Background Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and alleviation of metabolic disorders,including obesity,diabetes and fatty liver disease.However,the role of GBE in alleviating fatt...Background Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and alleviation of metabolic disorders,including obesity,diabetes and fatty liver disease.However,the role of GBE in alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS)in laying hens and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,we investigated the effects of GBE on relieving FLHS with an emphasis on the modulatory role of GBE in chicken gut microbiota.Results The results showed that GBE treatment ameliorated biochemical blood indicators in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced FLHS laying hen model by decreasing the levels of TG,TC,ALT and ALP.The lipid accumulation and pathological score of liver were also relieved after GBE treatment.Moreover,GBE treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity of liver and serum by increasing GSH,SOD,T-AOC,GSH-PX and reducing MDA,and downregulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis(FAS,LXRα,GPAT1,PPARγand Ch REBP1)and inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,TLR4 and NF-κB)in the liver.Microbial profiling analysis revealed that GBE treatment reshaped the HFD-perturbed gut microbiota,particularly elevated the abundance of Megasphaera in the cecum.Meanwhile,targeted metabolomic analysis of SCFAs revealed that GBE treatment significantly promoted the production of total SCFAs,acetate and propionate,which were positively correlated with the GBE-enriched gut microbiota.Finally,we confirmed that the GBE-altered gut microbiota was sufficient to alleviate FLHS by fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT).Conclusions We provided evidence that GBE alleviated FLHS in HFD-induced laying hens through reshaping the composition of gut microbiota.Our findings shed light on mechanism underlying the anti-FLHS efficacy of GBE and lay foundations for future use of GBE as additive to prevent and control FLHS in laying hen industry.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills combined with butylphthalide capsules on cognitive dysfunction in patients after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its impact on s...Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills combined with butylphthalide capsules on cognitive dysfunction in patients after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its impact on serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy. Methods: This study selected 76 patients with cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke who were hospitalized at Zhuji People’s Hospital from January 2023 to January 2024. The patients were divided into two groups. The control group was treated with butylphthalide capsules, while the combination group received Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills in addition to the treatment given to the control group. The neurological function, cognitive function, activities of daily living, and levels of serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy were compared between the two groups after 1 month and 3 months of treatment. Results: The NIHSS scores, MMSE scores, ADL scores, and levels of CRP, IL-6, and Hcy in both groups showed statistically significant differences compared to before treatment (P Conclusion: The combination of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills and butylphthalide capsules has a better therapeutic effect on cognitive dysfunction in patients after ischemic stroke. It can improve the neurological function and cognitive function of patients, enhance their ability to perform daily activities, and reduce inflammatory responses.展开更多
Background:Ginkgo flavone aglycones(GA),a Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)extract,has been proven to have good biological activity in atherosclerosis(AS)treatment.Moreover,its active compounds and the corresponding mechanism for...Background:Ginkgo flavone aglycones(GA),a Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)extract,has been proven to have good biological activity in atherosclerosis(AS)treatment.Moreover,its active compounds and the corresponding mechanism for the treatment of AS remain unclear.Methods:To evaluate and identify the potential pharmacological mechanisms of GA in AS treatment,the program Cytoscape was used to generate network mappings of the GA-AS-potential target gene.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to further investigate the potential mechanism of AS and the pharmacological properties of GA.A molecular docking approach was utilized to determine the GA components that interact with Akt.In vitro experiments were carried out to identify the anti-atherosclerotic effects of GA by targeting Akt.Results:Network pharmacological research determined that the active components of GA(quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin)correlated with AS target genes such as AKT1,EGFR,SRC,ESR1,PTGS2,MMP9,KDR,GSK3B,APP,and MMP2,respectively.GO enrichment and KEGG analysis showed that PI3K-Akt signaling may play an important role in GA treatment.Molecular docking experiments indicated that quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin integrate into the binding pockets of the most potentially beneficial GA-AS target protein(Akt).Consequently,cell experiments were conducted to support the anti-atherosclerotic activity of GA on AS by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT1 and its downstream signaling molecules,which regulated the proliferation of HASMCs.Conclusion:Our results detailed GA's active ingredients,potential targets,and molecular basis against AS.GA may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by suppressing Akt phosphorylation and inhibiting the proliferation of HASMCs.It also proposed a viable approach to determining the scientific foundation and therapeutic mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine extracts in disease therapy.