Preliminary Study of Alkali Activation of Basalt: Effect of NaOH Concentration on Geopolymerization of Basalt

The main objective of this study is to examine the possibility of using fresh basalt powder in the preparation of geopolymer pastes. Four NaOH concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 M were used to alkali activation of basalt. In addition, effect of curing temperature at ambient, 45°C and 65°C were studied. The geopolymer pastes were investigated using FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS techniques as well as compressive strength up to 90 days. The results were shown the compressive strength of prepared geopolymer increased with concentration of alkali activator up to 90 days. On the other hand, the compressive strength of prepared geopolymer pastes were improved with increased curing temperature. The results showed that there was a change in the chemical and mineral structure, due to the reaction of the sodium hydroxide with the different minerals of the basalt. In addition, the Na/Al and Si/Al ratios were completely different from that of the raw basalt. The geopolymerization reactions occurred at the surface basalt and the unreacted basalt particles actually play a supporting role in the geopolymer properties.

Damage constitutive model of lunar soil simulant geopolymer under impact loading

Lunar base construction is a crucial component of the lunar exploration program,and considering the dynamic characteristics of lunar soil is important for moon construction.Therefore,investigating the dynamic properties of lunar soil by establishing a constitutive relationship is critical for providing a theoretical basis for its damage evolution.In this paper,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)device was used to perform three sets of impact tests under different pressures on a lunar soil simulant geopolymer(LSSG)with sodium silicate(Na_(2)SiO_(3))contents of 1%,3%,5%and 7%.The dynamic stressestrain curves,failure modes,and energy variation rules of LSSG under different pressures were obtained.The equation was modified based on the ZWT viscoelastic constitutive model and was combined with the damage variable.The damage element obeys the Weibull distribution and the constitutive equation that can describe the mechanical properties of LSSG under dynamic loading was obtained.The results demonstrate that the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG has a marked strain-rate strengthening effect.Na_(2)SiO_(3) has both strengthening and deterioration effects on the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG.As Na_(2)SiO_(3) grows,the dynamic compressive strength of LSSG first increases and then decreases.At a fixed air pressure,5%Na_(2)SiO_(3) had the largest dynamic compressive strength,the largest incident energy,the smallest absorbed energy,and the lightest damage.The ZWT equation was modified according to the stress response properties of LSSG and the range of the SHPB strain rate to obtain the constitutive equation of the LSSG,and the model’s correctness was confirmed.

Recent research in mechanical properties of geopolymer-based ultrahigh-performance concrete:A review

Due to the growing need for sustainable and ultra-high-strength construction materials,scientists have created an innovative ultra-high-performance concrete called Geopolymer based ultra-highperformance concrete(GUHPC).Besides,in the last few decades,there have been a lot of explosions and ballistic attacks around the world,which have killed many civilians and fighters in border areas.In this context,this article reviews the fresh state and mechanical properties of GUHPC.Firstly,the ingredients of GUHPC and fresh properties such as setting time and flowability are briefly covered.Secondly,the review of compressive strength,flexure strength,tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of fibrous GUHPC.Thirdly,the blast and projectile impact resistance performance was reviewed.Finally,the microstructural characteristics were reviewed using the scanning electron microscope and X-ray Powder Diffraction.The review outcome reveals that the mechanical properties were increased when 30%silica fume was added to a higher dose of steel fibre to improve the microstructure of GUHPC.It is hypothesized that the brittleness of GUHPC was mitigated by adding 1.5%steel fibre reinforcement,which played a role in the decrease of contact explosion cratering and spalling.Removing the need for cement in GUHPC was a key factor in the review,indicating a promising potential for lowering carbon emissions.However,GUHPC research is still in its early stages,so more study is required before its full potential can be utilized.

