Effect of coir geotextile and geocell on ephemeral gully erosion in the Mollisol region of Northeast China

The unique geomorphological features and farming methods in the Mollisol region of Northeast China increase water catchment flow and aggravate the erosion of ephemeral gully(EG).Vegetation suffers from rain erosion and damage during the growth stage,which brings serious problems to the restoration of grass in the early stage.Therefore,effects of coir geotextile and geocell on EG erosion under four confluence intensities were researched in this study.Results of the simulated water discharge erosion test showed that when the confluence strength was less than 30 L/min,geocell and coir geotextile had a good effect on controlling EG erosion,and sediment yield of geocell and coir geotextile was reduced by 25.95%–37.82%and 73.73%–88.96%,respectively.However,when confluence intensity increased to 40 L/min,protective effect of coir geotextile decreased,and sediment yield rate increased sharply by 189.03%.When confluence intensity increased to 50 L/min,the protective effect of coir geotextile was lost.On the other hand,geocell showed that the greater the flow rate,the better the protective effect.In addition,with the increase in confluence intensity,erosion pattern of coir geotextile developed from sheet erosion to intermittent fall and then to completion of main rill,and the protective effect was gradually weakened.In contrast,the protective effect of EG under geocell was gradually enhanced from the continuous rill to the intermittent rill and finally to the intermittent fall.This study shows that coir geotextile and geocell can prevent EG erosion,and the effect of geocell is better than that of coir geotextile on the surface of EG.

Residual settlement calculation of geocell cushion over gravel piles

The calculation of residual settlement of bidirectional reinforced composite foundation, which is composed of geocell cushion over gravel piles, was studied. The geocell cushion was modeled as a thin flexible plate with large deflection. Based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis, the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of the deformation of geocell cushion under working load were founded using von Karman method and solved by Galerkin method. On theses bases, the gravel piles and inter-pile soils were assumed as Winkler ground with variable spring stiffness so as to execute the approximate calculation of the residual settlement of the bidirectional reinforced composite foundation. The calculation method was verified by two laboratory experiments concerning settlement of embankments. One experiment was with just geocell cushion installed to treat the soft clay under embankments; another one was with both geocell cushion and gravel piles installed. The results show that the calculated settlement curve and the maximum settlement are closed to the observed ones.

Large-scale direct shear testing of geocell reinforced soil

The tests on the shear property of geocell reinforced soils were carried out by using large-scale direct shear equipment with shear-box-dimensions of 500 mm×500 mm×400 mm (length×width×height). Three types of specimens, silty gravel soil, geocell reinforced silty gravel soil and geocell reinforced cement stabilizing silty gravel soil were used to investigate the shear stress-displacement behavior, the shear strength and the strengthening mechanism of geocell reinforced soils. The comparisons of large-scale shear test with triaxial compression test for the same type of soil were conducted to evaluate the influences of testing method on the shear strength as well. The test results show that the unreinforced soil and geocell reinforced soil give similar nonlinear features on the behavior of shear stress and displacement. The geocell reinforced cement stabilizing soil has a quasi-elastic characteristic in the case of normal stress coming up to 1.0 GPa. The tests with the reinforcement of geocell result in an increase of 244% in cohesion, and the tests with the geocell and the cement stabilization result in an increase of 10 times in cohesion compared with the unreinforced soil. The friction angle does not change markedly. The geocell reinforcement develops a large amount of cohesion on the shear strength of soils.

