Seismic responses of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with full-height rigid facing from shaking table test

To investigate the seismic response of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with fullheight rigid facing in terms of the acceleration in the backfill, dynamic earth pressure in the backfill, the displacements on the facing and the dynamic reinforcement strain distribution under different peak acceleration, a large 1-g shaking table test was performed on a reduced-scale reinforced-earth retaining wall model. It was observed that the acceleration response in non-strip region is greater than that in potential fracture region which is similar with the stability region under small earthquake,while the acceleration response in potential fracture region is greater than that in stability region in middle-upper of the wall under moderately strong earthquakes. The potential failure model of the rigid wall is rotating around the wall toe. It also was discovered that the Fourier spectra produced by the inputting white noises after seismic wave presents double peaks, rather than original single peak, and the frequency of the second peak trends to increase with increasing the PGA(peak ground amplitude) of the excitation which is greater than 0.4 g. Additionally,the non-liner distribution of strip strain along the strips was observed, and the distribution trend was not constant in different row. Soil pressure peak value in stability region is larger than that in potential fracture region. The wall was effective under 0.1 g-0.3 g seismic wave according to the analyses of the facing displacement and relative density. Also, it was discovered that the potential failure surface is corresponds to that in design code, but the area is larger. The results from the study can provide guidance for a more rational design of reinforced earth retaining walls with full-height rigid facing in the earthquake zone.

Critical embedment depth of a rigid retaining wall against overturning in unsaturated soils considering intermediate principal stress and strength nonlinearity

The overturning stability is vital for the retaining wall design of foundation pits, where the surrounding soils are usually unsaturated due to water draining. Moreover, the intermediate principal stress does affect the unsaturated soil strength; meanwhile, the relationship between the unsaturated soil strength and matric suction is nonlinear. This work is to present closed-form equations of critical embedment depth for a rigid retaining wall against overturning by means of moment equilibrium. Matric suction is considered to be distributed uniformly and linearly with depth. The unified shear strength formulation for unsaturated soils under the plane strain condition is adopted to characterize the intermediate principal stress effect, and strength nonlinearity is described by a hyperbolic model of suction angle. The result obtained is orderly series solutions rather than one specific answer; thus, it has wide theoretical significance and good applicability. The validity of this present work is demonstrated by comparing it with a lower bound solution. The traditional overturning designs for rigid retaining walls, in which the saturated soil mechanics neglecting matric suction or the unsaturated soil mechanics based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion are employed, are special cases of the proposed result. Parametric studies about the intermediate principal stress, matric suction and its distributions along with two strength nonlinearity methods on a new defined critical buried coefficient are discussed.

Comparison of Seismic Design Codes between China and the United States for Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

Because of its excellent seismic performance, reinforced soil retaining walls are increasingly used in civil engineering. Although many countries have published corresponding design codes, the differences between them are still relatively large. Using the FHWA Code and the Code for Seismic Design of Railway Engineering(CSDRE), stability calculations of reinforced soil retaining walls were carried out and the similarities and differences between these two design codes were analyzed. According to the comparative analysis, the following conclusions are drawn: the inertia force, the earth pressure and the tensile force of reinforcements calculated from the CSDRE are less than those from the FHWA Code, and the safety factor calculated from the former is larger. Although the M-O method is recommended to calculate the dynamic earth pressure, the FHWA Code suggests a higher action point as compared to the CSDRE.

Dynamic earth pressure on rigid retaining walls induced by a neighboring machine foundation,by the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method

Dynamic earth pressure induced by machine foundations on a neighboring retaining wall is analyzed with emphasis on factors which control the intensity and location of the design forces. The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is used to analyze the problem for a variety of retaining wall and machine foundation geometries. The soil medium is assumed to be homogeneous and visco-elastic. The machine foundation is idealized as a harmonic sinusoidal dynamic force often encountered in practice. A number of analyses have been made to reveal the effect of the loading frequency, the location and size of the foundation and the soil shear wave velocity on the distribution and magnitude of the dynamic earth pressure. Results indicate that there is a critical frequency and a critical location for which the passive pressure takes the maxima in the entire duration of the dynamic load.

