Panax ginseng extract attenuates neuronal injury and cognitive deficits in rats with vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion

Panax ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plant.Panax ginseng extract has numerous biological activities,including antitumor,anti-inflammatory and antistress activities.Panax ginseng extract also has a cognition-enhancing effect in rats with alcohol-induced memory impairment.In this study,we partially occluded the bilateral carotid arteries in the rat to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,a wellknown model of vascular dementia.The rats were then intragastrically administered 50 or 100 mg/kg Panax ginseng extract.Morris water maze and balance beam tests were used to evaluate memory deficits and motor function,respectively.Protein quantity was used to evaluate cholinergic neurons.Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells.Western blot assay was used to evaluate protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor,basic fibroblast growth factor,Bcl-2 and Bax.Treatment with Panax ginseng extract for 8 weeks significantly improved behavioral function and increased neuronal density and VEGF and b FGF protein expression in the hippocampal CA3 area.Furthermore,Panax ginseng extract reduced the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive cells,and it decreased apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax protein expression.The effect of Panax ginseng extract was dose-dependent and similar to that of nimodipine,a commonly used drug for the treatment of vascular dementia.These findings suggest that Panax ginseng extract is neuroprotective against vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,and therefore might have therapeutic potential for preventing and treating the disease.

Effect of the Ginseng extractive E on experimental climacteric disturbance in rats

Objective To search the effects of the extractive E of Ginseng(EG)on experimental climacteric syndrome in rats.Methods Extirpating the both sides of ovary of rats to turbulence estrogen secretion,induce climacteric syndrome.The weight,bite and sup,substance of bone,blood lipid,calcium urine biochemistry,estrodiol,behavior perfomance were also observed.Results The body weight of ovariotomied rat was controlled,bone density was increased,estradiol level increased,the weight of bone increased.Conclusions EG ameliorated climacteric syndrome.Increase bone density and bone mine content,enhanced the level of estradiol.

Effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng （Panax ginseng CA Meyer） extract on male patients with erectile dysfunction

Korean ginseng and mountain ginseng （Panax ginseng CA Meyer） are important traditional herbal plants whose ginsenosides are generally accepted as serving to improve sexual functions, such as penile erection. We investigated the effects of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng extract （TMGE） on male patients with erectile dysfunction （ED）. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 143 patients experiencing ED. Over the course of 8 weeks, one group took 1 000 mg of TMGE twice a day, and the other group took 1 000 mg of placebo twice a day. The effects of the TMGE and the placebo were analyzed using the Korean version of the International Index of Erectile Function （IIEF） questionnaire. A total of 86 patients completed 8 weeks of treatment. The scores on the five domains of the IIEF after medication were significantly higher than the baseline scores in the group treated with TMGE （P 〈 0.05）, whereas no significant improvement was observed in the placebo group （P 〉 0.05）. Erectile function and overall satisfaction scores after medication were significantly higher in the TMGE group than in the placebo group （P 〈 0.05）. Erectile function of patients in the TMGE-treated group significantly improved, suggesting that TMGE could be utilized for improving erectile function in male patients.

Adjuvant Effects of Fermented Red Ginseng Extract on Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy

Objective： To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effects of fermented red ginseng（FRG） extract on non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC） patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods： A total of 60 patients with advanced NSCLC were assigned to two groups using a random number table, i.e., the gemcitabine plus cisplatin（GP） chemotherapy alone group（26 patients） and the FRG ＋ GP chemotherapy group（34 patients）, for 60-day treatment. Patients were then assessed according to the Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Chinese medicine symptoms score, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung. In addition, chemotherapy toxicity and tumor biomarkers were measured. Results： For NSCLC patients after chemotherapy, FRG extract significantly improved the FSI score, CM symptoms score, psychological status, physical conditions, and quality of life and reduced chemotherapy toxicity（P〈0.01）, but the expression levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin-19 fragments, and neuron-specific enolase were not significantly different between the chemotherapy alone and the FRG ＋ chemotherapy groups or between pre-and post-treatments（P〉0.05）. Conclusions： This study demonstrated that FRG extract had an adjuvant effect on advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Further studies with a larger sample size will verify the current findings.