Sediment yield and erosion–deposition distribution characteristics in ephemeral gullies in black soil areas under geocell protection

Investigating the effect of geocells on the erosion and deposition distribution of ephemeral gullies in the black soil area of Northeast China can provide a scientific basis for the allocation of soil and water conservation measures in ephemeral gullies.In this study,an artificial simulated confluence test and stereoscopic photogrammetry were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of erosion and deposition in ephemeral gullies protected by geocells and the effect of different confluence flows on the erosion process of ephemeral gullies.Results showed that when the confluence flow was larger,the effect of geocell was more evident,and the protection against ephemeral gully erosion was stronger.When the confluence flow rates were 0.6,1.8,2.4,and 3.0 m^(3)/h,ephemeral gully erosion decreased by 37.84%,26.09%,21.40%,and 35.45%.When the confluence flow rates were 2.4 and 3.0 m^(3)/h,the average sediment yield rate of the ephemeral gully was close to 2.14 kg/(m^(2)•min),and the protective effect of ephemeral gully erosion was enhanced.When the flow rate was higher,the surface fracture of the ephemeral gully was more serious.With an increase in confluence flow rate,the ratio of erosion to deposition increased gradually,the erosion area of ephemeral gullies was expanded,and erosion depth changed minimally.In conclusion,geocell measures changed erosion patterns by altering the rill erosion/deposition ratio,converting erosion from rill erosion to sheet erosion.

Elastic-viscoplastic behaviors of polymer-blend geocell sheets:Numerical and experimental investigations

Polymer-blend geocell sheets(PBGS)have been developed as substitute materials for manufacturing geocells.Various attempts have been made to test and predict the behaviors of commonly used geogrids,geotextiles,geomembranes,and geocells.However,the elastic-viscoplastic behaviors of novel-developed geocell sheets are still poorly understood.Therefore,this paper investigates the elastic-viscoplastic behaviors of PBGS to gain a comprehensive understanding of their mechanical properties.Furthermore,the tensile load-strain history under various loading conditions is simulated by numerical calculation for widespread utilization.To achieve this goal,monotonic loading tests,short-term creep and stress relaxation tests,and multi-load-path tests(also known as arbitrary loading history tests)are performed using a universal testing machine.The results are simulated using the nonlinear three-component(NLTC)model,which consists of three nonlinear components,i.e.a hypo-elastic component,a nonlinear inviscid component,and a nonlinear viscid component.The experimental and numerical results demonstrate that PBGS exhibit significant elastic-viscoplastic behavior that can be accurately predicted by the NLTC model.Moreover,the tensile strain rates significantly influence the tensile load,with higher strain rates resulting in increased tensile loads and more linear load-strain curves.Also,parametric analysis of the rheological characteristics reveals that the initial tensile strain rates have negligible impact on the results.The rate-sensitivity coefficient of PBGS is approximately 0.163,which falls within the typical range observed in most geosynthetics.

基于拉拔试验的加筋土界面摩擦特性

加筋土具有良好的工程性能,被广泛应用于加固路基和边坡支挡等领域,筋土界面摩擦强度对支挡结构的整体性和稳定性具有重要影响.为研究不同加筋土的界面摩擦特性,自制拉拔装置,对黏土-土工格栅、黏土-碳纤维布、黏土-土工格室和碎石土-土工格室等4种加筋土进行拉拔试验.研究结果表明,4种加筋土中,土工格室与碎石土的界面摩擦强度最高,构成的加筋体承受变形的能力最强;黏土-碳纤维布构成的加筋体界面摩擦强度最低,但具有筋土间相互作用发挥较快、允许变形小的特点;不同加筋体的允许变形差别较大,在实际工程中应充分考虑.提出了一种考虑土工格室加强区的无黏性土-土工格室界面最大摩阻力计算理论模型,研究结果可为加筋土工程筋材选取提供参考.

土工格室加筋路基振动压实行为及预应力效应

通过建立路基离散元模型和土工格室有限差分模型,开展了一系列有限差分法-离散元法(finite difference method-discrete element method,简称FDM-DEM)耦合数值计算,探明了土工格室加筋路基在振动荷载作用下的压实行为。进一步揭示了土工格室对路基压实后水平残余应力的贡献,并在此基础上,提出了土工格室加筋路基的预应力效应,以体现施工期格室填料在经历加载并卸载后引起的格室撑阔对加筋效果的提升。结合微观接触组构、配位数变化、压实过程的应力路径,探讨土工格室加筋路基预应力效应的形成机制。研究结果表明,相较于未加筋路基,土工格室可以提高加筋路基的回弹模量,增加压实路基的水平残余应力。在振动荷载作用下,土工格室呈现上开口的喇叭形,土工格室口袋被撑阔,格室壁的最大应变为0.17%~0.21%。接触力分布也表明,在振动压实作用后,力链由竖直向水平方向发展,这体现在水平残余应力的增加,而土工格室则进一步提升了颗粒的横向接触力。