Active earth pressure acting on retaining wall considering anisotropic seepage effect

This paper presents a general solution for active earth pressure acting on a vertical retaining wall with a drainage system along the soil-structure interface. The backfill has a horizontal surface and is composed of cohesionless and fully saturated sand with anisotropic permeability along the vertical and horizontal directions. The extremely unfavourable seepage flow on the back of the retaining wall due to heavy rainfall or other causes will dramatically increase the active earth pressure acting on the retaining walls, increasing the probability of instability. In this paper, an analytical solution to the Laplace differential governing equation is presented for seepage problems considering anisotropic permeability based on Fourier series expansion method. A good correlation is observed between this and the seepage forces along a planar surface generated via finite element analysis. The active earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb's earth pressure theory based on the calculated pore water pressures. The obtained solutions can be degenerated into Coulomb's formula when no seepage exists in the backfill. A parametric study on the influence of the degree of anisotropy in seepage flow on the distribution of active earth pressure behind the wall is conducted by varying ratios of permeability coefficients in the vertical and horizontal directions,showing that anisotropic seepage flow has a prominent impact on active earth pressure distribution. Other factors such as effective internal friction angle of soils and soil/wall friction conditions are also considered.

Upper bound seismic rotational stability analysis of gravity retaining walls considering embedment depth

Stability analysis of gravity retaining wall was currently based on the assumption that the wall had no embedment depth. The effect of earth berm was usually neglected. The present work highlighted the importance of embedment depth when assessing the seismic stability of gravity retaining walls with the pattern of pure rotation. In the framework of upper bound theorem of limit analysis, pseudo-static method was applied into two groups of parallel rigid soil slices methods in order to account for the effect of embedment depth on evaluating the critical acceleration of wall-soil system. The present analytical solution is identical to the results obtained from using limit equilibrium method, and the two methods are based on different theory backgrounds. Parameter analysis indicates that the critical acceleration increases slowly when the ratio of the embedment depth to the total height of the wall is from 0 to 0.15 and increases drastically when the ratio exceeds 0.15.

筋材布设方式对加筋土挡墙动力响应的影响

针对目前加筋土挡墙设计和施工中筋材布设方式大多为等长形的问题,提出一种倒梯形的筋材布设方式,并基于挡墙位移分区理论和有限差分Flac^(3D)数值模拟,建立加筋土挡墙三维分析模型,探讨不同峰值加速度下3种加筋土挡墙对位移、水平土压力、筋材拉应力及潜在破裂面的影响。结果表明,随峰值加速度增大,挡墙位移逐渐增大,同一荷载作用下,改变筋材布设方式,侧向水平位移减少9.3%,竖向沉降减少5.3%;3种形式挡墙水平土压力相差不大,最大水平土压力分布在挡墙的中下部;筋材拉应力随峰值加速度的增大,沿墙高从单峰型转化为双峰型分布,最大值位于挡墙中下部;潜在破裂面填土区破裂带的形状与筋材的布设方式有关。所提出的倒梯形筋材布设方式对加筋土挡墙的抗震效果更好,可为施工设计中加筋土挡墙筋材布设提供参考。

台阶级数对加筋土挡墙地震动力响应影响研究

为了优化加筋土挡墙的结构设计,研究了台阶级数对加筋土挡墙抗震性能的影响程度。基于Flac3D软件建立了加筋土挡墙数值模型,探讨了不同地震峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)下不同台阶级数加筋土挡墙的侧向位移、竖向沉降、加速度响应和水平土压力的变化规律。结果表明:4 m/s 2峰值加速度下,增加台阶级数,侧向位移减小了61.9%,竖向沉降减小了20.5%;PGA放大系数随着台阶级数的增加而增大,其中加筋区PGA放大系数略大于面板处PGA放大系数;1级加筋土挡墙最大水平土压力位于墙脚处,2,3级加筋土挡墙最大水平土压力位于台阶分级处;水平土压力在台阶分级处大于规范计算值。增加台阶级数能够提升加筋土挡墙的抗震性能,可为实际工程中加筋土挡墙的分级设计提供理论参考。

