The Influence of Different Land Use Manners on Soil Aggregate Characteristics of Consolidation and Returning to Field in Hollow Village of Hilly Area

The research aimed to explore the influence of different land use manners on soil aggregate,and provide scientific basis for improving soil stability and production performance of consolidation and returning to field in hollow village of hilly area. After consolidation and returning to field in hollow village of hilly area of Chengcheng County,Shaanxi,5 kinds of land use manners were set for 1-year plantation test,and they were corn( C treatment),wheat( W treatment),vegetable( V treatment),medicinal material( M treatment) and control( no plantation: CK treatment). Soil aggregate distribution,mean mass diameter( WMD),geometric mean diameter( GMD),aggregate failure rate( PAD),unstable aggregate number( ELT) and fractal dimension( D) at 0-40 cm of soil layer were measured and analyzed by dry and wet sieving methods. The results showed that( i) soil aggregate number and size at 0-40 cm of soil layer by each treatment were all significantly better than CK treatment,and > 0. 25 mm of aggregate content by dry sieving method( DR0. 25) and >0. 25 mm of aggregate content by wet sieving method( WR0. 25) at 0-40 cm of soil layer in each treatment showed declining trend with soil layer depth increased;( ii) MWD and GMD sequences of each treatment at 0-40 cm of soil layer by dry and wet sieving methods were both W treatment > C treatment > M treatment > V treatment > CK treatment,and C treatment was conducive to increasing large aggregate content of surface soil,while W treatment was conducive to increasing large aggregate content of lower soil;( iii) the analysis by wet sieving method showed that PAD and ELT at 0-40 cm of soil layer in each treatment both showed similar " Z" shape trend,and each treatment was significantly lower than CK;( iv) D sequence at 0-40 cm of soil layer in each treatment was C treatment < W treatment < M treatment < V treatment < CK treatment. D showed good linear relationship with> 0. 25 mm of aggregate content at 0-40 cm of soil layer by dry and wet sieving methods,and they were respectively R2= 0. 74 and R2= 0. 67. Corn and wheat plantation after consolidation and returning to field in hollow village was conducive to improving large aggregate content at 0-40 cm of soil layer,increasing the stability of soil layer and improving soil structure.

Effect of catalyst diesel particulate filter aging and catalyst loadings on particulate emission characteristics from a diesel vehicle

In this study,the effect of new and used catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF)with different catalyst loadings on the particulate emissions including the particle mass(PM),particle number(PN),particle size distribution(PSD)and geometric mean diameter(GMD)from a diesel vehicle were investigated based on a heavy chassis dynamometer.Results showed that more than 97.9%of the PN and 95.4%of the PM were reduced by the CDPF,and the reduction efficiency was enhanced by the catalyst loading.After using the CDPF,the PSD transformed from bimodal to trimodal with the peak shifting towards smaller particle size,more nucleation mode particles were reduced compared with accumulation mode ones,but the reduction effect on the accumulation mode particles was more significantly influenced by the catalyst loading.Notably,the CDPF increased the accumulation mode particles proportion,producing a larger GMD.For the used CDPF,its reduction effect on the particulate emissions enhanced,especially for the PM in accumulation mode.The PSD returned to bimodal,but the peak at accumulation mode began to be higher than that at nucleation mode,illustrating that more nucleation mode particles was removed.The aging of the CDPF resulted in greater effect on the PN-based PSD than that of PM-based PSD,but the effect of catalyst loading on the PN and PM emission factors was weakened.The used CDPF further increased the GMD,and the effect of catalyst loading on the GMD was strengthened,a higher catalyst loading led to a reduction in the GMD.