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土应力应变响应

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土对工程建设意义重大。基于土工格室与填土的相互作用机制和增量法,采用弹塑性理论、邓肯-张双曲线模型、修正剑桥屈服函数以及剪胀方程,推导了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的应力应变响应计算模型,进行了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的三轴固结排水剪切试验,实测不同围压下的应力应变关系,采用三轴试验结果验证了所提理论模型的正确性和可靠性。此外,采用所提理论模型进行了参数敏感分析,研究了填土的力学性质参数、格室的网格尺寸和力学性质参数对于加筋土应力应变响应的影响。研究结论表明,与砂砾料相似,土工格室约束作用对于正常固结黏土的内摩擦角影响较小,而黏聚力有所增加;随着轴向应变的增加或围压的减小,加筋效果逐渐明显;加筋正常固结黏土的强度和刚度随着非线性弹性常数k的增加、强度参数φ的增加和Rf的减小而增大,常数n对于加筋土应力应变响应影响较小。本研究成果可为工程建设提供理论借鉴。

不同垫层下煤矸石桩网复合路基承载特性

为综合利用固体废弃物煤矸石,将其取代部分传统细骨料制备煤矸石混凝土桩。开展了土工格栅和土工格室加筋垫层下煤矸石桩网复合路基室内模型试验,分析路堤顶面荷载-沉降关系、加筋垫层传荷能力和桩身应力的差异性。同时,建立有限元计算模型,研究不同加筋材料应力和变形规律,揭示土工格室应用于加筋垫层作用机制。结果表明:在本次试验中,同土工格栅相比,土工格室加筋垫层显著减小路堤顶面沉降约29.71%。土工格室加筋垫层下桩顶和桩间处土压力衰减量分别约61.51%、56.35%,充分发挥了筏板效应和应力扩散效应。采用土工格室加筋垫层,路堤荷载能够被有效传递至煤矸石桩体,在路基中心处和沿路基横断方向桩身应力极值分别采用土工格栅加筋垫层的1.78、1.80倍。土工格室和土工格栅应力分布规律分别呈“V”型和“U”型变化特征,且土工格室的应力最大值大于土工格栅。土工格室特有的蜂窝状结构对路堤填料产生侧向环箍和肋条摩阻力作用,通过自身张拉变形有效地扩散路堤荷载。

土工格室与沙漠沙界面特性大型直剪试验

为探明土工格室与沙漠沙的筋土界面特性,开展了多项大型直剪试验研究,包括不同土工格室位置条件下、不同剪切速率条件下、不同温度条件下的土工格室加固沙漠沙界面直剪试验。结果表明:在50,100,150 kPa的法向应力条件下,以土工格室加筋层上界面或下界面作为剪切面,不同剪切速率(0.5,1.0,2.0 mm/min),不同温度(30,15,0,-15℃)影响下的筋土界面剪应力-剪切位移曲线均呈应变软化特征;纯沙漠沙对剪切速率的变化不敏感,剪切速率由0.5 mm/min升至3 mm/min时沙漠沙抗剪强度基本持平,而土工格室加固沙漠沙的界面对剪切速率的变化敏感,界面抗剪强度随剪切速率的增加而减小;在较低剪切速率0.5 mm/min下,土工格室提供的似黏聚力对抗剪强度的贡献更大;土工格室加固沙漠沙在30℃与15℃下峰值剪应力变化不大,区别在于峰值过后30℃抗剪强度存在更快的衰减至平稳阶段的情况;随着温度的降低,土工格室-土复合体呈现出更大的刚性,界面剪应力峰值提高并前移;土工格室刚性的增加使土工格室壁不易受拉变形,造成紧箍作用削弱而水平摩擦力作用增强,综合体现在加筋土剪切面的似黏聚力降低,而内摩擦角增大。