考虑土拱效应的多层土体墙后主动土压力模式研究

土拱效应已经被广泛证明存在于岩土工程中,然而关于土拱效应的土压力研究目前常局限于单层土体,对于多层土体墙后主动土压力的分布规律尚不清楚。基于土拱效应理论,提出了多层土体挡土墙后非线性主动土压力求解公式,并通过两种典型地层研究了土体内摩擦角和墙土摩擦角对主动土压力分布规律的影响。结果表明:所提出的计算公式能够很好地描述多层土体墙后主动土压力分布规律,计算结果与数值模拟结果基本一致;当上、下土层参数一致时,该公式可以退化成单一土层土压力计算模型;当墙土摩擦角充分发挥时,上层土体墙后土压力受土体内摩擦角影响明显,而当墙土摩擦角部分发挥时,下层土体墙后土压力受墙土摩擦角影响更大。

L型加筋土挡墙地震动力响应理论分析

将L型挡墙与加筋土2种柔性支挡结构相结合,充分利用其良好的抗震性能,可用于地震多发区和高烈度区的支挡工程中。研究地震荷载作用下L型加筋土挡墙的破坏机制与动力响应问题。根据第二、第三滑裂面产生条件,提出踵板长度临界系数λ_(cr),以界定长踵板式和短踵板式2种破坏模式。假设填土滑裂面为直线,应用极限分析上限定理,采用Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,分别建立2种破坏模式下L型加筋土挡墙临界状态方程,推导其地震屈服加速度系数。根据极值原理给出最优解,得到临界屈服加速度系数及其对应的填土滑裂面倾角,分析破坏模式与临界屈服加速度系数受几何参数、物理力学参数和加筋作用的影响。通过算例分析可知:加筋作用可有效地提高L型挡墙的抗震能力,改变其破坏模式;当设计筋材拉伸强度较大时,L型加筋土挡墙只发生长踵板式破坏。

模块式空心面板加筋土挡墙面板连接稳定性研究

为揭示预制模块式空心面板加筋土挡墙的面板连接稳定性影响规律,基于极限平衡理论,深入研究了模块式空心面板加筋土挡墙面板连接稳定性。考虑了模块面板的空心率和倾斜角度,计算了筋材连接拉力和面板连接抵抗力,并建立了相应的稳定性分析方法。通过与已有文献结果对比验证了该方法的有效性。进一步对不同因素开展了参数分析。结果表明,增加模块空心率、减小填土内摩擦角和增加加筋间距会降低面板连接稳定性,对挡墙中下部的影响尤为显著;倾斜的加筋土挡墙面板连接稳定性显著降低,对挡墙中上部影响更为显著。

整体现浇面板包裹式加筋土挡墙力学特性研究

为探究整体现浇面板包裹式加筋土挡墙在交通荷载作用下的受力变形特性,以成昆铁路峨米段整体现浇面板包裹式加筋土挡墙为工程背景,利用现场监测数据并运用大型岩土有限元软件midas GTS对整体现浇面板包裹式加筋土挡墙进行了系统研究,实际工程中应适当增加挡墙中部筋带数量,减少加筋间距,增大加筋长度,采用短筋和长筋交替布置的方案,充分发挥筋材的加筋作用,加强挡墙整体稳定性。

加筋土挡土墙施工方法在埃塞俄比亚公路建设项目中的应用及推广

文章在国内加筋土挡土墙的基础上,研究简易式加筋土挡土墙的施工使用材料、施工方法及施工中的注意事项。其目的是降低非洲国家公路建设造价,研究成果应用在埃塞俄比亚南方州莫卡-格恰-琴恰公路施工项目K39+740~K40+468段。该简易式加筋土挡土墙既满足了公路设计年限的使用需求,又达到了降低成本的效果,具有一定的参考价值。

不同面板型式加筋土挡墙振动响应数值分析

以刚/柔组合墙面加筋土挡墙的振动台试验结果为基准,建立刚/柔组合式、模块加返包式、模块式和格宾式面板型式加筋土挡墙的FLAC^(3D)数值模型,研究面板型式对挡墙水平位移、加速度响应及地震土压力分布的影响。结果表明:在静力作用下不同面板型式挡墙的变形模式略有不同;振动作用下,变形大小为组合式<模块加返包式<格宾式<模块式;加筋区内加速度放大系数为组合式>模块加返包式>格宾式>模块式;面板处加速度放大系数均大于加筋区,且面板型式不同,放大规律亦不同;面板型式不同,地震主动土压力非线性分布规律不同;合力作用点位置大多高于M-O方法的H/3,且受加速度幅值影响较小。

