Physiological Responses of Pea Plants to Salinity and Gibberellic Acid

Pea is a seed legume.It is rich in cellulose fibre and protein.It is also a significant source of minerals and vitamins.In this paper,we set out to better characterize the physiological responses of Pisum sativum L.to the combined effects of NaCl,100 mM and gibberellins(GA3).Our analysis revealed that NaCl caused a decrease in growth resulting in a reduction in root elongation,distribution and density,leaf number and leaf area,and a decrease in dry matter of roots and shoots.However,the contribution of GA3 in the salty environment induced an increase in these different parameters suggesting an improving effect of this hormone on growth of pea in presence of salt.NaCl also led to a disturbance of the photosynthetic machinery.Indeed,level of chlorophyll pigments(a and total)and photosynthetic activity were decreased compared to the control plants.However,the exogenous supply of GA3 restored this decrease in net CO_(2) assimilation,but not in chlorophyll content.Additional analyses were performed on the effect of salinity/GA3 interaction on osmolytes(soluble sugars and starch).Our results showed an increase in sugars and a decrease in starch in the presence of 100 mM NaCl.The salt-GA3 combination resulted in compensation of soluble sugar contents but not of starch contents,suggesting a beneficial effect of GA3 under saline stress conditions.Level of three main polyamines putrescine,spermidine,and spermine increased significantly in all organs of salt-treated plants.

Response of axillary bud development in garlic(Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid(GA3) solution

Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting;seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L^-1 GA3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g^-1 fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g^-1 FW, 237.3 mg g^-1 FW, and 8.24 mg g^-1 FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g^-1 FW, 32.96 ng g^-1 FW, 263.6 mg g^-1 FW, and 10.37 mg g^-1 FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.

Sweet Cherry (<i>Prunus avium</i>L.) Fruit Drop Reduction by Plant Growth Regulators (Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA and Gibberellic Acid GA₃)

This study was conducted during 2019/2020 on sweet cherry trees (Prunus Avium L.) (Bing and Hardy Giant) cultivar planted at Sergaya-Al_Zabadani area of Rural Damascus, to reduce fruit drop of sweet cherry. The experiment included 4 foliar applications: T1: control, T2: GA3 (100 ppm), T3: NAA (20 ppm), T4: (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA). Fruit set and fruit drop percentage, fruiting factor, and yield were recorded. The results showed that treatment with (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA) recorded higher fruit set percentage (73.81% and 75.62%), and fruiting factor (48.38% and 50.04%) respectively; In addition to fruit yield (40.19 and 41.21 kg/tree) for both cultivars, compared to the control (9.13, 6.60 kg/tree). Therefore, it can be concluded that GA3 + NAA treatment reduced Sweet cherry fruit drop better than other treatments, where fruit drop percentage didn’t exceed (63.11% and 62.01%) in both cultivars (Bing and Hardy Giant) respectively, compared to the control (80.92% and 80.64%).

Effect of Pre-Harvest Application of Gibberellic Acid on Fruit Quality and Shelf Life of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a promising fruit crop gaining popularity for its human nutrition and economic importance in Nepal. The qualitative losses during pre-harvest stage hinder the productivity and subsequently shorten the on-tree storability. An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid on quality and shelf life of the mandarin fruit. GA3 at 10, 20, and 30 ppm as against of control were evaluated. Observations on fruit weight (g), fruit firmness (kg/cm2), rind colour (1 - 5 index), juice recovery (%), TSS/acid ratio, PLW (%), decay loss (%), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml) were recorded at three harvesting dates i.e. 20 Nov, 5 Dec, and 20 Dec and storage condition. It has been revealed that the fruits treated with GA3 at 20 ppm retained higher fruit weight (128.6 g), more firmness (3.54 kg/cm2), better juice recovery (57.75%), and greater TSS/acid ratio (21.24) at the end of study (20 December). The PLW was found less with GA3 at 30 ppm in both ambient (5.17%) and cellar (6.69%) condition as against untreated fruits (9.52% and 11.76%). Similarly, the decay loss was minimum in the fruits treated with GA3 at 30 ppm both with ambient (1.02%) and cellar condition (8.21%) as against control with ambient (5.54%) and cellar (21.58%).