基于直剪试验的土工格室加筋层抗剪性能数值模拟

土工格室作为一种特殊的土工合成材料,其三维蜂窝结构能够显著约束土体的侧向变形,在加筋路基、边坡和挡墙等结构中有着广泛的作用。在加筋土结构的服役过程中,土工格室难免会受到不同角度和不同层位的剪切作用,潜在滑动面极有可能穿过土工格室加筋层。为更好地理解土工格室加筋层的真实剪切状态,基于直剪试验,使用数值计算的方法研究了土工格室加筋层在不同剪切角度、层位和不同宽高比下的应力-应变状态。结果表明:土工格室加筋层呈现明显的各向异性,土工格室对黏聚力和内摩擦角都有所提高,这与现行的三轴试验研究结果稍有不同;当剪切面平行穿过土工格室中部时,加筋层的抗剪强度最大;随着剪切面与土工格室角度的增加,加筋层的抗剪强度逐渐减小;随着土工格室宽高比的线性增加,加固层的抗剪强度也基本线性增加。研究成果可为土工格室加固路基、边坡和挡墙的稳定性研究提供参考。

基于离散元的冲击荷载下加筋道砟细观研究

为了从细观上探究冲击荷载下加筋材料加固作用机制,通过离散元方法建立道砟颗粒模型,采用平行黏结模型建立土工格栅、土工格室柔性模型;通过对比室内道砟冲击试验和数值模拟结果,从宏观、细观上研究道砟竖向累积沉降和侧向变形,并对道砟应力链分布、颗粒接触和位移等进行细观分析。结果表明:在冲击高度为250 mm时,相较于未加筋道砟,土工格栅加筋道砟的竖向沉降和侧向变形分别减少24.4%和12.7%,土工格室加筋道砟分别减少33.5%和24.0%;由于道砟加固区存在垫层效应,土工格栅和土工格室加筋道砟的颗粒接触数分别增加9.3%和42.6%,平均接触力分别减少5.6%和16.7%;对比道砟颗粒平均位移,土工格栅和土工格室加筋工况相较于未加筋工况分别减少13.3%和21.1%,土工格室加固效果比土工格栅更为显著。

基于数值模拟的土工格室加筋沥青混合料路用性能分析

土工格室加筋沥青混合料性能与温度、加载条件之间的响应关系研究较少。本研究采用ABAQUS有限元数值模拟,测定不同面层规格、不同温度和不同加载条件作用下,土工格室加筋沥青混合料的弯拉应力值、弯拉应变值和弯沉值,分析了土工格室加筋沥青混合料的工作性能,探究不同工况下加筋沥青混合料的最优土工格室加筋结构方式。研究结果表明:土工格室加筋沥青混合料的弯拉应力值、弯拉应变值和弯沉值较无格室加筋沥青混合料均表现出一定程度的减小,且土工格室边长越小,加筋效果越显著;随温度升高,土工格室加筋沥青混合料的弯拉应力值、弯拉应变值和弯沉值均增加,但其增加速率却不断减小,高温作用下土工格室加筋效果明显;重复荷载作用下,土工格室加筋沥青混合料较无格室加筋沥青混合料的竖向位移明显减小,且双面层土工格室加筋的边长为100 mm时竖向位移最小。对于三面层加筋时土工格室加筋位置在中面层处的竖向位移最小。土工格室加筋能够很好地限制沥青混合料变形,可弥补现行处理沥青混合料路面病害的不足,是一种可靠的加固方法。

