Application of Feature, Event, and Process Methods to Leakage Scenario Development for Offshore CO_(2) Geological Storage

Offshore carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) geological storage(OCGS) represents a significant strategy for addressing climate change by curtailing greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, the risk of CO_(2) leakage poses a substantial concern associated with this technology. This study introduces an innovative approach for establishing OCGS leakage scenarios, involving four pivotal stages, namely, interactive matrix establishment, risk matrix evaluation, cause–effect analysis, and scenario development, which has been implemented in the Pearl River Estuary Basin in China. The initial phase encompassed the establishment of an interaction matrix for OCGS systems based on features, events, and processes. Subsequent risk matrix evaluation and cause–effect analysis identified key system components, specifically CO_(2) injection and faults/features. Building upon this analysis, two leakage risk scenarios were successfully developed, accompanied by the corresponding mitigation measures. In addition, this study introduces the application of scenario development to risk assessment, including scenario numerical simulation and quantitative assessment. Overall, this research positively contributes to the sustainable development and safe operation of OCGS projects and holds potential for further refinement and broader application to diverse geographical environments and project requirements. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the establishment of OCGS leakage scenarios and demonstrates their practical application to risk assessment, laying the foundation for promoting the sustainable development and safe operation of ocean CO_(2) geological storage projects while proposing possibilities for future improvements and broader applications to different contexts.

Scale-space effect and scale hybridization in image intelligent recognition of geological discontinuities on rock slopes

Geological discontinuity(GD)plays a pivotal role in determining the catastrophic mechanical failure of jointed rock masses.Accurate and efficient acquisition of GD networks is essential for characterizing and understanding the progressive damage mechanisms of slopes based on monitoring image data.Inspired by recent advances in computer vision,deep learning(DL)models have been widely utilized for image-based fracture identification.The multi-scale characteristics,image resolution and annotation quality of images will cause a scale-space effect(SSE)that makes features indistinguishable from noise,directly affecting the accuracy.However,this effect has not received adequate attention.Herein,we try to address this gap by collecting slope images at various proportional scales and constructing multi-scale datasets using image processing techniques.Next,we quantify the intensity of feature signals using metrics such as peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)and structural similarity(SSIM).Combining these metrics with the scale-space theory,we investigate the influence of the SSE on the differentiation of multi-scale features and the accuracy of recognition.It is found that augmenting the image's detail capacity does not always yield benefits for vision-based recognition models.In light of these observations,we propose a scale hybridization approach based on the diffusion mechanism of scale-space representation.The results show that scale hybridization strengthens the tolerance of multi-scale feature recognition under complex environmental noise interference and significantly enhances the recognition accuracy of GD.It also facilitates the objective understanding,description and analysis of the rock behavior and stability of slopes from the perspective of image data.

Fine Geological Radar Processing and Interpretation

Geological radar probing technology finds wide application in engineering projects. The high-precision characteristics of geologic radar should be studied in connection with fine processing and interpretation. This article discusses such issues as (1) geologic radar noise source and (2) fine processing and interpretation of radar data. It is focused on how to achieve fine processing and interpretation.

Determination of geological strength index of jointed rock mass based on image processing

The geological strength index(GSI) system,widely used for the design and practice of mining process,is a unique rock mass classification system related to the rock mass strength and deformation parameters based on the generalized Hoek-Brown and Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria.The GSI can be estimated using standard chart and field observations of rock mass blockiness and discontinuity surface conditions.The GSI value gives a numerical representation of the overall geotechnical quality of the rock mass.In this study,we propose a method to determine the GSI quantitatively using photographic images of in situ jointed rock mass with image processing technology,fractal theory and artificial neural network(ANN).We employ the GSI system to characterize the jointed rock mass around the working in a coal mine.The relative error between the proposed value and the given value in the GSI chart is less than 3.6%.

Image Processing on Geological Data in Vector Format and Multi-Source Spatial Data Fusion

The geological data are constructed in vector format in geographical information system (GIS) while other data such as remote sensing images, geographical data and geochemical data are saved in raster ones. This paper converts the vector data into 8 bit images according to their importance to mineralization each by programming. We can communicate the geological meaning with the raster images by this method. The paper also fuses geographical data and geochemical data with the programmed strata data. The result shows that image fusion can express different intensities effectively and visualize the structure characters in 2 dimensions. Furthermore, it also can produce optimized information from multi-source data and express them more directly.