Research on the Extraction Techniques of Ginseng Based on Patent Analysis

Objective To analyze the gaps between patents of ginseng extraction method in China and South Korea,and to provide research and development directions for Chinese companies.Methods By observing the changes in the amount of patent applications over time,the distribution of application countries and regions,the analysis of applicants,the extraction of technical topics,and the development and change of method,an in-depth discussion on the patent of ginseng extraction method in China and South Korea was conducted.Results and Conclusion China lacks the mastery of advanced technology and the exploration of popular fields,while South Korea is just the opposite of China.Therefore,Chinese enterprises should focus on extraction processes and actively explore new technical fields.

Inhibitory Effects of Ginseng Water Extract on Hydroxyl Radical

[Objectives] The aim of this work was to compare the inhibitory effects of different water-soluble extracts of ginseng on hydroxyl radical. [Methods]The water-soluble effective parts of ginseng were extracted by orthogonal test,the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of each extract was determined by salicylic acid method,and the extraction process of the optimum hydroxyl radical inhibitor was optimized using variance analysis and cluster analysis. [Results] A total of 16 samples were prepared. Among them,the sample No. 12 had the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging rate,and the inhibition rate reached 105. 08% at the concentration of 1 g/L. [Conclusions] Ginseng water extract contained hydroxyl radical scavenger,of which the optimum extraction process was as follows: p H of 8,solid to liquid ratio of 1∶ 10,extraction temperature of 4℃,extraction time of 12 h and extraction times of 3.

Discoursing on Soxhlet extraction of ginseng using association analysis and scanning electron microscopy

Soxhlet extraction is a common method of sample preparation. However, there has been no discussion about the efficiency of Soxhlet extraction from different batches and the factors that cause content fluctuation. In this study, Panax ginseng was selected as a model sample. Soxhlet extraction by means of a water bath, which has always been neglected, was identified as a novel key factor in the poor repeat- ability in different batches of Soxhlet extraction, as it can affect the siphon times and reflux time, which have been positively correlated with the ginsenoside contents. By substituting round bottom flasks in the same column, the relative standard deviation of the most fluctuated compound, ginsenoside Rbl, was decreased from 24.6% to 5.02%. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the breakdown of the surface of the ginseng powder in the Soxhlet extraction led to a better dissolution of ginsenosides, indicating that chloroform may promote the extraction of ginsenosides by disrupting the cell structure. Moreover, 70% methanol was regarded as the better solvent for extracting the ginsenosides. Overall, this work offers a practical and effective protocol for improving the accuracy and repeatability of Soxhlet extraction methodology for ginsenosides and other analytes.

Removal of Lead Ions from Ginseng Ethanol Extracts by Dynamic Adsorption in a Fixed-bed Column

The removal of lead from ginseng ethanol extracts by a fixed-bed column filled with an adsorbent bearing amine and carboxyl groups was investigated. The Pb2+ content was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. When the flowrate increased from 0.12 to 0.34 ml·min-1 , the column exhibited a marked increase in percentage of lead removal from 54.9% to 92.3%. Further increase in the flowrate did not bring evident changes to the lead removal, whereas an increase in the temperature could reinforce adsorption further, suggesting that the adsorption process was controlled by external film diffusion below the flowrate of 0.34 ml·min-1 , and by the intraparticle pore diffusion of lead ions when the flowrate exceeded it. A low remaining lead amount in extracts such as 0.11 mg·kg-1 (extracts powder) was achieved. The adsorbents also adsorbed effective constituents to some extent. But 88% of constituents adsorbed were taken off using a 70% ethanol aqueous solution.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Saponins from Ginseng

Introduction Ginseng（ Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae） is one of the most valuable Chinese crude drugs and has been used widely for over 2000 years. Studies have demonstrated that ginseng can act on the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the endocrine system; it can enhance immune function and metabolism; it possesses a biomodulation action, anticancer effect, anti-stress and anti-ageing activities, and so on.