地震荷载作用下土工格室挡墙力学性能的影响因素

借助FLAC3D软件,建立土工格室柔性挡墙支护边坡数值模型,并采用振动台试验结果对数值模型进行验证,采用标定后的数值模型,系统研究了条带刚度、格室尺寸、挡墙厚度和充填料弹性模量4种因素对边坡动力响应的影响,并对挡墙的破坏机理进行了深入探讨,计算了各参数的影响权重。研究结果表明:地震作用下挡墙的稳定性与4种因素有着密切的联系;格室约束围压和永久水平位移沿高程分布规律基本一致,均表现为“增加-衰减”的两段形态,坡顶沉降自墙面向坡体延伸表现为两头小中间大的“V”型分布,水平峰值加速度沿高程表现为“增加-衰减-增加”的3段形态;随着刚度的增加,格室约束围压增大,而永久水平位移、坡顶沉降和水平峰值加速度均减小;随着格室尺寸的增加,格室约束围压、永久水平位移、坡顶沉降和水平峰值加速度均增加;随着挡墙厚度和充填料弹性模量的增加,格室约束围压、永久水平位移、坡顶沉降和水平峰值加速度均减小;4种影响因素中,格室尺寸影响权重最大,对格室约束围压的影响权重达到0.996,而挡墙厚度影响权重最小;地震作用下土工格室挡墙结构具有良好的抗震性能,挡墙结构对于地震能量具有一定的衰减作用,满足抗震设防要求。该研究结果对于地震作用下土工格室柔性挡墙的抗震设计及工程应用具有一定的指导作用。

拼装式土工格室挡墙受力变形测试分析

以四川成宜高速连接线某试验段变截面土工格室挡墙为工程依托,首先对新型拼装式土工格室挡墙的施工方法进行介绍,采用新型玻璃钢轻质面板有效解决了挡墙线形不美观并容易破损的不足;其次,通过现场监测对该挡墙的支护效果进行分析,现场监测结果表明:该挡墙不同部位的土压力沿墙高呈非线性分布,底部大,顶部小,局部会出现土压力减小的现象;挡墙同一水平高度处墙背和墙中部土压力较大,而墙面处较小,说明土压力从墙中部到墙面范围内的衰减程度较大;对墙身水平位移的监测结果表明:水平位移曲线为“S”形,存在2个位移分界点,水平位移在截面形状改变处变化明显,挡墙顶部和底部的水平位移为最大值和最小值,分别为30 mm和3 mm;对挡墙的沉降监测结果表明:该挡墙填筑施工期沉降量较大,占总沉降量的70%~90%,工后沉降很小,墙体最大沉降发生在挡墙顶部,沉降最大值仅为23 mm。最后,结合土压力计算理论分析该台阶式截面挡墙的土压力分布和墙身变形规律,结果表明该挡墙变形符合“转动+平动+绕墙底转动”模式,采用该文计算方法得到的墙背土压力与实测值较为接近,用于挡墙设计时结果更偏安全。

土工格室加固砂基未铺路面APT试验研究

加速路面试验是在相关环境条件下通过施加受控车轮载荷来评价路面性能的一种有效方法。将四个未铺路面路段分为加固和未加固两部分进行加速路面试验。第1和第4部分是砂基,是在破坏后用骨料基替换的未加固部分。第2和第3部分是在骨料覆盖层下用新型聚合物合金(NPA)土工格室加固的砂层。在经过一定次数车轮碾压后,测量每个路段的车辙深度。用应变片监测NPA土工格室不同位置的水平应变。试验结果表明,NPA土工格室在改善未铺路面的稳定性和减少永久变形方面具有显著效果。在特定的试验条件下,土工格室加筋砂层的性能相当于相同厚度的A-1-a骨料,显示出保持土工格室结构完好无损对确保NPA土工格室加固基底的足够性能具有重要意义。最后的试验应变片测量显示,车轮路径下的NPA土工格室承受拉伸应力,而车轮路径外的土工格室承受压缩应力。