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional medication in the treatment of cerebral infarction by systematic evaluation.Methods:Searched the randomized controlled ...Objective:To analyze the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional medication in the treatment of cerebral infarction by systematic evaluation.Methods:Searched the randomized controlled trials of Ginkgo biloba tincture in treating cerebral infarction.English literatures were searched from PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library and Web of Science,and Chinese literatures were searched from Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP)and Wanfang Medical Database.At the same time,we searched dissertations,conference papers,and found relevant unpublished research results reports.Literature quality was evaluated using a"bias risk assessment tool"and Meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software(from the Cochrane Collaboration).A total of 29 literatures were retrieved,and finally 4 literatures meeting the standards were included.There were 455 samples involved,including 244 cases in the experimental group and 211 cases in the control group.Results:①Effectiveness analysis:The total effective rate of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine treatment was better than that of the control group[RR=1.26,95%CI(1.07,1.47),P=0.005].The hematocrit of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment was significantly better than that of conventional treatment alone(P<0.05),The neurological deficits of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine therapy was significantly improved(P<0.05).After Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional therapy,the scores of mini-mental state examination(MMSE),activity daily living scale(ADL)and MOSSF-36 quality of life scale were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05).②Safety analysis:3 articles reported the safety of medication.There was no obvious change in blood routine,liver and kidney function results and no adverse reactions in the experimental group and the control group.Conclusion:The above results indicated that Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment can improve the total effective rate of patients with cerebral infarction,and it is safe and has no adverse reactions.However,the number of literatures included in this study is small,and the quality of controlled trials is not good.It is still necessary to adopt clinical controlled trials with reasonable design,outcome indicators in line with international social norms and large sample content to further improve the evidence level of clinical research.展开更多
Gingko biloba accumulates high levels of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical value.Ginkgo calli develop a typical browning that reduces its regenerative capacity and thus its usefulness.To elucidate the browning m...Gingko biloba accumulates high levels of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical value.Ginkgo calli develop a typical browning that reduces its regenerative capacity and thus its usefulness.To elucidate the browning mechanism,histological,transcriptomic,and metabolic alterations were compared between green and browning calli derived from immature ginkgo embryos.Histological observations revealed that browning calli had a more loosely arranged cell structure and accumulated more tannins than in green calli.Integrated metabolic and transcriptomic analyses showed that phenylpropanoid metabolism was specifi-cally activated in the browning calli,and 428 diff erentially expressed genes and 63 diff erentially abundant metabolites,including 12 fl avonoid compounds,were identifi ed in the browning calli compared to the green calli.Moreover,the expression of fl avonol synthase(FLS)and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase(UGT)genes involved in the fl avonoid pathway was more than tenfold higher in browning calli than in green calli,thus promoting biosynthesis of fl avonol,which serves as a substrate to form glycosylated fl avonoids.Flavonoid glycosides constituted the major coloring component of the browning calli and may act in response to multiple stress conditions to delay cell death caused by browning.Our results revealed the cellular and biochemical changes in browning callus cells that accompanied changes in expression of browning-related genes,providing a scientifi c basis for improving ginkgo tissue culturability.展开更多
Stem cell transplantation has brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases.The key to stem cell therapy lies in inducing the specific differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells.Because the different...Stem cell transplantation has brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases.The key to stem cell therapy lies in inducing the specific differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells.Because the differentiation of stem cells in vitro and in vivo is affected by multiple factors,the final differentiation outcome is strongly associated with the microenvironment in which the stem cells are located.Accordingly,the optimal microenvironment for inducing stem cell differentiation is a hot topic.EGb761 is extracted from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree.It is used worldwide and is becoming one of the focuses of stem cell research.Studies have shown that EGb761 can antagonize oxygen free radicals,stabilize cell membranes,promote neurogenesis and synaptogenesis,increase the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factors,and replicate the environment required during the differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells.This offers the possibility of using EGb761 to induce the differentiation of stem cells,facilitating stem cell transplantation.To provide a comprehensive reference for the future application of EGb761 in stem cell therapy,we reviewed studies investigating the influence of EGb761 on stem cells.These started with the composition and neuropharmacology of EGb761,and eventually led to the finding that EGb761 and some of its important components play important roles in the differentiation of stem cells and the protection of a beneficial microenvironment for stem cell transplantation.展开更多
A better theoretical and practical understanding of the linkage between paleo-CO2 and climate during geological history is important to enhance the sustainable development of modern human society. Development in plant...A better theoretical and practical understanding of the linkage between paleo-CO2 and climate during geological history is important to enhance the sustainable development of modern human society. Development in plant physiology since the 1980s has led to the realization that fossil plants can serve as a proxy for paleoatmosphere and paleobiosphere. As a relict gymnosperm with evolutionary stasis, Ginkgo is well suited for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper analyzes fossil Ginkgo species from integrated strata in the north of China using anatomic data of plant physiology. Using stomatal parameters, a trend for the paleo-CO2 level during the Early-Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous was obtained, which is consistent with the estimates by GEOCARB. The trend is also similar to that of Mean Global Surface Temperature in geological time. Compared with three other atmospheric CO2 concentration parameters, the trend of paleo-CO2 level based on the stomatal parameter of the fossil Ginkgo specimens from three contiguous strata is more exact.展开更多