Fuzzy pattern recognition model of geological sweetspot for coalbed methane development

From the perspective of geological zone selection for coalbed methane(CBM) development, the evaluation parameters(covering geological conditions and production conditions) of geological sweetspot for CBM development are determined, and the evaluation index system of geological sweetspot for CBM development is established. On this basis, the fuzzy pattern recognition(FPR) model of geological sweetspot for CBM development is built. The model is applied to evaluate four units of No.3 Coal Seam in the Fanzhuang Block, southern Qinshui Basin, China. The evaluation results are consistent with the actual development effect and the existing research results, which verifies the rationality and reliability of the FPR model. The research shows that the proposed FPR model of geological sweetspot for CBM development does not involve parameter weighting which leads to uncertainties in the results of the conventional models such as analytic hierarchy process and multi-level fuzzy synthesis judgment, and features a simple computation without the construction of multi-level judgment matrix. The FPR model provides reliable results to support the efficient development of CBM.

NUMERICAL MODELING FOR COUPLED THERMO-HYDRO-MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES (THMC) OF GEOLOGICAL MEDIA——INTERNATIONAL AND CHINESE EXPERIENCES

The coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical and chemical (THMC) processes of stress/deformation,fluid flow,temperature and geochemical reactions of the geological media,namely fractured rocks and soils,play an important role in design,construction,operation and environmental impact assessments of rock and soil engineering works such as underground nuclear waste repositories,oil/gas production and storage,geothermal energy extraction,landslides and slope stability,hydropower and water conservancy complexes,etc. This paper presents an overview of the international and Chinese experiences in numerical modeling of the coupled THMC processes for both the state-of-the-knowledge,remaining challenges and possible future prospects.

Timescales of geological processes: Preface

1.Introduction One of the major challenges in Geoscience is to understand how the formation and evolution of the Earth System are governed by timescales-that is,how the various geological processes that continue to contribute to its present-day structure and composition operated in the deep past.The traditional view of such processes refers to events that occur at immense spatial scales and over hundreds of millions of years,constrained in most cases by the ages of rocks determined using isotopic dating methods or the fossil record.However,the modern view of geological processes has increasingly acknowledged that their durations can be significantly shorter than previously thought possible,or indeed detectable without recent analytical innovations.Earthquakes are a prime example of rapid,high energy and episodic events that have a profound effect on subsequent processes such as metamorphism,fluid transport,and ore formation e the evidence of which is written in microstructures,compositional zoning,and P-T records.Experimental studies have also revealed that the reaction rates between fluids and rocks can be extremely rapid relative to geological timescales.This has led to the notion that geological processes are not necessarily continuous over millions of years but may,in fact,be sporadic,with long periods where essentially no reactions take place punctuated by periods of intense activity.

The Metamorphic Processes and Its Geological Implications of Gneisses from the Duoba Terrane of Xizang(Tibet) Plateau, China

A suit of metamorphic rocks experienced amphibolite and partly granulite facies metamorphism exposed on the Lhasa block,which are recognized as the basement of the Lhasa block named as Nyainqentanglha Group in the

A STRATIGRAPHIC UNCONFORMITY SURFACE BETWEEN THE NEOGENE AND THE PALEOGENE IN THE JIYANG DEPRESSION,BOHAI BAY BASIN, EASTERN CHINA:GEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS, FORMATIONPROCESS AND GEODYNAMIC ORIGIN

Regional stratigraphic unconformity surfaces are commonly observed in both orogenic beltsand sedimentary basins. They have superficially simple features, but in fact contain abundant geo-logic and geodynamic in formation on basin evolution, which was rarely systematically studied.Based on the elaborate research on geologic characteristics of the stratigraphic unconformity sur-face between the Neogene and the Paleogene in the Jiyang depression, Bohai Bay basin, EasternChina, this paper reconstructed its formation process and paleotopography in the late Oligocene. ltis the most interesting that this stratigraphic uncon formity surface represents the transiton of theJiyang depression evolution from rifting extension to thermal down-warping and also implies an u-plift process during the transition. This paper thought it worthy to study the origin of thisstratigraphic uncohformity surface and its relation to the stage transition of basin evolution. ThenpossibIe influences of regional stress field and deep dynamic process variations on the stratigraphicunconforrnity surface formation were anaIyzed. The stratigraphic unconformity surface betweenthe Neogene and the Paleogene in the Jiyang depression should be the direct result of extremestretching of llthosphere and diapirism of hot upper mantle, which can also possibly explain the co-incidence of the unconformity surface formation with the stage transition of basin evolution. Fur-thermore. the influences of the stratigraphic unconformity surface formation on oil and gas accu-mulation, the erosion amount calculation, and the elaborate time structure recorded by thestratigraphic unconformity surface were discussed.