土工合成材料加筋沥青混合料抗车辙性能研究

文中通过室内试验研究不同加筋方案下土工合成材料对沥青混合料的加筋效果。从弹性力学的平衡原理与变形协调原理出发,考虑加筋边界条件的影响,推导土工合成材料在沥青层中的加筋约束力,并根据加筋约束力的影响因素(土工合成材料的种类、加筋边界条件及加筋层的位置)设计出12种加筋方案。根据上述加筋方案制备沥青混合料加筋试件并进行车辙试验。结果表明,土工合成材料加筋在车辙试验中能够抑制循环轮载作用下沥青混合料的竖向永久变形,提升车辙动稳定度。同等条件下,土工格室加筋后的抗车辙性能远优于土工格栅,设置SBS改性沥青黏结层的抗车辙性能略优于设置环氧改性沥青黏结层且均优于未设黏结层情况,中层加筋时的抗车辙性能优于下层加筋。

列车轴质量和土工格室加固道砟对路基沉降的影响

建立有砟轨道-路基三维有限元模型和土工格室模型,利用相位荷载模拟列车动荷载,研究列车轴质量和土工格室加固道砟对路基沉降的影响。模拟结果表明:在正弦相位荷载作用下,各轨枕之间位移变化基本一致;随着列车轴质量的增加,有砟轨道沉降显著增加;铺设土工格室加固后,有砟轨道的侧向位移和竖向沉降分别降低了约60%和11%;在重载情况下,土工格室加固效率有所降低,但改变土工格室刚度可以改变其加固效率;当土工格室刚度在400~800 MPa时,对重载路基的加固效果较好。

基于模型试验和数值模拟的土工格室加固高填路堤稳定性:以新疆G216线民丰段为例

为研究土工格室加固高填路堤的稳定性,通过开展室内模型试验,分析了在持续荷载作用下素土边坡和土工格室加固高填路堤边坡的沉降量和最大水平位移;基于室内模型试验,建立有限元模型,分析了不同加固条件下的坡顶沉降量、最大水平位移及土工格室应变,研究了土工格室高度、铺设间距以及不同铺设部位对高填路堤稳定性的影响。结果表明:铺设土工格室能降低边坡土体的沉降量和最大水平位移,进而提高边坡的承载力;素土边坡剪应变自坡顶至坡脚形成贯通的滑移带,铺设土工格室后,滑移带的位置由边坡表层深入坡体内部,且滑移带未完全贯通;增加土工格室的高度,边坡的沉降量和最大水平位移先减小后趋于稳定,安全系数先增大后逐渐平缓;边坡的沉降量、最大水平位移随土工格室铺设间距的增大而增大;减小土工格室铺设间距0.6~0.7倍,最大水平位移降低1.5~2倍,坡顶沉降量减小1.5~1.8倍,安全系数增大1.1~1.3倍。高填土路堤的侧向位移主要发生在边坡底部H/3处(H为边坡的高度),在边坡底部H/3处减小土工格室的铺设间距、增加土工格室的高度能更好约束侧向位移和沉降量,是提高路堤稳定性更为经济合理的加筋方案。

土工格室加固风积沙地基模型试验及力学特性研究

目前对土工格室加固风积沙地基的最佳规格探究相对较少,市面上的格室规格较多,需对格室规格变化引起的力学性能变化规律进行探究。选用市面上7种不同高度及6种不同焊距的格室加固风积沙地基进行大型模型试验。试验结果表明:格室焊距越小,高度越高,其加固风积沙地基的性能越好。当格室焊距为500 mm、格室高度为50~200 mm时可以提高风积沙地基承载力2.75~4.29倍,当格室高度为100 mm时,格室焊距为300~800 mm时能提高风积沙地基承载力2.32~3.75倍。格室层在竖直和水平方向上均对荷载有分散作用,在竖直方向上尤为明显。当竖向沉降相同时,焊距相同的格室应变走势大致相同,高度相同的格室焊距越大条带应变越小,格室层条带的侧限作用越差,加固效果越差。选用高度×焊距为150 mm×500 mm的格室加固风积沙地基,效果最佳。