Objective:To discuss the clinical effects of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet(GBT) on patients with vascular cognitive impairment of none dementia(VCIND).Methods: A total of 80 patients with V...Objective:To discuss the clinical effects of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet(GBT) on patients with vascular cognitive impairment of none dementia(VCIND).Methods: A total of 80 patients with VCIND were divided into two groups randomly:Conventional treatment group(control group) and combined treatment group.Conventional treatment group was given conventional treatment with anti-platelet aggregation.In this group,75 mg aspirin was given three times a day for 3 months.While in combined treatment group,19.2 mg CRT was given three times a day for 3 months together with conventional treatment(anti-platelet aggregation drugs). Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA) and transcranial Doppler(TCD) were used to observe changes of cognitive ability and cerebral blood flow in VCIND patients before and after treatment in both groups.Then the clinical data were analyzed so as to compare the efficacy in two groups. Results:After 3 month-treatment in combined treatment group,the scores of executive ability, attention,abstract,delayed memory,orientation in the MoCA were significantly increased compared with those before treatment and those in control group after treatment.Besides,blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery increased significandy than that before treatment and that in control group after treatment.Conclusions:CBT tablet can improve the therapeutic efficacy as well improve cognitive ability and cerebral blood flow supply of patients with VCIND.展开更多
The ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 improves memory loss and cognitive impairments in patients with senile dementia. It also promotes proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone in Parkinson's disease ...The ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 improves memory loss and cognitive impairments in patients with senile dementia. It also promotes proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone in Parkinson's disease model mice and in the hippocampal zone of young epileptic rats. However, it remains unclear whether EGb761 enhances proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in the brain of rats with vascular dementia. In this study, a vascular dementia model was established by repeatedly clipping and reperfusing the bilateral common carotid arteries of rats in combination with an intraperitoneal injection of a sodium nitroprusside solution. Seven days after establishing the model, rats were intragastrically given EGb761 at 50 mg/kg per day. Learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Morris water maze and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus were labeled by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine immunofluorescence in all rats at 15 days, and 1, 2, and 4 months after model establishment. The escape latencies in Morris water maze tests of rats with vascular dementia after EGb761 treatment were significantly shorter than the model group. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the number and proliferation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-positive cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the EGb761-treated group were significantly higher than in the model group. These experimental findings suggest that EGb761 enhances proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus, and significantly improves learning and memory in rats with vascular dementia.展开更多
A new species, Ginkgo huolinhensis sp. nov., with well-preserved cuticle from the Lower Cretaceous, Huolinhe Formation of Huolinhe Coal Field in Inner Mongolia, China, was studied morphologically and anatomically. The...A new species, Ginkgo huolinhensis sp. nov., with well-preserved cuticle from the Lower Cretaceous, Huolinhe Formation of Huolinhe Coal Field in Inner Mongolia, China, was studied morphologically and anatomically. The main characters of the new species are found in the leaves which are deeply dissected with narrow lobes, trichomes developed on both upper and lower epidermal cells, a media papilla developed on the periclinal walls for each cell in upper cuticle, and no trichomes on the cuticle of the petioles. These characters of G. huolinhensis sp. nov. distinguish from the known species of Ginkgo previously reported. This study of the new species is beneficial for the taxonomic research of fossil Ginkgo, and should be helpful for a better understanding the paleoenvironment of Ginkgo living in northeastern China during the Early Cretaceous.展开更多
In order to observe neuronal toxical effect of Levodopa and investigate if using Levodopa together with Ginkgo Bilobar Extract (EGb) would be an workable method to treat Parkinson disease, rat models of Parkinson dise...In order to observe neuronal toxical effect of Levodopa and investigate if using Levodopa together with Ginkgo Bilobar Extract (EGb) would be an workable method to treat Parkinson disease, rat models of Parkinson disease (PD) were made by injecting 6-OHDA stereotaxically to right side of the mesencephic ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rotational behavioral observation, TUNEL, immunocytochemistry, Nissl's body staining were performed to measure the difference between group treated by Levodopa (50 mg/kg every day for 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, L-dopa group) and group treated by Levodopa combined with EGb (100 mg/ kg every day, E-D group). The results showed that in the L-dopa group, the numbers of apoptosis of substantial nigra, rings of rotational behavior were more than those in the E-D group (P<0. 05). The numbers of Nissl's cells in L-dopa group were fewer than in E-D group (P<0. 05). The results suggested that Levodopa had neur toxic effect and EGb may decrease the toxicity of levodopa. The combined use of EGb with Levodopa may be a workable method to treat PD and may be better than using Levodopa alone.展开更多
