Study on evaluation of gamma oryzanol of germinated brown rice by near infrared spectroscopy

Germinated brown rice(GBR)is rich in gamma oryzanol which increase its consumption popularity,particularly in the health food market.The objective of this research was to apply the near infraredspectroscopy(NIRS)for evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.The germinated brown rice samples were prepared from germinated rough rice(soaked for 24 and 48 h,incubated for 0,6,12,18,24,30 and 36 h)and purchased from local supermar kets.The germinated brown rice sampleswere subjected to NIR scanning before the evaluation of gamma oryzanol by using partial extractionmet hodology.The prediction model was established by partial least square regression(PLSR)andvalidated by full cross validation method.The NIRS model established from various varieties of germinated brown rice bought from diferent markets by first derivatives+vector normalizationpretreated spectra showed the optimal prediction with the correlation of determination(R?),root mean squared error of cross validation(RMSECV),and bias of 0.934,8.84×10^(-5) mg/100 g drymatter and 1.06×10^(-5) mg/100 g dry matter,respectively.This is the first report on the application of NIRS in the evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.This information is veryuseful to the germinated brown rice production factory and consumers.

Rice Germination and Its Impact on Technological and Nutritional Properties:A Review

Grain germination is a process involving numerous factors that influence the biochemical processes inside the plant cells.This review covered the abiotic factors that lead to the germination and significantly impact the nutritional properties and digestion behavior of rice grains.The macro-and micro-nutrients can be changed depending on the intensity of the applied variables during germination.For instance,germination time can increase the protein content in the grain and concurrently reduce its protein digestibility.In most cases,the number of bioactive compounds present in rice grains are increased regardless of germination conditions.Germination can promote the complexation of nutrients and thus negatively interfere with the digestibility of macronutrients.This review highlighted the influence of the germination process on the nutritional quality of rice grains,providing information about the germination conditions and their impacts on the anabolic and catabolic reactions of the grain,emphasizing the health benefits.

Evaluation on Sixty-eight Rice Germplasms in Cold Tolerance at Germination Stage

Sixty-eight rice germplasms were used for cold tolerance evaluation at the germination stage in laboratory. Seeds of rice germplasms germinated at three different temperatures containing low temperature （constant 13°C for 28 days）, alternative temperature （a temperature cycle of 12 h at 20°C and 12 h at 23°C for 14 days） and control （constant 26°C for 7 days）. Analysis of variance revealed that temperature had a significant effect on germination rate, coleoptile length and radicle length. Germination rate was strongly affected by the low temperature and alternative treatments. Stress of low temperature at the germination stage on the tested rice germplasms caused a reduction in final germination rate and the lengths of coleoptile and radicle. The normal and healthy seeds began to germinate within 36 h after imbibition and germination were completed on the 7th day in the control, but delayed under the low and alternative temperature treatments. The low and alternative temperature treatments delayed the growth of coleoptile and radicle compared to the control, and the average lengths of coleoptile and radicule were strongly inhibited with the decreasing temperature in all of the tested germplasms. Taichung, a semi-dwarf, low amylose content and early maturing rice variety, showed a significantly higher germination rate at the three temperature treatments and its coleoptile length was significantly higher than other germplasms.

Effect of Seed Soaking with Exogenous Proline on Seed Germination of Rice Under Salt Stress

To explore the germination mechanism of salt-stressed rice improved by exogenous proline, and provide a theoretical basis to rice direct sowing technology for salinized soil, the effects of soaking with proline on germination status, amylase activity and isoenzyme were studied in this paper. The results showed that germination status including germination energy（GE）, germination rate（GR）, relative germination energy（RGE） and relative germination rate（RGR） significantly decreased as the same as the activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and the total amylase under salt stress. Soaking with exogenous proline improved the germination status of rice under salt stress. Moreover, GE and RGE of salt-stressed rice were improved with increasing of proline concentration at the range of 5-45 mmol ·L-1. Soaking with 15 mmol ·L-1 and 30 mmol ·L-1 proline significantly improved the amylase activities（e.g. alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and total amylase） of rice under salt stress. Salt stress inhibited the express of beta-amylase isoenzyme temporarily, but had few impacts on alpha-amylase isozyme. Soaking with 30 mmol ·L-1 proline brightened District I and increased the width of ＇i＇ brand in District II of alpha-amylase isoenzyme, but had few impacts on beta-amylase isoenzyme. In a word, soaking with proline could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of salt stress on seed germination.