Solidification/Stabilization of Chromium in Red Mud-based Geopolymer

Up to 1.5wt%of Cr(Ⅲ)salts(CrCl_(3),and Cr_(2)O_(3))and Cr(Ⅵ)salts(Na_(2)CrO_(4),and CaCr_(2)O_(7))were incorporated into red mud-based geopolymers,respectively.The solidification/stabilization,compressive strength,and durability of the Cr-containing geopolymers were investigated.The experimental results indicate that the red mud-based geopolymer could effectively solidify/stabilize different types of Cr salts with solidification/stabilization rates of above 99.61%.Geopolymers are environmentally safe when the dosage of CaCr_(2)O_(7)is≤1.0wt%,or the dosage of CrCl_(3),Cr_(2)O_(3),and Na_(2)CrO_(4)is≤1.5wt%,respectively.The effects of Cr salts on the compressive strength varies with the type and content of Cr salts.The freeze-thaw cycle is more destructive to geopolymer properties than sulfate attack or acid rain erosion.The solidification/stabilization of Cr is mainly attributed to the following reasons:a)The chemical binding of Cr is related to the formation of Cr-containing hydrates(eg,magnesiochromite((Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al)_(2)O_(4)))and doping into N-A-S-H gel and C-A-S-H gel framework;b)The physical effect is related to the encapsulation by the hydration products(e g,N-A-S-H gel and C-A-S-H gel).This study provides a reference for the treatment of hazardous Cr-containing wastes by solid waste-based geopolymers.

Preparation and interface state of phosphate tailing-based geopolymers

The long-term storage of phosphate tailings will occupy a large amount of land,pollute soil and groundwater,thus,it is crucial to achieve the harmless disposal of phosphate tailings.In this study,high-performance geopolymers with compressive strength of 38.8 MPa were prepared by using phosphate tailings as the main raw material,fly ash as the active silicon-aluminum material,and water glass as the alkaline activator.The solid content of phosphate tailings and fly ash was 60% and 40%,respectively,and the water-cement ratio was 0.22.The results of XRD,FTIR,SEM-EDS and XPS show that the reactivity of phosphate tailings with alkaline activator is weak,and the silicon-aluminum material can react with alkaline activator to form zeolite and gel,and encapsulate/cover the phosphate tailings to form a dense phosphate tailings-based geopolymer.During the formation of geopolymers,part of the aluminum-oxygen tetrahedron replaced the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron,causing the polycondensation reaction between geopolymers and increasing the strength of geopolymers.The leaching toxicity test results show that the geopolymer has a good solid sealing effect on heavy metal ions.The preparation of geopolymer from phosphate tailings is an important way to alleviate the storage pressure and realize the resource utilization of phosphate tailings.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Fly Ash by Decoration Waste Powder on the Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Masonry Mortar

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using decoration waste powder(DWP)as a partial replacement for fly ash(FA)in the preparation of geopolymer masonry mortar,and to examine the effect of different DWP replacement rates(0%-40%)on the fresh and mechanical properties of the mortar.The results showed that each group of geopolymer masonry mortar exhibited excellent water retention performance,with a water retention rate of 100%,which was due to the unique geopolymer mortar system and high viscosity of the alkaline activator solution.Compared to the control group,the flowability of the mortar containing lower contents of DWP(10%and 20%)was higher.However,as the DWP replacement rate further increased,the flowability gradually decreased.The DWP could absorb the free water in the reaction system of geopolymer mortar,thereby limiting the occurrence of geopolymerization reaction.The incorporation of DWP in the mortar resulted in a decrease in compressive strength compared to the mortar without DWP.However,even at a replacement rate of 40%,the compressive strength of the mortar still exceeded 15 MPa,which met the requirements of the masonry mortar.It was feasible to use DWP in the geopolymer masonry mortar.Although the addition of DWP caused some performance loss,it did not affect its usability.

Artificial Intelligence Prediction of One-Part Geopolymer Compressive Strength for Sustainable Concrete

