering following its discovery nearly half a century ago.Numerous modifications were made in its application to increase efficiency,especially in the recalcitrant major cereals plants.Recent breakthroughs in transformation efficiency continue its role as a mainstream technique in CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and gene stacking.These modifications led to higher transformation frequency and lower but more stable transgene copies with the capability to revolutionize modern agriculture.In this review,we provide a brief overview of the history of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and focus on the most recent progress to improve the system in both the Agrobacterium and the host recipient.A promising future for transformation in biotechnology and agriculture is predicted.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa L.)stands as the most significantly influential food crop in the developing world,with its total production and yield stability affected by environmental stress.Drought stress impacts about 45%of the...Rice(Oryza sativa L.)stands as the most significantly influential food crop in the developing world,with its total production and yield stability affected by environmental stress.Drought stress impacts about 45%of the world’s rice area,affecting plants at molecular,biochemical,physiological,and phenotypic levels.The conventional breeding method,predominantly employing single pedigree selection,has been widely utilized in breeding numerous drought-tolerant rice varieties since the Green Revolution.With rapid progress in plant molecular biology,hundreds of drought-tolerant QTLs/genes have been identified and tested in rice crops under both indoor and field conditions.Several genes have been introgressed into elite germplasm to develop commercially accepted drought-tolerant varieties,resulting in the development of several drought-tolerant rice varieties through marker-assisted selection and genetically engineered approaches.This review provides up-to-date information on proof-of-concept genes and breeding methods in the molecular breeding era,offering guidance for rice breeders to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties.展开更多
Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite re...Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Purple blotch disease of Allium spp. crops caused by Alternaria porri has remained a major concern in agriculture for both farmers and research fraternity as it severely damages the crops and drastically reduces the y...Purple blotch disease of Allium spp. crops caused by Alternaria porri has remained a major concern in agriculture for both farmers and research fraternity as it severely damages the crops and drastically reduces the yield. The symptoms appear after 1–4 days of infection and bulb rot begin, and eventually turn into dark reddish-purple and then brownish/black lesions. Many factors like season, time of sowing, humidity and temperature, stage of crop, and plant architecture have a huge impact on the progression of purple blotch disease. Many genic markers based on amplification of an Alta1 gene sequence have been designed for identification and differentiation of different Alternaria species groups. Among the most commonly used fungicides, mancozeb, tebuconazole, difenaconazole and azoxystrobin were found to be the ideal for the management of purple blotch disease and increased garlic yield. Many biological approaches such as plant extracts and bio-control agents were found partially effective for controlling the disease. A report on QTL mapping for purple blotch resistance discovered that purple blotch resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene ApR1. To completely understand the purple blotch disease resistance for crop improvement, a study is required at transcriptome level for hunting purple blotch resistant genes by gene annotation and mining. Genetic engineering and genome editing are other approaches that can be done for engineering disease resistance in Allium crops for genetic improvement.展开更多
In the present study, single factors including fermentation temperature, inoculate amount, fermentation duration, and ratio of fermentation medium volume to total flask volume(dissolved oxygen tension) were optimized ...In the present study, single factors including fermentation temperature, inoculate amount, fermentation duration, and ratio of fermentation medium volume to total flask volume(dissolved oxygen tension) were optimized for enhancing the production of coenzyme Q10 from genetic engineered Rhodobacter sphaeroides overexpressing UbiG. The experimental results suggested that optimal single factors were: inoculate amount 2%, fermentation temperature 30 ℃, fermentation duration 48 h, and ratio of fermentation medium volume to total flask volume 80%. The present study will promote the large scale production of CoQ10 from microorganisms.展开更多
"HoneySweet" is a plum variety developed through genetic engineering to be highly resistant to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) the causal agent of sharka disease that threatens stone-fruit industries world-wide, an..."HoneySweet" is a plum variety developed through genetic engineering to be highly resistant to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) the causal agent of sharka disease that threatens stone-fruit industries world-wide, and most specifically in Europe. Field testing for over 15 years in Europe has demonstrated the stable and durable PPV resistance of “HoneySweet”. Resistance is based on gene silencing whereby the inserted gene induces a natural plant defense mechanism against viruses. This resistance has been transferred to seedlings through cross-hybridization as a single locus dominant trait making it useful as a parent for developing new plum varieties for specific growing areas and markets. “HoneySweet” plums are of high quality and compare well to the quality and nutritional value of conventional plums. “HoneySweet” demonstrates the utilization of genetic engineering to provide safe and effective solutions to important agricultural challenges facing growers, and ultimately consumers.展开更多