Risk Assessment and Management of Hazardous Hydrological and Geological Processes in Ukraine

Due to long and irrational land-utilization, Ukraine deals with one of the most strained ecological situations in Europe. This work is devoted to the study of land resources transformation that was caused by human activity. The subject of study is to assess and forecast physical land and soil degradation, associated with the technical intensification of hazardous exogenous processes. The research is based on the use of methods of ecologic-geomorphological analysis, mathematical-statistical modeling and forecasting. This project gives characteristics to the main anthropogenic factors of threats and risks to land and soil, which take place in the territory of Ukraine. The estimation was conducted relatively dangerous hydrological and geological processes that are key factors of physical degradation of resources. These processes include erosion, flooding, secondary waterlogging, landslides and other collapsed phenomena. Graphic models reflect specific factors and environmental consequences of the most dangerous exogenous processes. Predicted is the development of dangerous hydrological and geological processes, influenced by technogenic factors. Different scenarios of physical land degradation are developed by the example of a specific technonatural geosystem. A measurement system of the sustainable usage and management of soil condition in Ukraine is improved.

Development of dangerous geological processes in the Hankaisky Region of Primorskiy Krai (Russian Far East)

Hankaisky Region is the mest densely populated and economic developed part of the Primorskiy Krai. It is promoting development of dangerous geological processes there. In the article.the reasons of formation and intensive development in Hankaisky Region of the following dangerous geological processes lateral, winder and ground erosive, sill, floods, taluses, bogging, slope wash, karts, rebound of ground are considered.

Predicting geological hazards during tunnel construction

The complicated geological conditions and geological hazards are challenging problems during tunnel construction,which will cause great losses of life and property.Therefore,reliable prediction of geological defective features,such as faults,karst caves and groundwater,has important practical significances and theoretical values.In this paper,we presented the criteria for detecting typical geological anomalies using the tunnel seismic prediction（TSP） method.The ground penetrating radar（GPR） signal response to water-bearing structures was used for theoretical derivations.And the 3D tomography of the transient electromagnetic method（TEM） was used to develop an equivalent conductance method.Based on the improvement of a single prediction technique,we developed a technical system for reliable prediction of geological defective features by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of all prediction methods.The procedure of the application of this system was introduced in detail.For prediction,the selection of prediction methods is an important and challenging work.The analytic hierarchy process（AHP） was developed for prediction optimization.We applied the newly developed prediction system to several important projects in China,including Hurongxi highway,Jinping II hydropower station,and Kiaochow Bay subsea tunnel.The case studies show that the geological defective features can be successfully detected with good precision and efficiency,and the prediction system is proved to be an effective means to minimize the risks of geological hazards during tunnel construction.

STUDY ON EXTRACTING METHODS OF BURIED GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN HUAIBEI COAL FIELD

It is discussed features and tbe producing mechanism of buried geological information in geological, geophysical and remote sensing data in Huaibei coal field, and studied the methods extracting buried tectonic and igneous rock information from various geologicaI data using digital image processing techoiques.

The impact of geological uncertainty on primary production from a fluvial reservoir

Deposition of fluvial sandbodies is controlled mainly by characteristics of the system, such as the rate of avulsion and aggradation of the fluvial channels and their geometry. The impact and the interaction of these parameters have not received adequate attention. In this paper, the impact of geological uncertainty resulting from the interpretation of the fluvial geometry, maximum depth of channels, and their avulsion rates on primary production is studied for fluvial reservoirs. Several meandering reservoirs were generated using a process-mimicking package by varying several con- trolling factors. Simulation results indicate that geometrical parameters of the fluvial channels impact cumulative pro- duction during primary production more significantly than their avulsion rate. The most significant factor appears to be the maximum depth of fluvial channels. The overall net-to-gross ratio is closely correlated with the cumulative oil production of the field, but cumulative production values for individual wells do not appear to be correlated with the local net-to-gross ratio calculated in the vicinity of each well. Connectedness of the sandbodies to each well, defined based on the minimum time-of-flight from each block to the well, appears to be a more reliable indicator of well-scale production.

Engineering Geological Map of the Sakha(Yakutia) Republic

The Engineering Geological Map of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic covers about 3 million kilometers which is one-fifth of the territory of Russia.The map displays ground and geocryological conditions and active faults.Seismic intensity,schemes of zoning by factors of engineering geological conditions,and the general scheme of engineering geological zoning of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic or the SR（Y）,are shown on the inset maps.The map is required to provide information for planning,construction and exploitation of engineering structures in the SR（Y）.A distinguishing feature of the map is the indication of almost blanket distribution of the frozen ground class.Types of the frozen ground class are separated by lithology,while ground varieties are separated by temperature.Fresh and ultra-fresh suprapermafrost water is predominant within the territory.The compiled map indicates parts of the Arctic-Asian and Baikalo-Stanovoi planetary seismic belts that make engineering geological conditions more complicated.