Chemicsi stimulation nd control of barsyardgrass seed germination in rice

This experiment was conducted during1989-1990 at the Experiment Station of CNRRI.Each pot contained 3 kg soil of silt loam with pH6.2 and 3.7% Organic matter.Chemical treatmentsand rates are shown in Table.The experiment wasdesigned in a randomized complete block witheight replications.Barnyardgrass(BYG)[Echinochloa crus-galli(L.)Beauv]seeds for thetreatment were conccted from a late season ricefield near the station in Oct 1989.Two hundred

Discrete element simulation of the grain mixing law in brown rice germination device

The discrete element method(DEM)was used in this study to numerically simulate the mixing process and motion law of particles in brown rice germination device.And the reliability of simulation experiments was verified through physical experiments.In the discrete element simulation experiment,there were three mixing stages in the mixing process of the particles.The particle motion conditions at different rotational speeds were rolling,cascading,cataracting and centrifuging.The lower the filling degree,the higher the particle mixing efficiency.The radial trajectory of the particles was approximated as an elliptical helix that continuously shrank towards the axis.The research results indicated that under the same speed and filling conditions,the motion of brown rice particles in both the simulated and physical test environments is rolling and the drop height is the same.

Effects of germination and aeration treatment following segmented moisture conditioning on theγ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in germinated brown rice

Brown rice was treated by segmented moisture conditioning to reach the suitable water content and aerated with air for germination.The effects of germination and aeration treatment on theγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)content in germinated brown rice were studied.The results showed that the germination rate,glutamic acid,glutamate decarboxylase activity and GABA content in germinated brown rice increased significantly and then decreased with the increase of germination and aeration treatment parameters.Correlation analysis also revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between GABA accumulation and glutamic acid content,glutamate decarboxylase activity.These results suggested that the aeration treatment during germination following segmented moisture conditioning could contribute to a high GABA content of germinated brown rice.

Nondestructive determination of GABA in germinated brown rice with near infrared spectroscopy based on wavelet transform denoising

The objective of this study was to analyze the content ofγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in germinated brown rice(GBR)by using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and the pretreatment method of wavelet de-noising(WD).The prediction accuracy of the NIRS model established by the Daubechies5 wavelet basis function at 3 level denoising treatment is the highest,the correlation coefficient for calibration(rc)is 0.931,the root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC)is 0.4038 mg/100 g,the Bias of calibration is 0.006,the correlation coefficient for prediction(rp)is 0.916,the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)is 0.4329 mg/100 g,the Bias of prediction is 0.010,and the ratio of performance to deviation(RPD)is 4.911.Results showed that the predicted and actual values had high correlation.Therefore,these results indicate that the NIRS model treated by WD is feasible to detect GABA content in GBR rapidly and nondestructively.

Symbiotic and adverse interplay of hypogeal germination periods on brownrice (Oryza sativa): nutrient and nonnutrient characteristics

This study investigated the symbiotic and adverse consequence of hypogeal germination periods on nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics of brown rice(Oryza sativa).Brown rice paddy was subjected to hypogeal germination for 0–72 h using one-factor design-response surface methodology(OFD-RSM)and evaluated for nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics.The results showed that hypogeal germination caused a significant(p<0.05)change in the proximate composition:protein(9.42–12.36%),fat(0.88–1.38%),ash(1.87–2.50%);anti-nutrients:saponin(2.03–2.22%),oxalate(2.44–3.45 mg/100 g),phytate(6.99–8.81 mg/100 g);functional properties:water absorption capacity,WAC(121.23–147.78%),oil absorption capacity,OAC(121.39–147.26%);antioxidants properties:2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH(35.30–43.60%),ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP(0.054–0.119 mMolFe^(2+)),metal chelating activity,MCA(44.28–52.99%),total phenolic content,TPC(0.623–0.798 mg gallic acid equipvalent per gram(mgGAE/g)),total flavonoid content,TFC(43.47–50.63 mg rutin equivalent per gram(mgRUTIN/g));and mineral content:calcium(36.0–41.76 mg/100 g),phosphorus(82.53–94.32 mg/100 g),and magnesium(162.70–168.36 mg/100 g).Germination had significant symbiotic effects(linear and quadratic)on the proximate,DPPH,FRAP,MCA,TPC,WAC,OAC,and anti-nutrients.Whereas,adverse effects(linear and quadratic)of germination were noted in total flavonoids and anti-nutrients.Optimum hypogeal germination period of 72.18 h was established and corresponding protein(12.37 g/100 g),fat(1.37 g/100 g),fibre(2.15 g/100 g),moisture(10.07 g/100 g),DPPH(43.66%),FRAP(0.105mMolFe^(2+)),TPC(0.08mgGAE/g),TFC(50.25MgRUTIN/g),WAC(147.99%),OAC(147.29%),Calcium(41.77 mg/100 g),iron(0.207 mg/100 g),zinc(5.89 mg/100 g),phosphorus(94.77 mg/100 g).Phenolic compounds profile of the optimized germinated brown rice showed the presence of gallic acid(2.84 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(3.41 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.63 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.19 mg/100 g),catechin(3.88 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.93 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.16 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.27 mg/100 g)whereas,the non-germinated rice showed gallic acid(2.05 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(2.53 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.11 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.08 mg/100 g),catechin(3.35 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.89 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.23 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.29 mg/100 g).Hypogeal germinated brown rice could find application as a functional ingredient in food formulation.