Consistent climatic perturbations have increased global environmental concerns, especially the impacts of abiotic stresses on crop productivity. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world’s population. ...Consistent climatic perturbations have increased global environmental concerns, especially the impacts of abiotic stresses on crop productivity. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world’s population. Abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, heat, cold and heavy metals, are potential inhibitors of rice growth and yield. Abiotic stresses elicit various acclimation responses that facilitate in stress mitigation. Plant hormones play an important role in mediating the growth and development of rice plants under optimal and stressful environments by activating a multitude of signalling cascades to elicit the rice plant’s adaptive responses. The current review describes the role of plant hormone-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in rice, potential crosstalk between plant hormones involved in rice abiotic stress tolerance and significant advancements in biotechnological initiatives including genetic engineering approach to provide a step forward in making rice resistance to abiotic stress.展开更多
The nutritional quality of rice is a major concern,along with the need to enhance productivity to feed the continuously growing population.Therefore,there is a requirement to breed high-yielding rice varieties with im...The nutritional quality of rice is a major concern,along with the need to enhance productivity to feed the continuously growing population.Therefore,there is a requirement to breed high-yielding rice varieties with improved nutritional quality that can help combat malnutrition,a global health issue.Undoubtedly,breeding approaches have played a significant role in increasing rice yield while enhancing its nutritional content.In addition to traditional breeding techniques,other recent approaches,such as genetic engineering,gene editing,omics methods,and agronomic practices,must also be employed to meet the nutritional needs of the current population.In this review,we offered detailed information on the development of nutritionally improved rice varieties through the enhancement of protein content,microand macronutrients,vitamins,and oil quality using genetic engineering approaches.We also identified QTLs associated with amino acids,proteins,and micronutrients in rice.Furthermore,omics approaches provide a range of tools and techniques for effectively exploring resources and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in trait development.Omics branches,including transcriptomics,proteomics,ionomics,and metabolomics,are efficiently utilized for improving rice nutrition.Therefore,by utilizing the information obtained from these techniques and incorporating all of these recent approaches,we can effectively modify the rice genome,directly enhancing the nutritional value of rice varieties.This will help address the challenges of malnutrition in the years to come.展开更多
An endophyte is a fungus or bacterium that lives within a plant in a symbiotic relationship.Extensive colonization of the plant tissue by endophytes creates a barrier effect,where they outcompete and prevent pathogen...An endophyte is a fungus or bacterium that lives within a plant in a symbiotic relationship.Extensive colonization of the plant tissue by endophytes creates a barrier effect,where they outcompete and prevent pathogenic organisms from taking hold.This happens by producing secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of the competitors or pathogens.In this way they play a very important role in the plant defence mechanisms.The metabolites produced by these endophytes fall within a wide range of classes of compounds that include peptides which are the focus of this review.Peptides are increasingly being selected for drug development because they are specific for their targets and have a higher degree of interactions.There have been quite a number of endophytic peptides reported in the recent past indicating that endophytes can be used for the production of peptide based drugs.Molecular screening for NRPS,which shows peptide producing capability,has also shown that endophytes are potential producers of peptides.The presence of NRPS also offers the possibility of genetic modifications which may generate peptides with high pharmacological activities.This review,therefore,aims to show the current status of peptides isolated from endophytic bacteria and fungi in the recent decade.Endophytes as potential sources of peptides according to NRPS studies will also be discussed.展开更多