Advanced Investigation of Remote Sensing to Geological Mapping of Zefreh Region in Central Iran

This study has tried to prove the ability of remote sensing techniques to extract information necessary for preparation of geological mapping of the earth’s surface using multi-spectral satellite images which are rich sources of Earth’s surface information. In this study, the surface geological mappings of Zefreh region have been investigated through ASTER, OLI, and IRS-PAN remote sensing data. To prepare the geological map, preprocessing steps and reducing noises from data using MNF algorithm were firstly carried out. Then a set of processing algorithms and image classification methods are included;the band rationing, color composite and pixel classification based on maximum likelihood, spectral and sub-pixel classification methods of spectral angle mapper (SAM), spectral feature fitting (SFF), linear spectral differentiation (LSU), hill-shade images and automatic lineament extraction were used. Confusion matrix was formed for all classified images through control points were randomly selected from 1:25,000 map of the region to determine the accuracy of obtained results, which indicated the maximum accuracy (up to 90%) of output images. Comparing the results obtained from these methods with the map prepared by ground operations confirmed accuracy results. Finally, the surface geology and fault map of Zafreh region was produced by combining detected geological formations and tectonic lineaments.

Using satellite magnetic data to divide geological tectonic units of South China Sea

The South China Sea locates at the convergence center of the Eurasian Plate,the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australia plate. The Cenozoic seafloor spreading in the South China Sea Basin is an important part of the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea that records information of the continental margin tectonic history and its impact on regional geologic evolution. Magnetic data contains abundant geological structure information from the surface to deep. This paper reports magnetic data of the South China Sea. Through the conventional processing of these magnetic data,we report general results on the regional magnetic anomalies,such as the upward continuation graph,the polar magnetic anomaly map and the magnetic anomaly partition map. The magnetic anomaly field in the South China Sea is divided into eight areas,of which the characteristics are explained,and the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea is preliminarily discussed.

The Validity of the Thermohydrogravidynamic Theory Concerning the Predicted Dates of the Maximal Temporal Intensifications of the Global Seismotectonic Processes of the Earth during the Range 2020 - 2023 AD

We present (on the 13th International Conference on Geology and Geophysics) the convincing evidence that the strongest earthquakes (according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the Earth (during the range 2020 - 2023 AD) occurred near the predicted (calculated in advance based on the global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles determining the maximal temporal intensifications of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth) dates 2020.016666667 AD (Simonenko, 2020), 2021.1 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2020), 2022.18333333 AD (Simonenko, 2021), 2023.26666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022) and 2020.55 AD, 2021.65 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2021), 2022.716666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022), respectively, corresponding to the local maximal and to the local minimal, respectively, combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences on the internal rigid core of the Earth. We present the short-term thermohydrogravidynamic technology (based on the generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics and the first global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle) for evaluation of the maximal magnitude of the strongest (during the March, 2023 AD) earthquake of the Earth occurred on March 16, 2023 AD (according to the U.S. Geological Survey). .

大陆下地壳

大陆下地壳是连接岩石圈地幔和上地壳的“纽带”,是地壳与地幔交换最活跃的部位。上地幔与下地壳的部分熔融及下地壳一些岩石的拆沉还可直接导致壳-幔物质的交换、循环与重组。换言之,下地壳是壳-幔作用的一个极其重要的场所,底垫、拆沉、深熔、高级变质和其他作用都在下地壳中发生和实现。然而,下地壳是以往研究地球深部和浅部关系时被“跳”过去的部位,没有得到足够的重视。克拉通化定义为大陆原来混沌的原地壳分异并形成稳定的上地壳和下地壳,并由此构建了稳定的壳-幔结构,这种空前的稳定关系从形成起一直维持到现在,是大陆演化、洋-陆与壳-幔相互作用的基础。在板块边界的造山过程中,如洋-陆的俯冲碰撞特别是陆-陆碰撞,可以形成不同大陆地块的陆壳叠置、加厚、垮塌、拆沉、底垫和重新稳定,在造山带根部形成新的下地壳,即造山带型下地壳。本文重点讨论了克拉通型下地壳演化过程,强调了其动力学意义及其在大陆动力学研究中的重要地位,建议在深地研究和学科布局中给与充分重视。