Performance of chick pea under the influence of gibberellic acid and oxygenated peptone during germination

The experiments were carried out at the Post Graduate Research Center, to study the influence of Gibberellic Acid (50 ppm) and Oxygenated Peptone (1% aqueous solution) on chick pea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Vijay) during germination by giving pre-sowing soaking treatment for 6 hours using petriplate method. Both the treatments enhanced the germination process. GA treatment was useful to increase shoot length, mobilization efficiency, emergence index, speed of germination and co-efficient of germination while oxygenated peptone showed an upper hand in root length, shoot/root ratio, biomass and vigour index. GA led to comparatively more synthesis of nucleic acids while oxygenated peptone showed more increase in total carbohydrates and soluble protein content. However, the activity of enzymes like amylase, catalase and protease showed upper hand with oxygenated peptone as compared to GA. In fact GA is costlier and can not be used in organic farming as it enters metabolic pathways of plant and alters them. Hence the use of oxygenated peptone is recommended being less expensive and usable under organic farming condition as it does not enter the plant metabolic pathways and yet brings about significant positive effect.

外源GA对夏黑葡萄果梗代谢的影响

利用赤霉素(GA)蘸穗处理葡萄是促进果实膨大的重要途径,研究葡萄膨大期间,外源GA诱导的葡萄果穗花梗器官代谢生理变化,可为科学解释GA处理后花梗与果实的协同发育机制提供依据。以夏黑葡萄为材料,在葡萄盛花期(FFS)分别用15、0 mg/L GA蘸穗处理果实,在处理后的第7天(FFS15-1、FFS0-1)、第20天(FFS15-2、FFS0-2)采样2次;于果实膨大期(FES)在前期的处理基础上再用25 mg/L GA进行第2次处理,并于处理后第7天采样(FES25),采用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)检测、鉴定、筛选、注释差异代谢物(SDM)和被富集的代谢途径(MPSE)。结果表明,FFS15-1与FFS0-1相比,出现54种差异代谢物,且上调的SDMs有31种,多具有抗氧化活性,其中,4-coumaric acid参与Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis途径,可加剧木质素的积累;下调的SDMs有23种,主要为氨基酸类,且参与aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis途径,有利于氮素转运。FFS15-2与FFS0-2相比,上调的SDMs有42种,多与氮素转运、转化有关,表明该时期葡萄对氮素需求强烈。FES25与FFS0-2相比,出现33种SDMs,其中,Indole-3-acrylic acid、Indole-4-carboxaldehyde显著上调,主要起生长调节作用,可能是外源GA处理花梗后的核心代谢产物,直接促进果实膨大和坐果;而FES25与FFS15-2相比,仅产生9个SDM,表明二者间的代谢特征相似,但Trigonelline和(15Z)-9,12,13-Trihydroxy-15-octadecenoic acid显著下调,可缩短细胞周期,加速花梗细胞分裂促进生长。葡萄开花后期至膨大初期,用GA蘸穗处理后,果粒迅速膨大,代谢物Indole-3-acrylic acid、Indole-4-carboxaldehyde运输至果实后有助于提高坐果率,代谢物Trigonelline和(15Z)-9,12,13-Trihydroxy-15-octadecenoic acid显著下调可加速器官发育,这与此期果实膨大需求相一致。

Effects of gibberellic acid on tiller-bulb number and growth performance of Lilium davidii var. unicolor

Lilium davidii var.unicolor(Lanzhou lily)is an important economic crop in the northwest cold and arid regions of China.Effective regulation of tiller-bulb development and plant growth is the key to improving yield and quality of the lily.This study attempted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid(GA3)on tiller-bulb development and plant growth of Lanzhou lily by applying GA3 at various concentrations(0 mg/L,10 mg/L,30 mg/L,60 mg/L,and 100 mg/L)before planting and in the seedling period.Results showed that the 60-mg/L GA3 application had an inhibiting effect on tiller-bulb formation and increased the ratios of single and double bulbs but decreased the ratios of bulbs with three or more tiller bulbs,as com pared to the control(CK)and other GA3 treatments.The difference in flower number did not reach significant levels among the treatments.The tillering-related endogenous hormones IAA(indole-3-acetic acid)and Z(zeatin)content de creased,while IAA/Z increased with the 60-mg/L GA3 treatment during tiller initiation.And also,the shoot-bulb number and total daughter-bulb number decreased significantly with the 60-mg/L GA3 treatment.Furthermore,the 10-mg/L GA3 application promoted growth of Lanzhou lily significantly and resulted in an increase in plant height;bulb diameter;bulb circumference;and biomass of shoots,bulbs,fibrous roots,and the whole plant.Therefore,GA3 application is promising as a new regulation method for inhibiting tiller-bulb development and promoting bulb growth in Lanzhou lily production.