Peripheral nerve injuries occur as the result of sudden trauma and lead to reduced quality of life.The peripheral nervous system has an inherent capability to regenerate axons.However,peripheral nerve regeneration fol...Peripheral nerve injuries occur as the result of sudden trauma and lead to reduced quality of life.The peripheral nervous system has an inherent capability to regenerate axons.However,peripheral nerve regeneration following injury is generally slow and incomplete that results in poor functional outcomes such as muscle atrophy.Although conventional surgical procedures for peripheral nerve injuries present many benefits,there are still several limitations including scarring,difficult accessibility to donor nerve,neuroma formation and a need to sacrifice the autologous nerve.For many years,other therapeutic approaches for peripheral nerve injuries have been explored,the most notable being the replacement of Schwann cells,the glial cells responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury.Introducing cultured Schwann cells to the injured sites showed great benefits in promoting axonal regeneration and functional recovery.However,there are limited sources of Schwann cells for extraction and difficulties in culturing Schwann cells in vitro.Therefore,novel therapeutic avenues that offer maximum benefits for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries should be investigated.This review focused on strategies using mesenchymal stem cells to promote peripheral nerve regeneration including exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells,nerve engineering using the nerve guidance conduits containing mesenchymal stem cells,and genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells.We present the current progress of mesenchymal stem cell treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.展开更多
Our previous study showed that cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation 1(CEND1)may participate in neural stem cell cycle exit and oriented differentiation.However,whether CEND1-transfected neural stem cells can i...Our previous study showed that cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation 1(CEND1)may participate in neural stem cell cycle exit and oriented differentiation.However,whether CEND1-transfected neural stem cells can improve the prognosis of traumatic brain injury remained unclear.In this study,we performed quantitative proteomic analysis and found that after traumatic brain injury,CEND1 expression was downregulated in mouse brain tissue.Three days after traumatic brain injury,we transplanted CEND1-transfected neural stem cells into the area surrounding the injury site.We found that at 5 weeks after traumatic brain injury,transplantation of CEND1-transfected neural stem cells markedly alleviated brain atrophy and greatly improved neurological function.In vivo and in vitro results indicate that CEND1 overexpression inhibited the proliferation of neural stem cells,but significantly promoted their neuronal differentiation.Additionally,CEND1 overexpression reduced protein levels of Notch1 and cyclin D1,but increased levels of p21 in CEND1-transfected neural stem cells.Treatment with CEND1-transfected neural stem cells was superior to similar treatment without CEND1 transfection.These findings suggest that transplantation of CEND1-transfected neural stem cells is a promising cell therapy for traumatic brain injury.This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the School of Biomedical Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,China(approval No.2016034)on November 25,2016.展开更多
Genetically engineered mouse(GEM)models are commonly used in biomedical research.Generating GEMs involve complex set of experimental procedures requiring sophisticated equipment and highly skilled technical staff.Beca...Genetically engineered mouse(GEM)models are commonly used in biomedical research.Generating GEMs involve complex set of experimental procedures requiring sophisticated equipment and highly skilled technical staff.Because of these reasons,most research institutes set up centralized core facilities where custom GEMs are created for research groups.Researchers,on the other hand,when they begin thinking about generating GEMs for their research,several questions arise in their minds.For example,what type of model(s)would be best useful for my research,how do I design them,what are the latest technologies and tools available for developing my model(s),and finally how to breed GEMs in my research.As there are several considerations and options in mouse designs,and as it is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor,careful planning upfront can ensure the highest chance of success.In this article,we provide brief answers to several frequently asked questions that arise when researchers begin thinking about generating mouse model(s)for their work.展开更多
文摘Targeted treatment of cancer with monoclonal antibodies increases the benefit for patients. In order to improve the anti-tumor activity of monoclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies have entered the research field. The emergence of various techniques to produce multi-specific recombinant antibody molecules has led to the selection of target combinations in various forms. To date, only a few multi-specific constructs have entered phase III clinical trials, in contrast to classical monoclonal antibodies. Some of the format options are outlined from a technical point of view. We focus on the achievements and prospects of the underlying technologies for generating biand multispecific antibodies.
文摘Human science and technology continue to advance over time.In the future,universal drugs will gradually fade out of our lives with the accumulation of time.With the advancement of genetic engineering,future genetic engineering drugs will be based on each difference and due to It differs from person to person,and the development of genetic engineering pharmaceuticals will make breakthroughs.
