The domesticated olives originated based on decades of selection from the natural forest around the Mediterranean basin being one of the oldest cultivated tree crops. The requirement for new olive varieties increased ...The domesticated olives originated based on decades of selection from the natural forest around the Mediterranean basin being one of the oldest cultivated tree crops. The requirement for new olive varieties increased markedly during the last 100 years as a result of a worldwide transformation changing from a traditional extensive to a modern intensive mechanized industry. The traditional olive cultivars still widely used are selections from the local autochthonous cultivars which are well adapted to their natural environment. However, the level of production of those is usually rather low and many of them failed to respond enough to modern intensification methods. The wild olive population is gradually diminishing in all regions thus, natural selection is not efficient enough for developing the cultivars required for the new intensive olive industry. Cross breeding between cultivars with specific characters became the basis for the required new cultivars. The genetic diversity in progenies of most olive cultivars is extremely wide and thus becomes the basic source for breeding of the needed new cultivars. However, the genetic information on olive heredity and identification of specific gene characteristics is still limited. Genomic information is required for rational choice of genitors in accordance with each breeding aim, particularly as most criteria required for the new varieties are of multi-gene nature. The availability of advanced genomic information will also serve as basis for molecular engineering when accepted for use in the olive commodity. Geographically isolated olive populations developed during generations of inbreeding in remote regions are another important genetic resource of characters required for breeding the cultivars for the new modern mechanized olive orchards. The use of molecular markers based on AFLP, SSRs, DArT and SNPs is important for the choice of genitors leading to a reduction of the progeny size required in olive breeding. Presently the newly released olive cultivars are still the result of classical breeding.展开更多
Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient after nitrogen and it has many vital functions in the life of plants.Most soils have a low available P content,which has become a key limiting factor for increasin...Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient after nitrogen and it has many vital functions in the life of plants.Most soils have a low available P content,which has become a key limiting factor for increasing crop production.Also,low P use efficiency(PUE)of crops in conjunction with excessive application of P fertilizers has resulted in serious environmental problems.Thus,dissecting the genetic architecture of crop PUE,mining related quantitative trait loci(QTL)and using molecular breeding methods to improve high PUE germplasm are of great significance and serve as an efficient approach for the development of sustainable agriculture.In this review,molecular and phenotypic characteristics of maize inbred lines with high PUE,related QTL and genes as well as low-P responses are summarized.Based on this,a breeding strategy applying genomic selection as the core,and integrating the existing genetic information and molecular breeding techniques is proposed for breeding high PUE maize inbred lines and hybrids.展开更多
This article represents the perspective of one retired,academic forage breeder and cultivar developer after 50 years of working experience.Developing cultivars that help farmers within pastoral agriculture is the main...This article represents the perspective of one retired,academic forage breeder and cultivar developer after 50 years of working experience.Developing cultivars that help farmers within pastoral agriculture is the main goal,a system where livestock is the consumer.International Grassland Congress proceedings,as well as the general literature,are historical guides for the state of forage breeding.Efficiency was achieved through technologies;better equipment for planting and harvesting;and advances in computer computation and communication.Biotechnology achievements were fitful and continue to evolve.Cultivar performance mean-reversion,cost to the program,and what the farmer seed buyer was willing to pay are important considerations for applying any technology,especially biotechnologies.Biotech promises were too optimistic.This was due,in part,to a lack of understanding that traditional phenotypic/genotypic field selection programs operate in a complex way with multiple species and several traits screened simultaneously at a modest cost.The majority of current forage cultivars are from field-based selection.Industry participation at scientific conferences declined over time,with less sharing of information the result.Cultivar developers will continue using basic field selection methods but should explore applying any technology;just be clever on when,how,and with whom to use them.Practical advice and experiences are also presented and discussed.展开更多
文摘The domesticated olives originated based on decades of selection from the natural forest around the Mediterranean basin being one of the oldest cultivated tree crops. The requirement for new olive varieties increased markedly during the last 100 years as a result of a worldwide transformation changing from a traditional extensive to a modern intensive mechanized industry. The traditional olive cultivars still widely used are selections from the local autochthonous cultivars which are well adapted to their natural environment. However, the level of production of those is usually rather low and many of them failed to respond enough to modern intensification methods. The wild olive population is gradually diminishing in all regions thus, natural selection is not efficient enough for developing the cultivars required for the new intensive olive industry. Cross breeding between cultivars with specific characters became the basis for the required new cultivars. The genetic diversity in progenies of most olive cultivars is extremely wide and thus becomes the basic source for breeding of the needed new cultivars. However, the genetic information on olive heredity and identification of specific gene characteristics is still limited. Genomic information is required for rational choice of genitors in accordance with each breeding aim, particularly as most criteria required for the new varieties are of multi-gene nature. The availability of advanced genomic information will also serve as basis for molecular engineering when accepted for use in the olive commodity. Geographically isolated olive populations developed during generations of inbreeding in remote regions are another important genetic resource of characters required for breeding the cultivars for the new modern mechanized olive orchards. The use of molecular markers based on AFLP, SSRs, DArT and SNPs is important for the choice of genitors leading to a reduction of the progeny size required in olive breeding. Presently the newly released olive cultivars are still the result of classical breeding.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0100201 and 2016YFD0101201)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education of Chinathe Sino-German International Research Training Group “Adaptation of maize-based food-feed-energy systems to limited phosphate resources.”
文摘Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient after nitrogen and it has many vital functions in the life of plants.Most soils have a low available P content,which has become a key limiting factor for increasing crop production.Also,low P use efficiency(PUE)of crops in conjunction with excessive application of P fertilizers has resulted in serious environmental problems.Thus,dissecting the genetic architecture of crop PUE,mining related quantitative trait loci(QTL)and using molecular breeding methods to improve high PUE germplasm are of great significance and serve as an efficient approach for the development of sustainable agriculture.In this review,molecular and phenotypic characteristics of maize inbred lines with high PUE,related QTL and genes as well as low-P responses are summarized.Based on this,a breeding strategy applying genomic selection as the core,and integrating the existing genetic information and molecular breeding techniques is proposed for breeding high PUE maize inbred lines and hybrids.
文摘This article represents the perspective of one retired,academic forage breeder and cultivar developer after 50 years of working experience.Developing cultivars that help farmers within pastoral agriculture is the main goal,a system where livestock is the consumer.International Grassland Congress proceedings,as well as the general literature,are historical guides for the state of forage breeding.Efficiency was achieved through technologies;better equipment for planting and harvesting;and advances in computer computation and communication.Biotechnology achievements were fitful and continue to evolve.Cultivar performance mean-reversion,cost to the program,and what the farmer seed buyer was willing to pay are important considerations for applying any technology,especially biotechnologies.Biotech promises were too optimistic.This was due,in part,to a lack of understanding that traditional phenotypic/genotypic field selection programs operate in a complex way with multiple species and several traits screened simultaneously at a modest cost.The majority of current forage cultivars are from field-based selection.Industry participation at scientific conferences declined over time,with less sharing of information the result.Cultivar developers will continue using basic field selection methods but should explore applying any technology;just be clever on when,how,and with whom to use them.Practical advice and experiences are also presented and discussed.