Alkali-activated materials/geopolymer(AAMs),due to their low carbon emission content,have been the focus of recent studies on ecological concrete.In terms of performance,fly ash and slag are preferredmaterials for precursors for developing a one-part geopolymer.However,determining the optimum content of the input parameters to obtain adequate performance is quite challenging and scarcely reported.Therefore,in this study,machine learning methods such as artificial neural networks(ANN)and gene expression programming(GEP)models were developed usingMATLAB and GeneXprotools,respectively,for the prediction of compressive strength under variable input materials and content for fly ash and slag-based one-part geopolymer.The database for this study contains 171 points extracted from literature with input parameters:fly ash concentration,slag content,calcium hydroxide content,sodium oxide dose,water binder ratio,and curing temperature.The performance of the two models was evaluated under various statistical indices,namely correlation coefficient(R),mean absolute error(MAE),and rootmean square error(RMSE).In terms of the strength prediction efficacy of a one-part geopolymer,ANN outperformed GEP.Sensitivity and parametric analysis were also performed to identify the significant contributor to strength.According to a sensitivity analysis,the activator and slag contents had the most effects on the compressive strength at 28 days.The water binder ratio was shown to be directly connected to activator percentage,slag percentage,and calcium hydroxide percentage and inversely related to compressive strength at 28 days and curing temperature.

Prediction of Geopolymer Concrete Compressive Strength Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Geopolymer concrete emerges as a promising avenue for sustainable development and offers an effective solution to environmental problems.Its attributes as a non-toxic,low-carbon,and economical substitute for conventional cement concrete,coupled with its elevated compressive strength and reduced shrinkage properties,position it as a pivotal material for diverse applications spanning from architectural structures to transportation infrastructure.In this context,this study sets out the task of using machine learning(ML)algorithms to increase the accuracy and interpretability of predicting the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete in the civil engineering field.To achieve this goal,a new approach using convolutional neural networks(CNNs)has been adopted.This study focuses on creating a comprehensive dataset consisting of compositional and strength parameters of 162 geopolymer concrete mixes,all containing Class F fly ash.The selection of optimal input parameters is guided by two distinct criteria.The first criterion leverages insights garnered from previous research on the influence of individual features on compressive strength.The second criterion scrutinizes the impact of these features within the model’s predictive framework.Key to enhancing the CNN model’s performance is the meticulous determination of the optimal hyperparameters.Through a systematic trial-and-error process,the study ascertains the ideal number of epochs for data division and the optimal value of k for k-fold cross-validation—a technique vital to the model’s robustness.The model’s predictive prowess is rigorously assessed via a suite of performance metrics and comprehensive score analyses.Furthermore,the model’s adaptability is gauged by integrating a secondary dataset into its predictive framework,facilitating a comparative evaluation against conventional prediction methods.To unravel the intricacies of the CNN model’s learning trajectory,a loss plot is deployed to elucidate its learning rate.The study culminates in compelling findings that underscore the CNN model’s accurate prediction of geopolymer concrete compressive strength.To maximize the dataset’s potential,the application of bivariate plots unveils nuanced trends and interactions among variables,fortifying the consistency with earlier research.Evidenced by promising prediction accuracy,the study’s outcomes hold significant promise in guiding the development of innovative geopolymer concrete formulations,thereby reinforcing its role as an eco-conscious and robust construction material.The findings prove that the CNN model accurately estimated geopolymer concrete’s compressive strength.The results show that the prediction accuracy is promising and can be used for the development of new geopolymer concrete mixes.The outcomes not only underscore the significance of leveraging technology for sustainable construction practices but also pave the way for innovation and efficiency in the field of civil engineering.

Experimental investigation of engineered geopolymer composite for structural strengthening against blast loads

The recent increase in blast/bombing incidents all over the world has pushed the development of effective strengthening approaches to enhance the blast resistance of existing civil infrastructures.Engineered geopolymer composite(EGC)is a promising material featured by eco-friendly,fast-setting and strain-hardening characteristics for emergent strengthening and construction.However,the fiber optimization for preparing EGC and its protective effect on structural elements under blast scenarios are uncertain.In this study,laboratory tests were firstly conducted to evaluate the effects of fiber types on the properties of EGC in terms of workability,dry shrinkage,and mechanical properties in compression,tension and flexure.The experimental results showed that EGC containing PE fiber exhibited suitable workability,acceptable dry shrinkage and superior mechanical properties compared with other types of fibers.After that,a series of field tests were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of EGC retrofitting layer on the enhancement of blast performance of typical elements.The tests include autoclaved aerated concrete(AAC)masonry walls subjected to vented gas explosion,reinforced AAC panels subjected to TNT explosion and plain concrete slabs subjected to contact explosion.It was found that EGC could effectively enhance the blast resistance of structural elements in different scenarios.For AAC masonry walls and panels,with the existence of EGC,the integrity of specimens could be maintained,and their deflections and damage were significantly reduced.For plain concrete slabs,the EGC overlay could reduce the diameter and depth of the crater and spallation of specimens.