文摘The highest-level interference essence against virus and turnour genetic engineering medicine is a new type created in the 1980s. Compared with chemical medicines, the interference essence has a special effect in the treatment of viruses and tumours. The human a, type genetic engineering interference essense is prepared by the Institute of Viruses of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medical Sciences, the Shanghai Vaccine
文摘Acremonium chrysogenum is an important filamentous fungus which produces cephalosporin C in industry.This review summarized the study on genetic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum,including biosynthesis and regulation for fermentation of cephalosporin C,molecular techniques,molecular breeding and transcriptomics of Acremonium chrysogenum.We believe with all the techniques available and full genomic sequence,the industrial strain of Acremonium chrysogenum can be genetically modified to better serve the pharmaceutical industry.
文摘ITHACA, N.Y. -- Ray J. Wu, Cornell University professor of molecular biology and genetics, who was widely recog-nized as one of the fathers of genetic engineering and who developed and sought to feed the world with a higher yield-ing rice that resists insects and drought, died of cardiac arrest in Ithaca, Feb. 10.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation Plant Genome Research Program(award nos.IOS-1758745 and IOS-2029889)the U.S.Department of Agriculture Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grant Program(award nos.2018-33522-28789 and 2020-33522-32274)+1 种基金the Emergency Citrus Disease Research and Extension Program(award no.2020-70029-33161)a Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research grant(award no.593603)and Syngenta。
文摘CRISPR-derived biotechnologies have revolutionized the genetic engineering field and have been widely applied in basic plant research and crop improvement.Commonly used Agrobacterium-or particle bombardment-mediated transformation approaches for the delivery of plasmid-encoded CRISPR reagents can result in the integration of exogenous recombinant DNA and potential off-target mutagenesis.Editing efficiency is also highly dependent on the design of the expression cassette and its genomic insertion site.Genetic engineering using CRISPR ribonucleoproteins(RNPs)has become an attractive approach with many advantages:DNA/transgene-free editing,minimal off-target effects,and reduced toxicity due to the rapid degradation of RNPs and the ability to titrate their dosage while maintaining high editing efficiency.Although RNP-mediated genetic engineering has been demonstrated in many plant species,its editing efficiency remains modest,and its application in many species is limited by difficulties in plant regeneration and selection.In this review,we summarize current developments and challenges in RNPmediated genetic engineering of plants and provide future research directions to broaden the use of this technology.
基金This work was funded by the Foundation of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory,China(2022hszd014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771752).
文摘Chloroplast is a discrete,highly structured,and semi-autonomous cellular organelle.The small genome of chloroplast makes it an up-and-coming platform for synthetic biology.As a special means of synthetic biology,chloroplast genetic engineering shows excellent potential in reconstructing various sophisticated metabolic pathways within the plants for specific purposes,such as improving crop photosynthetic capacity,enhancing plant stress resistance,and synthesizing new drugs and vaccines.However,many plant species exhibit limited efficiency or inability in chloroplast genetic transformation.Hence,new transformation technologies and tools are being constantly developed.In order to further expand and facilitate the application of chloroplast genetic engineering,this review summarizes the new technologies in chloroplast genetic transformation in recent years and discusses the choice of appropriate synthetic biological elements for the construction of efficient chloroplast transformation vectors.
基金financial assistance provided by the High-End Foreign Expert Recruitment Program(G2022051003L)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201878)+3 种基金Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab(B21HJ0215)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(CAASZDRW202002,CAAS-ZDRW202201)Hebei Natural Science Foundation(C2021205013)Long Mao is also a“Yellow River Delta Scholar”in Sino-Agro Experimental Station for Salt Tolerant Crops(SAESSTC),Dongying,Shandong,China.
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated plant transformation is a versatile tool for plant genetic engineering following its discovery nearly half a century ago.Numerous modifications were made in its application to increase efficiency,especially in the recalcitrant major cereals plants.Recent breakthroughs in transformation efficiency continue its role as a mainstream technique in CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and gene stacking.These modifications led to higher transformation frequency and lower but more stable transgene copies with the capability to revolutionize modern agriculture.In this review,we provide a brief overview of the history of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and focus on the most recent progress to improve the system in both the Agrobacterium and the host recipient.A promising future for transformation in biotechnology and agriculture is predicted.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31900361).