Effect of Dominant Semi-Dwarf Gene on Plant Height and Its Related Traits and Sensitivity to Gibberellic Acid in Rice

Six pairs of tall and dwarf near-isogenic lines derived from a dominant semi-dwarf mutant （Y98149） were selected to study height expression and sensitivity to gibberellic acid （GA3）. The lengths of the 4-5th internode, the 3rd, 2nd, 1st internodes from the top and the panicle length in the six dwarf near isogenic lines were 97.2%, 53.3%, 65.1%, 61.9% and 94.7% of those in the six tall ones, respectively, indicating that the dominant semi-dwarfing gene significantly inhibited the internode elongation. Moreover, Y98149 （mutant type） was more sensitive to GA3 than Y98148 （wild type）, and had a lower GA3 concentration in plant, about 78% of Y98148.

基于GA-BP神经网络的鲅鱼鲜味肽美拉德反应增鲜研究

【目的】建立遗传算法(GA)与多层前馈神经网络算法(BP神经网络)预测模型,优化鲅鱼副产物鲜味肽美拉德反应过程中的关键参数,为研制鲅鱼调味品及促进鲅鱼资源的绿色加工利用提供参考依据。【方法】以鲅鱼副产物为原料,加入适量D-木糖进行美拉德反应增鲜,采用单因素试验分别考察D-木糖质量浓度、初始pH、反应时间和反应温度对反应产物褐变值(A420 nm)、最终pH和感官评分的影响;在此基础上,建立以D-木糖质量浓度、初始pH、反应温度和反应时间为输入层,以产物的感官评分为输出层的BP神经网络,并利用GA进行寻优;通过氨基酸分析,对比美拉德反应前后氨基酸变化,分析鲜味的变化情况。【结果】单因素试验结果显示,当D-木糖质量浓度为40 g/L、初始pH为6.0、反应时间为90 min、反应温度为120℃时,鲅鱼副产物鲜味肽A420 nm、最终pH和感官评分达最佳。使用69组样本对GA-BP神经网络模型进行7次迭代后,均方误差(MSE)达最小值0.005287,样本相关系数(R)最大值为0.98317,得到准确度最优的拟合模型;使用18组样本对模型进行验证分析后发现,18组样本的R=0.98787,表明建立的GA-BP神经网络模型可很好地预测不同工艺参数下美拉德反应结果;使用该模型得到最佳工艺条件:D-木糖质量浓度36 g/L、初始pH 5.4、反应时间70 min、反应温度119℃,在此条件下,鲜味肽的感官评分为9.58分,与预测值(9.62分)接近。鲅鱼副产物鲜味肽的水解氨基酸经美拉德反应后,鲜味氨基酸含量增加,特别是谷氨酸含量从56.21 mg/g增至70.39 mg/g,提高25.23%;甜味氨基酸含量从103.98 mg/g增至155.64 mg/g,提高49.68%;而游离氨基酸在美拉德反应后大部分降低,损失率为27.76%。【结论】基于GA-BP神经网络模型优化的美拉德反应增鲜工艺,可明显提升鲅鱼副产物鲜味肽的鲜味特征。

Influence of Bioregulator Gibberellic Acid on Some Technological Characteristics of Cluster and Berry from Some Seedless Grape Varieties

Solutions of gibberellic acid prepared at three concentration levels including 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, were applied at two seedless grape varieties, Thompson and Belgrade, by spraying, during the three different periods of the vine growing： before blooming, after blooming and before veraison, in order to study their influence on some cultural technological characteristics. Dimension and shape of the cluster and berry, mechanical characteristics of the berries and chemical content of the must （sugar and total acids） has been also investigated. It was noticed that the concentration of gibberellic acid had influence on the technological characteristics of the berries in all grape growing periods tested. The addition of gibberellic acid at concentration of 20 mg/L increased the weight of the cluster and berry, and increased the transportability of the berries belonging to the two seedless varieties.

Molecular Similarity between Gibberellic Acid and Gliotoxin： Unravelling the Mechanism of Action for Plant Growth Promotion by Trichoderma harzianum

Besides control of the fungal plant pathogens, another interesting aspect observed when plants are treated with Trichoderma harzianum include effects such as complete and even stand of plants, improved seed germination, increases in plant height and overall enhanced plant growth. No research has yet been conducted to elucidate the mechanism by which these effects occur. Improved seed germination, in particular, suggest that Trichoderma harzianum produces a metabolite that may mimic the plant growth hormone gibberellic acid. The metabolite gliotoxin, produced by Trichoderma harzianum appear to be structurally most similar to gibberellic acid. In this study, common pharmacophore generation and molecular ligand docking simulations were used to evaluate the molecular similarity between gibberellic acid, specifically GA3, and gliotoxin. For the common pharmacophore evaluation, the structure of various gibberellic acids were used to construct a pharmacophore space to which gliotoxin was aligned, and during the molecular docking simulations the gibberellic acid receptor, GID1, served as ligand target for GA3 and gliotoxin. During the common pharmacophore evaluation, gliotoxin was successfully aligned to the common pharmacophore model constructed from various gibberellic acids. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations of gliotoxin and GA3 into the gibberellic acid receptor （GIDI） yielded docking scores of-10.78 kcal/mol for the GA3 molecule from Corina and a docking score of-10.17 kcal/mol for glioto^in. The docking scores suggest that gliotoxin may be able to competitively occupy the receptor space for gibberellic acid, and as such elicit the similar physiological responses observed in literature.