Glycoprotein from Ginkgo biloba kernel may be allergic. In this paper, the allergic proteins were identified with Western blotting, and the 32 kDa glycoprotein was purified with ion exchange chromatography and gel chr...Glycoprotein from Ginkgo biloba kernel may be allergic. In this paper, the allergic proteins were identified with Western blotting, and the 32 kDa glycoprotein was purified with ion exchange chromatography and gel chromatography. With Western blotting, there were 3 allergic proteins with molecular weight 21, 32, and 36 kDa. With SDS-PAGE analysis and measurements of the protein and sugar contents, the isolation and purification technology of 32 kDa was confirmed. Ginkgo crude protein extract was precipitated with ammonium sulphate (saturation gradient: 40-80%). The precipitate was purified by chromatography with DEAE-cellulose 52, then chromatography with Sephadex G-200 and the target glycoprotein was finally obtained. The analysis results showed the molecule of the glycoprotein was 32.12 kDa and the ratio of protein to sugar was 20.56:1. In conclusion, the purification method could be used in preparation of the glycoprotein, and the study could provide a basis for the further research of the glycoprotein.展开更多
To investigate the effect of elevated 03 on the accumulation of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., four-year- old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient air and the air with twice ...To investigate the effect of elevated 03 on the accumulation of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., four-year- old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient air and the air with twice ambient 03 concentration in Shenyang in 2006. Elevated 03 increased the concentrations of terpenes, but decreased the concentrations of phenolics in G. biloba leaves. The results showed that secondary compounds from G. biloba leaves responded to the elevated 03 exposure in a different way when compared to previous studies which showed elevated 03 increased the concentrations of phenolics but had no effect on the terpenes in leaves of other deciduous trees. Furthermore, reduced synthesis of phenolics may decrease the resistance of G. biloba to 03 and other environmental factors. On the other hand, the induced synthesis of terpenes may enhance the antioxidant abilities in G. biloba leaves at the end of 03 fumigation.展开更多
Standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been used in clinical trials for its beneficial effects on brain func- tions, particularly in dementia. Substantial experimental evidences indicated that Ginkgo biloba leaf ...Standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been used in clinical trials for its beneficial effects on brain func- tions, particularly in dementia. Substantial experimental evidences indicated that Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGB) protected neuronal cells from a variety of insults. We investigated the effect of EGB on cognitive ability and protein kinase B (PKB) activity in hippocampal neuronal cells of dementia model rats. Rats received an intra- peritoneal injection of D-galactose to induce dementia. Forty-eight Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups, including the control group, D-galactose group (Gal), low-dose EGB group (EGB-L), mid-dose EGB group (EGB-M), high-dose EGB group (EGB-H) and treatment group. The EGB-L, EGB-M and EGB-H groups were administered with EGB and D-galactose simultaneously. Y-maze, cresyl violet staining, TUNEL assays and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to detect learning and memory abilities, morpho- logical changes in the hippocampus, neuronal apoptosis and the expressing level of phospho-PKB, respectively. Rats in the Gal group showed decreased abilities of learning and memory, and hippocampal pyramidal cell layer was damaged, while EGB administration improved learning and memory abilities. The Gal group exhibited many stained, condensed nuclei and micronuclei, either isolated or within the cytoplasm of cells (39.5 ± 1.4). Apoptotic cells decreased in the groups of EGB-L (35.9±0.9), EGB-M (16.8± 1.0) and EGB-H (10.1±0.8), and there were statistical significances compared with the Gal group. Immunoreactivity of phospho-PKB was localized diffusely throughout the cytosol of cells in all groups, while the immunoreactivity of the Gal group was weak. EGB signifi- cantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in a dose-dependent manner, while it could decrease the nmber of TUNEL-positive cells, and increase the activity of PKB. Our results demonstrated that EGB attenuated memory impairment and cell apoptosis in galactose-induced dementia model rats by activating PKB.展开更多
Previous studies have demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba against neuronal damage, but have mainly focused on antioxidation of extract of Ginkgo biloba. To date, limited studies have dete...Previous studies have demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba against neuronal damage, but have mainly focused on antioxidation of extract of Ginkgo biloba. To date, limited studies have determined whether extrasct of Ginkgo biloba has a protective effect on neuronal damage. In the present study, acrylamide and 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg extract of Ginkgo biloba were administered for 4 weeks by gavage to establish mouse models. Our results showed that 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg extract of Ginkgo biloba effectively alleviated the abnormal gait of poisoned mice, and up-regulated protein expression levels of doublecortin(DCX), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and growth associated protein-43(GAP-43) in the hippocampus. Simultaneously, DCX-and GAP-43-immunoreactive cells increased. These findings suggest that extract of Ginkgo biloba can mitigate neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide, and thereby promote neuronal regeneration in the hippocampus of acrylamide-treated mice.展开更多
A new method CTAB-silica for DNA extraction and purification from the leaves and buds of Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba was tested. The method is based on the silica-based purification protocol developed by Bo...A new method CTAB-silica for DNA extraction and purification from the leaves and buds of Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba was tested. The method is based on the silica-based purification protocol developed by Boom et al. (1990). By modifying the protocol, plant genome DNA could be extracted easily from dormant buds, mature leaves, and other parts of plant. Our results showed that the purified DNA was of high purity and could be analyzed by PCR. Furthermore, this CTAB-silica method took much less time for a successful DNA purification process compared to the traditional methods (CTAB and SDS). By our method, the suitable DNA can be extracted and purified from over 10 plant samples by one person in an hour.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1304201)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6222032)+2 种基金the Starting Grants Program for Young Talents at China Agricultural Universitythe 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural UniversityChinese Universities Scientific Fund。