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa L.)stands as the most significantly influential food crop in the developing world,with its total production and yield stability affected by environmental stress.Drought stress impacts about 45%of the world’s rice area,affecting plants at molecular,biochemical,physiological,and phenotypic levels.The conventional breeding method,predominantly employing single pedigree selection,has been widely utilized in breeding numerous drought-tolerant rice varieties since the Green Revolution.With rapid progress in plant molecular biology,hundreds of drought-tolerant QTLs/genes have been identified and tested in rice crops under both indoor and field conditions.Several genes have been introgressed into elite germplasm to develop commercially accepted drought-tolerant varieties,resulting in the development of several drought-tolerant rice varieties through marker-assisted selection and genetically engineered approaches.This review provides up-to-date information on proof-of-concept genes and breeding methods in the molecular breeding era,offering guidance for rice breeders to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties.
基金supported by the Food Futures Institute of Murdoch University to Rajeev K.Varshney.
文摘Trehalose(Tre)is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many species,including bacteria,fungi,invertebrates,yeast,and even plants,where it acts as an osmoprotectant,energy source,or protein/membrane protector.Despite relatively small amounts in plants,Tre concentrations increase following exposure to abiotic stressors.Trehalose-6-phosphate,a precursor of Tre,has regulatory functions in sugar metabolism,crop production,and stress tolerance.Among the various abiotic stresses,temperature extremes(heat or cold stress)are anticipated to impact crop production worldwide due to ongoing climate changes.Applying small amounts of Tre can mitigate negative physiological,metabolic,and molecular responses triggered by temperature stress.Trehalose also interacts with other sugars,osmoprotectants,amino acids,and phytohormones to regulate metabolic reprogramming that underpins temperature stress adaptation.Transformed plants expressing Tre-synthesis genes accumulate Tre and show improved stress tolerance.Genome-wide studies of Tre-encoding genes suggest roles in plant growth,development,and stress tolerance.This review discusses the functions of Tre in mitigating temperature stress—highlighting genetic engineering approaches to modify Tre metabolism,crosstalk,and interactions with other molecules—and in-silico approaches for identifying novel Tre-encoding genes in diverse plant species.We consider how this knowledge can be used to develop temperature-resilient crops essential for sustainable agriculture.
基金We thank the Department of Science and Technology-Science and Engineering Research Board(DST-SERB)(PDF/2017/001488),India,for financial support.
文摘Purple blotch disease of Allium spp. crops caused by Alternaria porri has remained a major concern in agriculture for both farmers and research fraternity as it severely damages the crops and drastically reduces the yield. The symptoms appear after 1–4 days of infection and bulb rot begin, and eventually turn into dark reddish-purple and then brownish/black lesions. Many factors like season, time of sowing, humidity and temperature, stage of crop, and plant architecture have a huge impact on the progression of purple blotch disease. Many genic markers based on amplification of an Alta1 gene sequence have been designed for identification and differentiation of different Alternaria species groups. Among the most commonly used fungicides, mancozeb, tebuconazole, difenaconazole and azoxystrobin were found to be the ideal for the management of purple blotch disease and increased garlic yield. Many biological approaches such as plant extracts and bio-control agents were found partially effective for controlling the disease. A report on QTL mapping for purple blotch resistance discovered that purple blotch resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene ApR1. To completely understand the purple blotch disease resistance for crop improvement, a study is required at transcriptome level for hunting purple blotch resistant genes by gene annotation and mining. Genetic engineering and genome editing are other approaches that can be done for engineering disease resistance in Allium crops for genetic improvement.
基金Supported by the Project of Sichuan Science and Technology Department(2019YJ0673)National Modern Agriculture Industry System/Sichuan Live Pig Innovation Team(SCSZTD-3-007)
文摘In the present study, single factors including fermentation temperature, inoculate amount, fermentation duration, and ratio of fermentation medium volume to total flask volume(dissolved oxygen tension) were optimized for enhancing the production of coenzyme Q10 from genetic engineered Rhodobacter sphaeroides overexpressing UbiG. The experimental results suggested that optimal single factors were: inoculate amount 2%, fermentation temperature 30 ℃, fermentation duration 48 h, and ratio of fermentation medium volume to total flask volume 80%. The present study will promote the large scale production of CoQ10 from microorganisms.