Experimental study on the properties of CMTs-incorporated geopolymers prepared at low temperatures

Considering that copper mine tailings(CMTs)are commonly mixed with ordinary Portland cement,fly ash(FA),and kaolin to produce geopolymers,to make full use of CMTs,the properties of geopolymers manufactured under different material mass ratios and curing methods(standard curing,water bath curing,and 60℃curing)are evaluated with significantly increased dosage of CMTs.Porosity and unconfined compressive strength tests,X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,and energy dispersive spectroscopy are used to determine the physical and mechanical properties,microstructure,and mineral composition of geopolymers.Finally,costs and CO 2 emissions of specimens with different material mass ratios during the preparation processes are compared.The results show that during the geopolymerization of low-calcium materials,various geopolymer gels,including calcium silicate,calcium silicoaluminate,and mainly sodium silicoaluminate gels,coexist.The solid waste,cost,and carbon dioxide emission reductions can reach 100%,166.3 yuan/t,and 73.3 kg/t,respectively.Under a curing condition of 60℃,the sample with a CMTs mass fraction of 70%and an FA mass fraction of 30%meets the requirements of porosity,compressive strength.The resource utilization of CMT and FA is realized in a more economical way.

Effect of CO_(2)exposure on the mechanical strength of geopolymerstabilized sandy soils

In recent years,there has been growing interest in developing methods for mitigating greenhouse effect,as greenhouse gas emissions continue to contribute to global temperature rise.On the other hand,investigating geopolymers as environmentally friendly binders to mitigate the greenhouse effect using soil stabilization has been widely conducted.However,the effect of CO_(2)exposure on the mechanical properties of geopolymer-stabilized soils is rarely reported.In this context,the effect of CO_(2)exposure on the mechanical and microstructural features of sandy soil stabilized with volcanic ash-based geopolymer was investigated.Several factors were concerned,for example the binder content,relative density,CO_(2)pressure,curing condition,curing time,and carbonate content.The results showed that the compressive strength of the stabilized sandy soil specimens with 20%volcanic ash increased from 3 MPa to 11 MPa.It was also observed that 100 kPa CO_(2)pressure was the optimal pressure for strength development among the other pressures.The mechanical strength showed a direct relationship with binder content and carbonate content.Additionally,in the ambient curing(AC)condition,the mechanical strength and carbonate content increased with the curing time.However,the required water for carbonation evaporated after 7 d of oven curing(OC)condition and as a result,the 14-d cured samples showed lower mechanical strength and carbonate content in comparison with 7-d cured samples.Moreover,the rate of strength development was higher in OC cured samples than AC cured samples until 7 d due to higher geopolymerization and carbonation rate.

Synthesis and Characterization of Local Bio-Sourced Geopolymer Binder: Application to Compressed Earth Blocs

The construction industry continues to rely on conventional materials like cement,which often can come with a high cost and significant environmental impact,particularly in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.To tackle the challenges of sustainable development,there is growing interest in using local available materials with low environmental impact.This study primarily focuses on synthesizing and characterizing a geopolymer binder made from local materials found in Benin to stabilize CEB(compressed earth brick).The synthesis involves combining amorphous aluminosilicate powder with a highly concentrated alkaline solution.Local calcined kaolinite clay(metakaolin)and corn cob ash obtained after calcination at 600°C were used with a 12 M sodium hydroxide(NaOH)solution.Different mixtures of geopolymer were formulated substituting metakaolin by corn cob ash at rates of 0%,5%,10%,and 15%of the dry weight of the mixture.Thereafter physical and mechanical characterization tests were conducted on each formulation.Results showed that geopolymer binders containing 85%metakaolin and 15%corn cob ash exhibited the best physical and mechanical performance(e.g.12.08 MPa for compression strength).Subsequently,this geopolymer formulation was used to stabilize CEB.Characterization revealed that CEBs stabilized with 10%geopolymer exhibit good mechanical properties(6.93 MPa),comparable to those of CEBs stabilized with 10%cement(7.40 MPa),justifying their use as load-bearing walls in construction.