文摘Background Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and alleviation of metabolic disorders,including obesity,diabetes and fatty liver disease.However,the role of GBE in alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome(FLHS)in laying hens and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,we investigated the effects of GBE on relieving FLHS with an emphasis on the modulatory role of GBE in chicken gut microbiota.Results The results showed that GBE treatment ameliorated biochemical blood indicators in high-fat diet(HFD)-induced FLHS laying hen model by decreasing the levels of TG,TC,ALT and ALP.The lipid accumulation and pathological score of liver were also relieved after GBE treatment.Moreover,GBE treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity of liver and serum by increasing GSH,SOD,T-AOC,GSH-PX and reducing MDA,and downregulated the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis(FAS,LXRα,GPAT1,PPARγand Ch REBP1)and inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-6,TLR4 and NF-κB)in the liver.Microbial profiling analysis revealed that GBE treatment reshaped the HFD-perturbed gut microbiota,particularly elevated the abundance of Megasphaera in the cecum.Meanwhile,targeted metabolomic analysis of SCFAs revealed that GBE treatment significantly promoted the production of total SCFAs,acetate and propionate,which were positively correlated with the GBE-enriched gut microbiota.Finally,we confirmed that the GBE-altered gut microbiota was sufficient to alleviate FLHS by fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT).Conclusions We provided evidence that GBE alleviated FLHS in HFD-induced laying hens through reshaping the composition of gut microbiota.Our findings shed light on mechanism underlying the anti-FLHS efficacy of GBE and lay foundations for future use of GBE as additive to prevent and control FLHS in laying hen industry.
文摘Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills combined with butylphthalide capsules on cognitive dysfunction in patients after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its impact on serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy. Methods: This study selected 76 patients with cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke who were hospitalized at Zhuji People’s Hospital from January 2023 to January 2024. The patients were divided into two groups. The control group was treated with butylphthalide capsules, while the combination group received Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills in addition to the treatment given to the control group. The neurological function, cognitive function, activities of daily living, and levels of serum cytokines CRP, IL-6, and Hcy were compared between the two groups after 1 month and 3 months of treatment. Results: The NIHSS scores, MMSE scores, ADL scores, and levels of CRP, IL-6, and Hcy in both groups showed statistically significant differences compared to before treatment (P Conclusion: The combination of Ginkgo biloba extract dropping pills and butylphthalide capsules has a better therapeutic effect on cognitive dysfunction in patients after ischemic stroke. It can improve the neurological function and cognitive function of patients, enhance their ability to perform daily activities, and reduce inflammatory responses.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Basic Research Program of Guizhou Province([2023]General 371,[2020]1Y381)the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guizhou Province(QZYY-2018-130)+3 种基金the project of Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education,Zunyi Medicial University(No.qianjiaoheKYzi[2022]395)the Cultivation Plan of the NSFC(National Natural Science Foundation of China)of the affiliated hospital of Guizhou Medical University(GYFYNSFC-2021-55,GYFYNSFC-2021-56)the Cultivation Plan of the NSFC(National Natural Science Foundation of China)of Guizhou Medical University(21NSFCP13)the Science and Technology Foundation of Health Commission of Guizhou Province(gzwkj 2022-221).
文摘Background:Ginkgo flavone aglycones(GA),a Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)extract,has been proven to have good biological activity in atherosclerosis(AS)treatment.Moreover,its active compounds and the corresponding mechanism for the treatment of AS remain unclear.Methods:To evaluate and identify the potential pharmacological mechanisms of GA in AS treatment,the program Cytoscape was used to generate network mappings of the GA-AS-potential target gene.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to further investigate the potential mechanism of AS and the pharmacological properties of GA.A molecular docking approach was utilized to determine the GA components that interact with Akt.In vitro experiments were carried out to identify the anti-atherosclerotic effects of GA by targeting Akt.Results:Network pharmacological research determined that the active components of GA(quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin)correlated with AS target genes such as AKT1,EGFR,SRC,ESR1,PTGS2,MMP9,KDR,GSK3B,APP,and MMP2,respectively.GO enrichment and KEGG analysis showed that PI3K-Akt signaling may play an important role in GA treatment.Molecular docking experiments indicated that quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin integrate into the binding pockets of the most potentially beneficial GA-AS target protein(Akt).Consequently,cell experiments were conducted to support the anti-atherosclerotic activity of GA on AS by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT1 and its downstream signaling molecules,which regulated the proliferation of HASMCs.Conclusion:Our results detailed GA's active ingredients,potential targets,and molecular basis against AS.GA may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by suppressing Akt phosphorylation and inhibiting the proliferation of HASMCs.It also proposed a viable approach to determining the scientific foundation and therapeutic mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine extracts in disease therapy.