Effect of catalyzed diesel particulate filter and its catalyst loading on emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine

In this study, the effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC) coupled with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the power, fuel consumption,gaseous and particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Results showed that the after-treatment had a negligible effect on the power and fuel consumption.The reduction effect of the DOC on the CO and hydrocarbon(HC) increased with the engine load. Further reductions occurred coupling with the CDPF. Increasing the catalyst loading resulted in a more significant reduction in the HC emissions than CO emissions. The DOC could increase the NO_(2)proportion to 37.9%, and more NO_(2)was produced when coupled with the CDPF below 250℃;above 250℃, more NO_(2)was consumed. The after-treatment could reduce more than 99% of the particle number(PN) and 98% of the particle mass(PM).Further reductions in the PN and PM occurred with a higher CDPF catalyst loading. The DOC had a better reduction effect on the nucleation particles than the accumulation ones, but the trend reversed with the CDPF. The DOC shifted the particle size distribution(PSD) to larger particles with an accumulation particle proportion increasing from 13% to 20%, and the geometric mean diameter(GMD) increased from 18.2 to 26.0 nm. The trend reversed with the CDPF and the accumulation particle proportion declined to less than 10%. A lower catalyst loading on the CDPF led to a higher proportion of nucleation particles and a smaller GMD.

Soil Aggregate Stability and Iron and Aluminium Oxide Contents Under Different Fertiliser Treatments in a Long-Term Solar Greenhouse Experiment

Soil in greenhouses is likely to suffer a gradual decline in aggregate stability. Determination of the effects of different fertiliser practices on soil aggregate stability is important for taking advantage of solar greenhouses. Soil aggregate stability and iron （Fe） and aluminium （A1） oxide contents were investigated in a 26-year long-term fertilisation experiment in greenhouse in Shenyang, China, under eight fertiliser treatments： manure （M）, fertiliser N （FN）, fertiliser N with manure （MN）, fertiliser P （FP）, fertiliser P with manure （MP）, fertiliser NP （FNP）, fertiliser NP with manure （MNP）, and control without any fertiliser （CK）. A wet sieving method was used to determine aggregate size distribution and water-stable aggregates （WSA）, mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter as the indices of soil aggregate stability. Different fertiliser treatments had a statistically significant influence on aggregate stability and Fe and A1 oxide contents. Long-term application of inorganic fertilisers had no obvious effects on the mass proportion of aggregates. By contrast, manure application significantly increased the mass proportion of macroaggregates at the expense of microaggregates. All treatments, with the exception of FNP, significantly increased the stability of macroaggregates but decreased that of microaggregates when compared with CK. Aggregation under MP and MN was better than that under M and MNP; however, no significant differences were found among inorganic fertiliser treatments （i.e., FN, FP, and FNP）. A positive relation was found between pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and WSA （r=0.269）, but no significant relations were observed between other Fe and Al oxides and aggregate stability.

Distribution and stability of water-stable aggregates as affected by long-term cattle manure application to saline-sodic soil in the black soil region of northeastern China

Saline-sodic soil has a poor structure,low nutrient content,and excessive sodium in the western Heilongjiang Province,resulting in low crop productivity.Experimental treatments were established by applying manure to the soil for 5 years,12 years,and 16 years and soil without manure application was used as a control treatment(CK).The results indicate that the application of manure significantly increased soil macroaggregates,the mean weight diameter(MWD)and the geometric mean diameter(GMD)compared to those for the CK treatment.The soil organic matter(SOM)concentration increased from 17.8 to 47.9 g/kg,the soil pH decreased from 10.18 to 7.89,and the electrical conductivity(EC)decreased from 4.92 to 0.19 dS/m.The soil exchangeable Na^(+)was decreased and exchangeable Ca^(2+)was increased in the treatments with manure application compared with the CK treatment.And a decrease in the CaCO_(3)content was observed in the treatment with manure.Water-stable aggregates(WSAs)of greater than 2.0 mm were the dominant factor driving the changes in the MWD,and WSAs of 1.0-2.0 mm were the dominant factor driving the changes in the GMD.The correlation matrix showed that the SOM and soil exchangeable Ca^(2+)concentration was positively correlated with the stability of the WSAs,while the pH,EC,and soil exchangeable Na^(+)were negatively and significantly correlated.We conclude that the long-term application of manure to saline-sodic soil can increase the proportion of soil macroaggregates and thus increase the stability of WSAs,as a result of the formation of soil macroaggregates mainly caused by the increase in the organic colloidal matter and soil exchangeable Ca^(2+),and by the decrease in soil exchangeable Na^(+).