Spatio-temporal characteristics of population and economy in transitional geographic space at the southern end of"Hu Huan-yong Line"

"Hu Huan-yong Line(Hu Line)"depicts a geographical pattern of China’s population distribution.Its essence is the regionality of humanland relationship and reflects basic characteristics and laws of human beings’adaptation to the natural environment.With the development of the times and the progress of modern science and technology,especially the rapid urbanization and construction of transportation network system in China,the connection between economic and geographical space has been continuously strengthened.The geographical transition zones from mountain areas to plains,i.e.,transitional geographical space,have promoted the changes in human-land relationships through population migration and agglomeration.Taking Sichuan-Yunnan provinces at the southern end of Hu Line as study area,this study analyzed the spatial correlation between population distribution and economy in this region,explored the pattern of geographical agglomeration and deagglomeration,and explained the changing characteristics of humanland relationship in transitional geographic space using global Moran’s I index,global regression model(GRM)and geographically weighted regression(GWR).The results show that population and Gross Domestic Product(GDP)have significant spatial dependence to this region,with obvious aggregation in geographical distribution and positive autocorrelation;comparing with the general least square model,the GWR model incorporating spatial effect was more suitable for revealing the distribution characteristics of geographical elements,with fine results and better fitting;the spatial model of population and GDP as well as the spatio-temporal evolution model of their changes,all of them strongly indicated that Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and road density were important factors governing the spatial differentiation of population and economy;under the rapid development of regional economy and continuous evolution of urban-rural relations,rural transformation and spatial reconstruction promoted the change of population migration and agglomeration.

Geographical Space Development Zone Classification:An Essential Guide for Transformation of Mountain Resource Cities

Sustainable development of mountain areas and resource cities has been a significant issue worldwide. Transformation of mountain resource cities is facing tremendous difficulties. In the context of National Major Function-oriented Zone Planning raised to a national strategic level in China, it is important to effectively implement the planning by studying geographical space development zone classification of prefecture- and county-level cities based on their major function orientation. This research is even more critical for the transformation of mountain resource cities. In this study, we evaluated geographical space development suitability, and classified geographical space development zones for Dongchuan Distric in Kunming City of Yunan Province, China, a typical mountain resource city. A quantitative grid-based evaluation was conducted using key-factor identification and restrictive-supportive comprehensive index determinati based on a geographic information system framework with different source data. The results included a classification of geographical space of Dongchuan into five types: the prohibited development zone, the inappropriate development zone, the controlled development zone, the moderate development zone and the preferential development zone. The distribution characteristics of geographical space development zones showed that the proportion of the prohibited development zone is the highest, while that of the other four development zones is comparatively lower and significantly fragmented. The geographical space development suitability is greatly controlled by the geomorphic pattern. Although Dongchuan is extremely restrained in terms of suitable geographical space for industrialization and urbanization, it still has the certain preferential and moderate development zones with an area of 207.81 km2 with large parts being concentrated and contiguous, which makes these areas the most favorable for development. Only by adapting to this reality and implementing centralized development strategy in the regions with higher suitability may Dongchuan achieve smooth transformation from expansion mode to compact mode and its sustainable development capacity may be improved. Suggestions with an angle of industrial and spatial development pattern were put forward for the transformation of the city in future.

The Artificialization and Politicization of the Geographical Space： A Theoretical Inquisition Into the Sociology of Human Identity and Individual Mobility

The geographical space is the void space that nature creates for human habitation. It is simply a natural space for man, animals, and other creatures. It is the natural environment which accommodates the waters, the plants, the flowers, the trees, and the oceans; all the features facilitate the process of romanticization and socialization between man and his space. It is the same space that man has converted into a political establishment by creating artificial barriers all over to delimit physical movements of individuals across the space, to establish political and social identities for all citizens of the earth via political and geographical platforms, and to locate states within some fixed territories for the purpose of their governmental activities. The dilemma that has been created by the politicization of the geographical space in terms of forced or inherited identity and the automatic loss of identity choices to others, needs to be interrogated using a theoretical construct and a methodological approach. The migration theory needs to be contextualized with another appropriate conceptual framework like universal man theory to determine the dynamics of human mobility, constraints and bathers created for political and administrative expediencies. The question of identity-legitimation would naturally be a central theme in this discourse. Who possesses the right, obligation, authority and power to establish an identity for man？ Is it the state？ The parents？ The environment？ What is even the role of the creator Himself in identity-allocation？ In investigating this sociological rhetoric, the study aimed at interrogating the artificiality of the political structures and how these structures infringe on a man＇s birthright to explore the vastness of his environment from one end to the other without being inhibited by political and administrative creations. We further establish the fact that political artificiality is in obvious conflict with some natural privileges that a man was entitled to. Some of these privileges include the choice to belong to any part of the space that he so desired to adopt for settlement. Until we resolve this conflict, we may not be able to determine if migration is a political or economic act or a spiritual exercise that man must undergo to complete the process of his existential mobility.