基金This work was supported in part by grants from the European Union,FP7-IRSES-Interest n 269292(2011-2014).
文摘"HoneySweet" is a plum variety developed through genetic engineering to be highly resistant to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) the causal agent of sharka disease that threatens stone-fruit industries world-wide, and most specifically in Europe. Field testing for over 15 years in Europe has demonstrated the stable and durable PPV resistance of “HoneySweet”. Resistance is based on gene silencing whereby the inserted gene induces a natural plant defense mechanism against viruses. This resistance has been transferred to seedlings through cross-hybridization as a single locus dominant trait making it useful as a parent for developing new plum varieties for specific growing areas and markets. “HoneySweet” plums are of high quality and compare well to the quality and nutritional value of conventional plums. “HoneySweet” demonstrates the utilization of genetic engineering to provide safe and effective solutions to important agricultural challenges facing growers, and ultimately consumers.
基金the Science and Engineering Research Board-Department of Science and Technology (Grant No. SRG/2020/001004)University Grants Commission Start-up Grant (Grant No. F. 30-482/2019) in South KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology-Research Associateship (Grant No. DBT-RA/2022/January/N/1186) in India。
文摘Consistent climatic perturbations have increased global environmental concerns, especially the impacts of abiotic stresses on crop productivity. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world’s population. Abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, heat, cold and heavy metals, are potential inhibitors of rice growth and yield. Abiotic stresses elicit various acclimation responses that facilitate in stress mitigation. Plant hormones play an important role in mediating the growth and development of rice plants under optimal and stressful environments by activating a multitude of signalling cascades to elicit the rice plant’s adaptive responses. The current review describes the role of plant hormone-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in rice, potential crosstalk between plant hormones involved in rice abiotic stress tolerance and significant advancements in biotechnological initiatives including genetic engineering approach to provide a step forward in making rice resistance to abiotic stress.
基金This study was funded by the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab Project,China(Grant No.B21HJ0216)the Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.ZDYF2021XDNY128)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program and the Cooperation and Innovation Mission,China(Grant No.CAAS-ZDXT202001).
文摘The nutritional quality of rice is a major concern,along with the need to enhance productivity to feed the continuously growing population.Therefore,there is a requirement to breed high-yielding rice varieties with improved nutritional quality that can help combat malnutrition,a global health issue.Undoubtedly,breeding approaches have played a significant role in increasing rice yield while enhancing its nutritional content.In addition to traditional breeding techniques,other recent approaches,such as genetic engineering,gene editing,omics methods,and agronomic practices,must also be employed to meet the nutritional needs of the current population.In this review,we offered detailed information on the development of nutritionally improved rice varieties through the enhancement of protein content,microand macronutrients,vitamins,and oil quality using genetic engineering approaches.We also identified QTLs associated with amino acids,proteins,and micronutrients in rice.Furthermore,omics approaches provide a range of tools and techniques for effectively exploring resources and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in trait development.Omics branches,including transcriptomics,proteomics,ionomics,and metabolomics,are efficiently utilized for improving rice nutrition.Therefore,by utilizing the information obtained from these techniques and incorporating all of these recent approaches,we can effectively modify the rice genome,directly enhancing the nutritional value of rice varieties.This will help address the challenges of malnutrition in the years to come.
文摘An endophyte is a fungus or bacterium that lives within a plant in a symbiotic relationship.Extensive colonization of the plant tissue by endophytes creates a barrier effect,where they outcompete and prevent pathogenic organisms from taking hold.This happens by producing secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of the competitors or pathogens.In this way they play a very important role in the plant defence mechanisms.The metabolites produced by these endophytes fall within a wide range of classes of compounds that include peptides which are the focus of this review.Peptides are increasingly being selected for drug development because they are specific for their targets and have a higher degree of interactions.There have been quite a number of endophytic peptides reported in the recent past indicating that endophytes can be used for the production of peptide based drugs.Molecular screening for NRPS,which shows peptide producing capability,has also shown that endophytes are potential producers of peptides.The presence of NRPS also offers the possibility of genetic modifications which may generate peptides with high pharmacological activities.This review,therefore,aims to show the current status of peptides isolated from endophytic bacteria and fungi in the recent decade.Endophytes as potential sources of peptides according to NRPS studies will also be discussed.