6-BA Gibberellic Acid 3.6% Liquid HPLC Analysis Method Research

本文采用高效液相色谱法，以甲醇＋甲酸水溶液为流动相，使用ODSC18、51μm为填料的不锈钢柱和二极管阵列检测器。在210nm波长下对赤霉酸·6-BA进行分离和定量分析。结果表明，该分析方法的线性相关系数赤霉酸为O．9999；6-BA为0．998；标准偏差赤霉酸为0．01；6-BA为0．02；变异系数赤霉酸为0．46％；6-BA为0．30％；赤霉酸平均回收率为97．7％；6-BA平均回收率为98．7％。

Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in maintaining primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds

Primary dormancy of seeds of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.)after dispersal in the autumn and the induction of secondary dormancy the fi rst summer following seed dispersal limit the regeneration of mixed broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China.This study was to determine how changes in the levels of abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellic acid(GA)maintain primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds under germination conditions.We transferred seeds with one of fi ve primary dormancy states or three secondary dormancy states to germination conditions and measured changes in the levels of ABA,GA 1+3(GA 1 and GA 3)and GA 4+7(GA 4 and GA 7)in the seed coat,megagametophyte and embryo during incubation.Seed coat ABA levels in primary dormant seeds(PDS)and ABA levels in various parts of secondary dormant seeds(SDS)gradually declined during incubation but were still higher than in seeds for which dormancy was progressively released.GA 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in embryos greatly decreased 35%and 24%,respectively,during incubation of SDS,and thus,the ratio of ABA to GA 4+7 in embryos and megagametophytes signifi cantly increased.The ratio of ABA to GA 1+3 in various parts of SDS increased slightly during incubation.In contrast,in seeds for which secondary dormancy was already released,GA 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in the embryo,GA 4+7/ABA ratio in the embryo and seed coat,and the GA 1+3/ABA in the embryo and megagametophyte signifi cantly increased during incubation.There was no trend in the changes in the levels of ABA,GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in embryos and megagametophytes of PDS or the levels of GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in megagametophytes of SDS during incubation.The results suggest that high ABA levels in the seed coat maintain primary dormancy of Korean pine seeds.Maintenance of secondary dormancy involves a reduction of GA 4+7,GA 1+3,GA 4+7/ABA,and GA 1+3/ABA and the retention of high ABA levels.

外源GA_(3)对水分胁迫下川黄柏抗性的影响

【目的】为实际栽培中利用外源激素提高川黄柏苗期成活率提供参考。【方法】以1年生川黄柏幼苗为试材,在自然渍水及干旱胁迫下,采用不同浓度的外源GA_(3)进行不同周期的喷施处理,测定分析各处理下川黄柏幼苗渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量和膜脂过氧化产物含量等生理指标的变化特征。【结果】在渍水胁迫下,外源喷施GA_(3)溶液提高了川黄柏可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,增加了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,且与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量总体呈增加趋势,但与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。复水后0~2 d,干旱胁迫下的对照组及GA_(3)处理组(200 mg/L,喷施间隔30 d)植株各生理指标均逐步恢复正常,受间断降水影响;复水后3~5 d,对照组及GA_(3)处理组植株各生理指标出现反复变化。复水后0~5 d时,与对照组相比,GA_(3)处理提高了植株的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性及GSH含量,并且加快了这些指标的恢复速度,降低了MDA含量。水分胁迫条件下,大多数指标间呈现不显著的相关关系,呈显著或极显著相关的指标间均为正相关关系。干旱和渍水胁迫条件下,激素处理组总体上表现为促进植株生理指标向适应环境的方向改变,短周期喷施高浓度GA_(3)的促进效果较为明显,且喷施周期与喷施浓度有交互效应。【结论】在川黄柏早期栽培中,适当喷施GA_(3)可以提高植株对渍水胁迫和干旱胁迫的适应能力。

Study on the removal of NO_x from simulated flue gas using acidic NaClO_2 solution

The study on the removal of NOx from simulated flue gas has been carded out in a lab-scale bubbling reactor using acidic solutions of sodium chlorite. Experiments were performed at various pH values and inlet NO concentrations in the absence or presence of SO2 gas at 45℃. The effect of SO2 on NO oxidation and NO2 absorption was critically examined. The oxidative ability of sodium chlorite was investigated at different pH values and it was found to be a better oxidant at a pH less than 4. In acidic medium, sodium chlorite decomposed into C102 gas, which is believed to participate in NO oxidation as well as in NO2 absorption. A plausible NOx removal mechanism using acidic sodium chlorite solution has been postulated. A maximum NOx removal efficiency of about 81% has been achieved.