Geographical Space Distribution of China's Oil and Gas Industry:Characteristics and Drivers

Here, the geographical space distribution of the oil and gas industry in China is comprehensively investigated using the overal Moran’s I index and local Moran’s I index. We found that China’s oil and gas industry development from 2000 to 2010 has a differentiated geographical space distribution upstream （extractive industry） but not downstream （reifning industry）. To analyze upstream and downstream states a spatial econometrics model （SEM） was used to identify inlfuential factors resulting from the spatial concentration of the oil and gas industry. An external effect is the key factor promoting the spatial concentration of the upstream industry in China;governmental economic policy is another important factor.

The Cartography and the Spatial Representations:Search by Perfect Map

The activities of the professionals working on cartographic products have been highlighted especially in recent years. The history, the concepts and categories of cartography cannot be neglected in using this type of tool since the use of elements that make a cartographic product, as an example: map, chart, plan, globe, and a scale model should be used since the unawareness of techniques of cartography and the absence of the components of a map may hinder the understanding of what is intended to represent cartographically. This text is a contribution to the discussion of advances in cartography including errors and absence of maps, including a brief discussion of the characteristics of cartographic language nowadays and the search for perfection in cartography.

Protection and Development of Famous Historic and Cultural Cities Guided by Tourism Culture Geography:A Case Study of Ancient Pingyao City

By introducing cultural landscape theories and attaching importance to practical application of theories, this paper analyzed protection and development of ancient Pingyao City under the guidance of relevant theories. Taking Pingyao for example, application of theories in practices will be better understood, and the role of human geography in urban planning reflected. Referring to the protection and development cases of famous historic and cultural cities, this paper analyzed historical and cultural context, and spatial environment of Ancient Pingyao City from the perspectives of culture and geography, and proposed suggestions for the protection and development of ancient city under the guidance of human geography theories.

Core or edge? Revisiting GIScience from the geography-discipline perspective

As an inter-disciplinary area between geography and computer sciences, geographical information science(GIScience) inherits the spatial analysis tradition of the former. Together with other branches of information geography, it seeks the balance between universality and particularity of geographical laws by combining methods from neighboring disciplines(such as big data and artificial intelligence) with the special nature of geographical spaces. Meanwhile, at the core position of the geography discipline, GIScience makes geography stronger from two directions: "strengthening the theoretical foundation" and "improving technology and promoting the practical applications".

Sampling Designs for Validating Digital Soil Maps: A Review

Sampling design(SD) plays a crucial role in providing reliable input for digital soil mapping(DSM) and increasing its efficiency.Sampling design, with a predetermined sample size and consideration of budget and spatial variability, is a selection procedure for identifying a set of sample locations spread over a geographical space or with a good feature space coverage. A good feature space coverage ensures accurate estimation of regression parameters, while spatial coverage contributes to effective spatial interpolation.First, we review several statistical and geometric SDs that mainly optimize the sampling pattern in a geographical space and illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of these SDs by considering spatial coverage, simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency. Furthermore, Latin hypercube sampling, which obtains a full representation of multivariate distribution in geographical space, is described in detail for its development, improvement, and application. In addition, we discuss the fuzzy k-means sampling, response surface sampling, and Kennard-Stone sampling, which optimize sampling patterns in a feature space. We then discuss some practical applications that are mainly addressed by the conditioned Latin hypercube sampling with the flexibility and feasibility of adding multiple optimization criteria. We also discuss different methods of validation, an important stage of DSM, and conclude that an independent dataset selected from the probability sampling is superior for its free model assumptions. For future work, we recommend: 1) exploring SDs with both good spatial coverage and feature space coverage; 2) uncovering the real impacts of an SD on the integral DSM procedure;and 3) testing the feasibility and contribution of SDs in three-dimensional(3 D) DSM with variability for multiple layers.