基金funded by Clinical Medicine Key Project from the Social Development and Collaborative Innovation Plans in Xuzhou City of China,No.KC14SX016(to DQG).
文摘Peripheral nerve injuries occur as the result of sudden trauma and lead to reduced quality of life.The peripheral nervous system has an inherent capability to regenerate axons.However,peripheral nerve regeneration following injury is generally slow and incomplete that results in poor functional outcomes such as muscle atrophy.Although conventional surgical procedures for peripheral nerve injuries present many benefits,there are still several limitations including scarring,difficult accessibility to donor nerve,neuroma formation and a need to sacrifice the autologous nerve.For many years,other therapeutic approaches for peripheral nerve injuries have been explored,the most notable being the replacement of Schwann cells,the glial cells responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury.Introducing cultured Schwann cells to the injured sites showed great benefits in promoting axonal regeneration and functional recovery.However,there are limited sources of Schwann cells for extraction and difficulties in culturing Schwann cells in vitro.Therefore,novel therapeutic avenues that offer maximum benefits for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries should be investigated.This review focused on strategies using mesenchymal stem cells to promote peripheral nerve regeneration including exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells,nerve engineering using the nerve guidance conduits containing mesenchymal stem cells,and genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells.We present the current progress of mesenchymal stem cell treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81701895Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medicine-Engineering Research Fund,China,No.YG2016QN20(both to FY)。
文摘Our previous study showed that cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation 1(CEND1)may participate in neural stem cell cycle exit and oriented differentiation.However,whether CEND1-transfected neural stem cells can improve the prognosis of traumatic brain injury remained unclear.In this study,we performed quantitative proteomic analysis and found that after traumatic brain injury,CEND1 expression was downregulated in mouse brain tissue.Three days after traumatic brain injury,we transplanted CEND1-transfected neural stem cells into the area surrounding the injury site.We found that at 5 weeks after traumatic brain injury,transplantation of CEND1-transfected neural stem cells markedly alleviated brain atrophy and greatly improved neurological function.In vivo and in vitro results indicate that CEND1 overexpression inhibited the proliferation of neural stem cells,but significantly promoted their neuronal differentiation.Additionally,CEND1 overexpression reduced protein levels of Notch1 and cyclin D1,but increased levels of p21 in CEND1-transfected neural stem cells.Treatment with CEND1-transfected neural stem cells was superior to similar treatment without CEND1 transfection.These findings suggest that transplantation of CEND1-transfected neural stem cells is a promising cell therapy for traumatic brain injury.This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the School of Biomedical Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University,China(approval No.2016034)on November 25,2016.
基金We thank D.D.Meigs(University of Nebraska Medical Center)and Tonya Cejka(freelance English editor)for editing assistance.C.B.G.is funded by NIH grants R35HG010719,R21GM129559,R21AI143394 and R21DA046831.M.O.is funded by 2016–2017 Tokai University School of Medicine Project Research,the Research Aid from the Institute of Medical Sciences in Tokai University,Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(25290035)from MEXTa Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research(15K14371)from JSPS.
文摘Genetically engineered mouse(GEM)models are commonly used in biomedical research.Generating GEMs involve complex set of experimental procedures requiring sophisticated equipment and highly skilled technical staff.Because of these reasons,most research institutes set up centralized core facilities where custom GEMs are created for research groups.Researchers,on the other hand,when they begin thinking about generating GEMs for their research,several questions arise in their minds.For example,what type of model(s)would be best useful for my research,how do I design them,what are the latest technologies and tools available for developing my model(s),and finally how to breed GEMs in my research.As there are several considerations and options in mouse designs,and as it is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor,careful planning upfront can ensure the highest chance of success.In this article,we provide brief answers to several frequently asked questions that arise when researchers begin thinking about generating mouse model(s)for their work.