基金The 2018 National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology"Research on the Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine"project"Evidence-based evaluation and demonstration study on the mechanism of effects of the treatment of major diseases after the marketing of ten large varieties of proprietary Chinese medicines and classic formulas"(2018YFC1707400)。
文摘Objective:To analyze the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional medication in the treatment of cerebral infarction by systematic evaluation.Methods:Searched the randomized controlled trials of Ginkgo biloba tincture in treating cerebral infarction.English literatures were searched from PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library and Web of Science,and Chinese literatures were searched from Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP)and Wanfang Medical Database.At the same time,we searched dissertations,conference papers,and found relevant unpublished research results reports.Literature quality was evaluated using a"bias risk assessment tool"and Meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software(from the Cochrane Collaboration).A total of 29 literatures were retrieved,and finally 4 literatures meeting the standards were included.There were 455 samples involved,including 244 cases in the experimental group and 211 cases in the control group.Results:①Effectiveness analysis:The total effective rate of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine treatment was better than that of the control group[RR=1.26,95%CI(1.07,1.47),P=0.005].The hematocrit of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment was significantly better than that of conventional treatment alone(P<0.05),The neurological deficits of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine therapy was significantly improved(P<0.05).After Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional therapy,the scores of mini-mental state examination(MMSE),activity daily living scale(ADL)and MOSSF-36 quality of life scale were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05).②Safety analysis:3 articles reported the safety of medication.There was no obvious change in blood routine,liver and kidney function results and no adverse reactions in the experimental group and the control group.Conclusion:The above results indicated that Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment can improve the total effective rate of patients with cerebral infarction,and it is safe and has no adverse reactions.However,the number of literatures included in this study is small,and the quality of controlled trials is not good.It is still necessary to adopt clinical controlled trials with reasonable design,outcome indicators in line with international social norms and large sample content to further improve the evidence level of clinical research.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210611)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M642261)+2 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(2018K197C)the Jiangsu Science and Technology Plan Project(BE2021367)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971689).
文摘Gingko biloba accumulates high levels of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical value.Ginkgo calli develop a typical browning that reduces its regenerative capacity and thus its usefulness.To elucidate the browning mechanism,histological,transcriptomic,and metabolic alterations were compared between green and browning calli derived from immature ginkgo embryos.Histological observations revealed that browning calli had a more loosely arranged cell structure and accumulated more tannins than in green calli.Integrated metabolic and transcriptomic analyses showed that phenylpropanoid metabolism was specifi-cally activated in the browning calli,and 428 diff erentially expressed genes and 63 diff erentially abundant metabolites,including 12 fl avonoid compounds,were identifi ed in the browning calli compared to the green calli.Moreover,the expression of fl avonol synthase(FLS)and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase(UGT)genes involved in the fl avonoid pathway was more than tenfold higher in browning calli than in green calli,thus promoting biosynthesis of fl avonol,which serves as a substrate to form glycosylated fl avonoids.Flavonoid glycosides constituted the major coloring component of the browning calli and may act in response to multiple stress conditions to delay cell death caused by browning.Our results revealed the cellular and biochemical changes in browning callus cells that accompanied changes in expression of browning-related genes,providing a scientifi c basis for improving ginkgo tissue culturability.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81501185(to CR)the Key Research&Development Project of Shandong Province of China,No.2017GSF218043(to CR)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Yantai of China,No.2016WS017(to LNG),2017WS105(to HL)
文摘Stem cell transplantation has brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases.The key to stem cell therapy lies in inducing the specific differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells.Because the differentiation of stem cells in vitro and in vivo is affected by multiple factors,the final differentiation outcome is strongly associated with the microenvironment in which the stem cells are located.Accordingly,the optimal microenvironment for inducing stem cell differentiation is a hot topic.EGb761 is extracted from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree.It is used worldwide and is becoming one of the focuses of stem cell research.Studies have shown that EGb761 can antagonize oxygen free radicals,stabilize cell membranes,promote neurogenesis and synaptogenesis,increase the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factors,and replicate the environment required during the differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells.This offers the possibility of using EGb761 to induce the differentiation of stem cells,facilitating stem cell transplantation.To provide a comprehensive reference for the future application of EGb761 in stem cell therapy,we reviewed studies investigating the influence of EGb761 on stem cells.These started with the composition and neuropharmacology of EGb761,and eventually led to the finding that EGb761 and some of its important components play important roles in the differentiation of stem cells and the protection of a beneficial microenvironment for stem cell transplantation.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2006CB701400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40372012,40772012)the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.063101).