硅灰在调控地聚物收缩性能及地聚合过程中的作用

为了解决地聚物严重的早期干燥收缩变形,实现地聚物在道路工程中的高效化利用,通过硅灰来调控粉煤灰-矿渣(FA-GBFS)地聚物的收缩性能与地质聚合过程。在使用硅灰改善粉煤灰-矿渣地聚物干燥收缩性能的基础上,观察了地聚物内部的孔隙分布及微结构的变化,并探究了硅灰对地聚物内部反应程度的变化规律。进一步揭示了硅灰对地聚物干燥收缩行为及地聚合过程的影响机制。结果表明:地聚物的干燥收缩主要集中在早期,在7 d时其收缩应变达到总应变的80%~90%;硅灰的加入使得地聚物的干燥收缩应变逐渐减低,当硅灰含量达到20%时,地聚物的干燥收缩应变降低50%,同时也降低了地聚物中孔径为20 nm~10μm的孔隙含量;此外,通过改变FA-GBFS地聚物中Si—O—T(T为Si或Al)结构和四面体配位Al—OH键的结合能和相对含量,延迟了地聚物中早期的地质聚合反应和硅酸钙水化反应,因而改善了因水化反应放热而使得地聚物内部水分大幅度蒸发的现象,这也使得地聚物内部因水化热而产生的有害孔含量降低;当硅灰含量达到20%时,硅灰对地聚物的干燥收缩性能和力学性能具有良好的协同作用,其不仅具有较低的干燥收缩应变,28 d的力学强度也得到了良好的改善。

赤泥基固定飞灰制备地聚合物的研究

为了有效处理城市垃圾,一般需要对城市垃圾进行焚烧,但在焚烧过程中会产生大量危险固废物飞灰。赤泥中的氧化铝、二氧化硅和氧化钠可以与飞灰中的活性氧化铝、二氧化硅发生地聚反应,生成的地聚合物能够有效固定飞灰中的镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)等重金属,防止其浸出。采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、热重差热分析(TG-DTA)和扫描电镜(SEM)测试手段,对实验相关样品的化学成分、形貌特征进行表征分析。结果表明:在800℃和5%(质量浓度)氢氧化钠(NaOH)的条件下,赤泥的活化效果最佳;赤泥活化后,将赤泥与飞灰(质量比为1∶1,水灰比为0.5)进行均匀混合,赤泥与飞灰的混合物置于养护箱中养护14天(d),即可获得地聚合物样品;XRD表明,聚合物样品中有新矿物[Ca_(6)Al_(2)(SO_(4))(OH)_(12)·6H_(2)O]的衍射峰出现,证明赤泥和飞灰之间发生了地聚合反应;抗压强度测试表明,最佳地聚合物样品的抗压强度为1.63兆帕(MPa);赤泥固化飞灰后的地聚合物渗滤液中的重金属含量达到垃圾焚烧飞灰卫生填埋标准(GB 16889-2008),说明利用赤泥基能够有效固定飞灰中的重金属,证明“以废治废”的技术是可行的。

矿物聚合材料:研究现状与发展前景

矿物聚合材料是以铝硅酸盐矿物或工业固体废物为主要原料 ,以高岭石作配料 ,硅酸钠作结构模板剂 ,氢氧化钠作激活剂而制成的一类新型无机非金属材料。其形成过程为 :铝硅酸盐固体组分的溶解络合、分散迁移、浓缩聚合和脱水硬化。由铝硅酸盐凝胶相形成的基体相 ,其化学组成与沸石相近 ,微结构极可能与蛋白石类似 ,物理形态上呈三维网络结构 ,将未溶解的固体颗粒胶结为坚硬块体 ,是材料获得良好力学性能和化学稳定性的结构基础。矿物聚合材料的性能主要受配料组成和聚合反应的动力学过程所控制 ,其抗压强度随固化时间的延长而呈抛物线式发展。系统研究配料组成和固化条件对铝硅酸盐聚合反应的影响 ,建立表征矿物聚合材料组成结构性能的物理模型 ,是对其进行结构性能设计的理论基础 ,也是利用铝硅酸盐聚合反应实现工业固体废物资源化的技术关键。