A ca. 2.2Ga Acidic Magmatic Event at the Northern Margin of the Yangtze Craton: Evidence from U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotope Analysis of Zircons from the Kongling Complex

Objective The Yangtze craton collisional orogeny at ca. extensional events at ca. 1 experienced Paleoproterozoic 1.95-2.0 Ga and post-orogenic 85 Ga related to amalgamation of the Columbia （Nuna） supercontinent （Zhao and Cawood, 2012）. A ca. 2.15 Ga suprasubduction zone ophiolitic melange was recongized in the Archean- Paleoproterozoic Kongling Complex of the northern Yangtze craton （Han et al., 2017）. However, the tectonic evolution in early Paleoproterozoic from 2.4 Ga to 2.2 Ga remains unclear. We report here the presence of a suite of Paleoproterozoic （2.2 Ga） granites in the Huangling dome, northern Yangtze craton, which may provide important insights into crustal growth processes in the craton prior to the assembly of Columbia.

Analyzing solubility of acid gas and light alkanes in triethylene glycol

Physical solvents such as ethylene glycol （EG）, diethylene glycol （DEG）, and triethylene glycol （TEG） are commonly used in wet gas dehydration processes with TEG being the most popular due to ease of regeneration and low solvent losses. Unfortunately, TEG absorbs significantly more hydrocarbons and acid gases than EG or DEG. Quantifying this amount of absorption is therefore critical in order to minimize hydrocarbon losses or to optimize hydrocarbon recovery depending on the objective of the process. In this article, a new correlation that fully covers the operating ranges of TEG dehydration units is developed in order to determine the solubility of light alkanes and acid gases in TEG solvent. The influence of several parameters on hydrocarbon and acid gas solubility including temperature, pressure, and solvent content is also examined.

Gas Chromatography Analysis of Resin and Fatty Acids from Laboratory Generated Bleach Plant Effluents

Laboratory generated spent bleached liquor from the chlorination, caustic extraction stage of mixed wood kraft pulp processing has been analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively for various resin & fatty acids by using GC. A number of resin acids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, chloro fatty and resin acid have been detected and their concentrations are estimated. The results are compared with results on different agriculture residue/hardwood pulps, which were reported earlier. The concentrations of various compounds detected have also been compared with their reported LC50 values.

Adsorption of Naphthenic Acids from Dewaxed Vacuum Gas Oil by Activated Clay: Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies

This work was mainly concentrated on the removal of naphthenic acids(NAs) from dewaxed vacuum gas oil(VGO) by adsorption using a commercial grade activated clay(AC) adsorption during lube base oil refining. The NAs in dewaxed VGO cut-4 were identified by negative-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(ESI FT-ICR MS). The AC sample from a refinery was characterized by XRD, BET, TG/DTA, and SEM. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the performance of NAs adsorption by AC using a batch adsorption technique, in which some key experimental parameters such as temperature, contact time, initial concentration of NA in oil sample as well as the dosage of adsorbent were investigated. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) adsorption models. The pseudo-first order, the pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion models were employed to describe the kinetics data. The results revealed that the D-R isotherm provided a better fit to the experimental data than other isotherms, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-first order kinetic equation. The thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption process was feasible and spontaneous as an endothermic process. The results could provide a clear understanding of the NAs adsorption by AC during lube base oil processing at refineries.

A comparison of methods used to determine the oleic/linoleic acid ratio in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

There is an increasing demand in the peanut industry for high oleic peanuts and also for the incorporation of the high oleate trait into newly released varieties. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Results from capillary electrophoresis (CE), two variations of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) genotyping, were compared with the traditionally accepted reference standard results from gas chromatography (GC). Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes and all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested by each method. Percent accuracy levels for rating individual seed as high oleic (H) ranged from 97.4% (NIRS) to 99.5% (CE). All of the methods examined in this study carry only a minor risk for miss-classification (loss of material) and are suitable for use by peanut breeding programs in early generation breeding line screening.