文摘A better theoretical and practical understanding of the linkage between paleo-CO2 and climate during geological history is important to enhance the sustainable development of modern human society. Development in plant physiology since the 1980s has led to the realization that fossil plants can serve as a proxy for paleoatmosphere and paleobiosphere. As a relict gymnosperm with evolutionary stasis, Ginkgo is well suited for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper analyzes fossil Ginkgo species from integrated strata in the north of China using anatomic data of plant physiology. Using stomatal parameters, a trend for the paleo-CO2 level during the Early-Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous was obtained, which is consistent with the estimates by GEOCARB. The trend is also similar to that of Mean Global Surface Temperature in geological time. Compared with three other atmospheric CO2 concentration parameters, the trend of paleo-CO2 level based on the stomatal parameter of the fossil Ginkgo specimens from three contiguous strata is more exact.
基金supported by National 'Eleventh Five-year Plan' Science and Technology Support Project(2006BAI06A15-3)
文摘Objective:To discuss the clinical effects of Western medicine therapy assisted by Ginkgo biloba tablet(GBT) on patients with vascular cognitive impairment of none dementia(VCIND).Methods: A total of 80 patients with VCIND were divided into two groups randomly:Conventional treatment group(control group) and combined treatment group.Conventional treatment group was given conventional treatment with anti-platelet aggregation.In this group,75 mg aspirin was given three times a day for 3 months.While in combined treatment group,19.2 mg CRT was given three times a day for 3 months together with conventional treatment(anti-platelet aggregation drugs). Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA) and transcranial Doppler(TCD) were used to observe changes of cognitive ability and cerebral blood flow in VCIND patients before and after treatment in both groups.Then the clinical data were analyzed so as to compare the efficacy in two groups. Results:After 3 month-treatment in combined treatment group,the scores of executive ability, attention,abstract,delayed memory,orientation in the MoCA were significantly increased compared with those before treatment and those in control group after treatment.Besides,blood flow velocity of anterior cerebral artery increased significandy than that before treatment and that in control group after treatment.Conclusions:CBT tablet can improve the therapeutic efficacy as well improve cognitive ability and cerebral blood flow supply of patients with VCIND.
基金financially sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.Y2008C32Scientific Research Funds of Shandong Provincial Education Ministry,No.J01K09
文摘The ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 improves memory loss and cognitive impairments in patients with senile dementia. It also promotes proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone in Parkinson's disease model mice and in the hippocampal zone of young epileptic rats. However, it remains unclear whether EGb761 enhances proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in the brain of rats with vascular dementia. In this study, a vascular dementia model was established by repeatedly clipping and reperfusing the bilateral common carotid arteries of rats in combination with an intraperitoneal injection of a sodium nitroprusside solution. Seven days after establishing the model, rats were intragastrically given EGb761 at 50 mg/kg per day. Learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Morris water maze and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus were labeled by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine immunofluorescence in all rats at 15 days, and 1, 2, and 4 months after model establishment. The escape latencies in Morris water maze tests of rats with vascular dementia after EGb761 treatment were significantly shorter than the model group. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the number and proliferation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-positive cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the EGb761-treated group were significantly higher than in the model group. These experimental findings suggest that EGb761 enhances proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus, and significantly improves learning and memory in rats with vascular dementia.
基金the Project "111" of China for the financial support
文摘A new species, Ginkgo huolinhensis sp. nov., with well-preserved cuticle from the Lower Cretaceous, Huolinhe Formation of Huolinhe Coal Field in Inner Mongolia, China, was studied morphologically and anatomically. The main characters of the new species are found in the leaves which are deeply dissected with narrow lobes, trichomes developed on both upper and lower epidermal cells, a media papilla developed on the periclinal walls for each cell in upper cuticle, and no trichomes on the cuticle of the petioles. These characters of G. huolinhensis sp. nov. distinguish from the known species of Ginkgo previously reported. This study of the new species is beneficial for the taxonomic research of fossil Ginkgo, and should be helpful for a better understanding the paleoenvironment of Ginkgo living in northeastern China during the Early Cretaceous.
基金This project was supported by a grant from National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.30170334).
文摘In order to observe neuronal toxical effect of Levodopa and investigate if using Levodopa together with Ginkgo Bilobar Extract (EGb) would be an workable method to treat Parkinson disease, rat models of Parkinson disease (PD) were made by injecting 6-OHDA stereotaxically to right side of the mesencephic ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rotational behavioral observation, TUNEL, immunocytochemistry, Nissl's body staining were performed to measure the difference between group treated by Levodopa (50 mg/kg every day for 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, L-dopa group) and group treated by Levodopa combined with EGb (100 mg/ kg every day, E-D group). The results showed that in the L-dopa group, the numbers of apoptosis of substantial nigra, rings of rotational behavior were more than those in the E-D group (P<0. 05). The numbers of Nissl's cells in L-dopa group were fewer than in E-D group (P<0. 05). The results suggested that Levodopa had neur toxic effect and EGb may decrease the toxicity of levodopa. The combined use of EGb with Levodopa may be a workable method to treat PD and may be better than using Levodopa alone.