利用钾长石尾矿制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

以福建沙县田口钾长石尾矿粉体为主要原料 ,以煅烧高岭石作配料 ,硅酸钠作结构模板剂 ,氢氧化钠作激活剂 ,进行了制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究 .实验样品静置固化 7～ 2 8d ,其抗压强度高达 19.4～ 2 4.9MPa ,耐酸性、耐碱性指标均优于相似建材的国家标准 .在配料组成中 ,控制高岭石用量为 2 0 % ,适当提高硅酸钠的用量和固 /液比 ,有利于提高制品的力学性能 .实验表明 ,材料抗压强度随固化时间的延长而呈抛物线式发展 .矿物聚合材料的形成过程为 :铝硅酸盐固体组分的溶解络合、分散迁移、浓缩聚合、脱水硬化 .由铝硅酸盐凝胶相固化而成的基体相 ,其化学组成与沸石相近 ,微观结构极可能与蛋白石类似 ,物理形态上呈三维网状结构 ,将未溶解的晶质颗粒胶结为坚硬块体 ,是矿物聚合材料获得良好力学性能的结构基础 .

矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物混凝土的基本性能研究

地质聚合物混凝土是一种新型混凝土类材料。为了研究地质聚合物混凝土的基本性能,以矿渣、粉煤灰为原料,以硅酸钠和氢氧化钠为激发剂,制备了矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物混凝土,测试了不同配合比下矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物混凝土的坍落度以及7、14 d和28 d的抗压强度,分析了水胶比对和易性与抗压强度的影响,探讨了抗压强度的增长规律。结果表明:制备的矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物混凝土具有较高的抗压强度和良好的和易性,凝结硬化快,强度特性稳定;当水胶比为0.26,砂率为0.40,氢氧化钠和硅酸钠的质量比为0.29,碱溶液的浓度为56%时,矿渣-粉煤灰基地质聚合物混凝土的坍落度为110 mm,标准养护条件下7、14 d和28 d龄期的抗压强度分别达到40.4、50.3 MPa和60.20 MPa;随着水胶比的增大,和易性不断增强,抗压强度先增加,后减小;随着养护龄期的延长,抗压强度不断增长,但增速降低。

偏高岭石-磷酸基矿物键合材料的制备与结构特征(英文)

在室温条件下,通过偏高岭石与磷酸水溶液中低聚[PO4]3nn-四面体基团的缩合,制备了脱水铝硅酸盐磷酸基矿物键合材料,该反应产物具有三维Si—O—Al—O—P结构。采用X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、Fourier红外吸收光谱2、9Si和27Al魔角旋转核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)对反应产物进行了结构和反应机理分析。结果表明:反应产物中的Al3+具有3种化学环境特征。29SiNMR的化学位移只在-110处出现,预示着[SiO4]四面体以层状结构方式存在。反应产物的红外光谱中偏高岭石的表征Al—O层结构特征的800 cm-1共振吸收峰消失。反应产物的XRD谱具有非晶结构特征。据此,对键合反应机理模型进行了推测。

偏高岭石基土聚水泥的研究

以偏高岭石为原料,氢氧化钠溶液和水玻璃的混合溶液为激发剂,在室温条件下制备了土聚水泥。通过XRD,IR和SEM研究了土壤聚合反应的机理并观察了土聚水泥的形貌。结果表明:在氢氧化钠溶液和水玻璃的混合溶液的激发下偏高岭石发生了土壤聚合反应,生成了无定形的土聚水泥;该土聚水泥呈层状结构并含有非结合水;该土聚水泥具有早强的特性,其强度和密度均随着激发剂中碱强度的增加而增大。

土聚水泥的研究

以粘土为原料 ,在碱性激发剂和外加剂的作用下 ,获得了土壤聚合物水泥。采用XRD和SEM等手段 ,分析了土聚水泥的反应机理。结果表明 :经适当措施处理得到的土聚水泥 ,硬化浆体为沸石型凝胶 ,具有早强、高强、耐酸。