基于剪切位移折减法的深厚软土基坑支护桩墙沉降研究

以中国香港科技大学(广州)基坑支护工程为背景,考虑桩侧泥皮和桩底沉渣的影响,初步建立了剪切位移折减法的沉降估算模型。同时,详细分析了在小荷载作用下,深厚软土基坑中的支护桩墙的竖向受力变形特征。采用了剪切位移折减法,对未固结、欠固结及高灵敏度软土的工程实例和正常固结及微超固结软土的工程实例进行支护桩墙沉降估算,结果表明:剪切位移折减法较为简单实用,该法对未固结、欠固结和高灵敏度软土较为合适;对正常固结与微超固结软土,仅可作研究估算和定性判断使用。

软土深基坑施工监测与数值模拟分析

以上海地区某深基坑工程为研究背景,分析了施工过程中围护结构和周边环境的监测数据,为了对基坑围护设计方案进行校核优化,采用FLAC3d软件建立了数值计算模型,对比分析了监测数据和数值模拟结果,研究了地下连续墙的厚度、深度、内支撑截面尺寸等设计参数对围护结构变形和基坑周边土体沉降的影响,可为软土地区深基坑工程的围护结构设计提供经验和依据。

返包式加筋土挡墙侧向位移影响因素分析

目前现行的设计规范中,仅部分规范给出了最大面板位移与墙高的比值范围或者经验公式,没有明确指出面板位移的影响因素。本文通过数值模拟,分析返包式加筋土挡墙在不同的设计因素下对挡墙侧向位移造成的影响。其分析结果显示,设计筋材刚度、长度以及间距都对加筋土挡墙的侧向位移具有明显影响,地基土和回填土的参数也对挡墙的侧向位移有显著贡献,应根据具体的施工情况选择合适的设计数值以及回填土;此外,挡墙底部筋材位于自然休止角后的筋材内力接近于0,加筋区弹性模量越往底部弹性模量越大。因此,估算筋材应变引起的面板位移可以不考虑自然休止角内的筋材应变,由于底部土层的模量远大于顶部模量,估算整体位移时应考虑加筋土模量随高度的变化更为合理。

高性能土工格栅加筋土挡墙数值仿真与参数分析研究

以西南地区复杂环境下土工格栅加筋土挡墙为工程依托,采用有限元软件进行数值模拟,研究不同设计参数与不同地震荷载作用下加筋土挡墙受力变形特征。研究表明,随着土工格栅抗拉强度、土工格栅长度的增加,挡墙的变形逐渐减小,以水平变形为例,高性能土工格栅较常规土工格栅减小量为42%,筋材长度由6 m变化为10 m,减小量为14%;随着土工格栅竖向间距的增大,结构变形逐渐增加,同样以水平变形为例,当土工格栅间距由0.6 m增大至1.2 m时,增幅约为29%。研究结果表明,土工格栅抗拉强度是影响加筋土挡墙稳定性的重要因素,筋材竖向间距的影响次之,而筋材长度对结构变形特征的影响较小。在水平与竖向地震荷载作用下,加筋土挡墙的变形量随地震加速度的增加而增大;相较于普通土工格栅,高性能土工格栅限制加筋土挡墙变形行为更显著。

超厚软弱土地区基坑开挖施工技术

以某市新建大型公共建筑项目为例,介绍了超厚软土地区基坑开挖施工的全过程,对施工中常见的重点、难点进行研究,对施工过程中常见的问题进行剖析,并提出改进措施与建议。经过实践得出结论:深基坑土方开挖是基坑安全受影响最大的施工阶段,尤其是对超厚软弱土的开挖。施工方应科学制订施工方案,合理选择施工设备、开挖方式和顺序,从而保证工程质量和安全。

陡坡区加筋土挡墙基底不良地质处理

以黑山南北高速公路项目中的一段隧道间陡坡区加筋土挡墙支挡路基为例,对挡墙基底不良地质情况及可能产生的路基侧向滑移风险进行描述,并就拟采用的四种处理方案进行比选,对其优劣势和经济性进行探讨,为后续类似项目可能出现的情况提供经验。