基金supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(200802980004 and 20070298008)the National Natural Science Fundation of China (30872055)
文摘Glycoprotein from Ginkgo biloba kernel may be allergic. In this paper, the allergic proteins were identified with Western blotting, and the 32 kDa glycoprotein was purified with ion exchange chromatography and gel chromatography. With Western blotting, there were 3 allergic proteins with molecular weight 21, 32, and 36 kDa. With SDS-PAGE analysis and measurements of the protein and sugar contents, the isolation and purification technology of 32 kDa was confirmed. Ginkgo crude protein extract was precipitated with ammonium sulphate (saturation gradient: 40-80%). The precipitate was purified by chromatography with DEAE-cellulose 52, then chromatography with Sephadex G-200 and the target glycoprotein was finally obtained. The analysis results showed the molecule of the glycoprotein was 32.12 kDa and the ratio of protein to sugar was 20.56:1. In conclusion, the purification method could be used in preparation of the glycoprotein, and the study could provide a basis for the further research of the glycoprotein.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 90411019)the Foundation of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chi-nese Academy of Sciences (No. kzcx3-sw-43).
文摘To investigate the effect of elevated 03 on the accumulation of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., four-year- old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient air and the air with twice ambient 03 concentration in Shenyang in 2006. Elevated 03 increased the concentrations of terpenes, but decreased the concentrations of phenolics in G. biloba leaves. The results showed that secondary compounds from G. biloba leaves responded to the elevated 03 exposure in a different way when compared to previous studies which showed elevated 03 increased the concentrations of phenolics but had no effect on the terpenes in leaves of other deciduous trees. Furthermore, reduced synthesis of phenolics may decrease the resistance of G. biloba to 03 and other environmental factors. On the other hand, the induced synthesis of terpenes may enhance the antioxidant abilities in G. biloba leaves at the end of 03 fumigation.
文摘Standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been used in clinical trials for its beneficial effects on brain func- tions, particularly in dementia. Substantial experimental evidences indicated that Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGB) protected neuronal cells from a variety of insults. We investigated the effect of EGB on cognitive ability and protein kinase B (PKB) activity in hippocampal neuronal cells of dementia model rats. Rats received an intra- peritoneal injection of D-galactose to induce dementia. Forty-eight Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups, including the control group, D-galactose group (Gal), low-dose EGB group (EGB-L), mid-dose EGB group (EGB-M), high-dose EGB group (EGB-H) and treatment group. The EGB-L, EGB-M and EGB-H groups were administered with EGB and D-galactose simultaneously. Y-maze, cresyl violet staining, TUNEL assays and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to detect learning and memory abilities, morpho- logical changes in the hippocampus, neuronal apoptosis and the expressing level of phospho-PKB, respectively. Rats in the Gal group showed decreased abilities of learning and memory, and hippocampal pyramidal cell layer was damaged, while EGB administration improved learning and memory abilities. The Gal group exhibited many stained, condensed nuclei and micronuclei, either isolated or within the cytoplasm of cells (39.5 ± 1.4). Apoptotic cells decreased in the groups of EGB-L (35.9±0.9), EGB-M (16.8± 1.0) and EGB-H (10.1±0.8), and there were statistical significances compared with the Gal group. Immunoreactivity of phospho-PKB was localized diffusely throughout the cytosol of cells in all groups, while the immunoreactivity of the Gal group was weak. EGB signifi- cantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in a dose-dependent manner, while it could decrease the nmber of TUNEL-positive cells, and increase the activity of PKB. Our results demonstrated that EGB attenuated memory impairment and cell apoptosis in galactose-induced dementia model rats by activating PKB.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2014A030310455the Pearl River S&T Nova Program Foundation of Guangzhou City of China,No.201710010002
文摘Previous studies have demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba against neuronal damage, but have mainly focused on antioxidation of extract of Ginkgo biloba. To date, limited studies have determined whether extrasct of Ginkgo biloba has a protective effect on neuronal damage. In the present study, acrylamide and 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg extract of Ginkgo biloba were administered for 4 weeks by gavage to establish mouse models. Our results showed that 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg extract of Ginkgo biloba effectively alleviated the abnormal gait of poisoned mice, and up-regulated protein expression levels of doublecortin(DCX), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and growth associated protein-43(GAP-43) in the hippocampus. Simultaneously, DCX-and GAP-43-immunoreactive cells increased. These findings suggest that extract of Ginkgo biloba can mitigate neurotoxicity induced by acrylamide, and thereby promote neuronal regeneration in the hippocampus of acrylamide-treated mice.
文摘A new method CTAB-silica for DNA extraction and purification from the leaves and buds of Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba was tested. The method is based on the silica-based purification protocol developed by Boom et al. (1990). By modifying the protocol, plant genome DNA could be extracted easily from dormant buds, mature leaves, and other parts of plant. Our results showed that the purified DNA was of high purity and could be analyzed by PCR. Furthermore, this CTAB-silica method took much less time for a successful DNA purification process compared to the traditional methods (CTAB and SDS). By our method, the suitable DNA can be extracted and purified from over 10 plant samples by one person in an hour.