Comparative Study on Extraction Technology and Activity of Total Flavonoids from Ginseng Flowers

[Objectives] To compare the effects of different extraction technologies on the extraction of total flavonoids from ginseng flowers.[Methods]Taking the ginseng flower as raw material,and the total flavonoids of ginseng flower were extracted by water extraction,ethanol extraction,freeze-thaw,ultrasonic extraction,and microwave extraction.The scavenging ability of total flavonoids and Vc to DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl radicals were compared between ultrasonic extraction and water extraction.[Results]The yield of ultrasonic and microwave technology was relatively high.In this study,the ultrasonic extraction was taken as the main method,ethanol aqueous solution was used as the solvent,and single factor experiment was carried out with ultrasonic power,ethanol volume,solid to liquid ratio and time as the variables.The best extraction process of flavonoids was ultrasonic power of 120 Hz,ethanol concentration of 60%,solid to liquid ratio of 1∶ 30,and ultrasonic time of 80 s.Under these conditions,the yield of flavonoid extraction was 6.72 mg/g.[Conclusions] The flavonoids obtained by ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction have the highest antioxidant capacity,65.4% and 53.5%,respectively,indicating that the ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction technologies are more suitable for the extraction of flavonoids from the ginseng flower.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from American Ginseng and Evaluation of Its Immunostimulating Activity

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction （UAE） of American ginseng polysaccharides （AGP） was investigated using response surface methodology. Three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the ultrasonic power, extraction time and ratio of water to raw material to obtain a high AGP yield. The analysis of variance and response surface plots indicated that ultrasonic power was the most important factor affecting the extraction yield. The optimal conditions were ultrasonic power 400 W, extraction time 71 min, and ratio of water to raw material 33 mL g-1. Under these conditions, the yield of AGP was 8.09%, which was agreed closely to the predicted value. Gas chromatography （GC） analysis showed that AGP was composed of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the general characteristic absorption peaks of AGP. In addition, AGP exhibited good immunostimulating activities by up-regulating the production of nitric oxide and cytokines. Compared with hot water extraction, UAE required shorter extraction time and gave a higher extraction yield, without changing the structure and immunostimulating activity of AGP. The results indicated that UAE could be an effective and advisable technique for the large scale production of plant polysaccharides.

Clinical Study on the Anti-Aging Effect of a Cream Containing Ginseng Root Extract and L-Carnosine

The anti-aging effects of a cream containing L-carnosine and ginseng root extract to provide a reference for the evaluation and development of anti-aging cosmetics were tested. Sixty healthy females, aged 35-60,were grouped into test sample and placebo groups. Skin elasticity, gloss, and wrinkles of the participants were analyzed before use and after use for 8 weeks. Instrument measurement results showed that after 8 weeks,skin elasticity, gloss, and wrinkles in the members of the test sample group obviously improved relative to those of the placebo group. Clinical effect assessment results showed that subjects did not experience adverse skin reactions, and their skin gloss showed obvious improvement. Self-assessment results showed that 87%subjects are satisfied with the test sample. Cream containing L-carnosine and ginseng root extract has a certain anti-aging effect.

Effects of Root Extracts from <i>Panax ginseng</i>C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) of Different Ages on K562 Cells

It is well accepted in China that elder ginsengs have more bioactivity and value than younger ones. However, there is little research about the comparison of beneficial effects of ginsengs with different ages. In this study, ginseng root extracts (GRE) were extracted from ginsengs of 5, 8, 12, 14, and 16 years old, respectively, using 55% ethanol and their effects on human leukemic K562 cells within 48 hours were tested by using Cell Counting Kit-8. The results show that there are significant increases in the cell viability of all the GRE groups compared with Control group within 32 hours. Furthermore, the growth curves of GRE groups were obviously distinct from each other. The cell viability of 5-year-old and 8-year-old GRE groups kept a rapid increase while that of 16-year-old GRE group showed a strong fluctuation within 28 hours. Our results demonstrate that root extracts from ginsengs of different ages contain different bioactivity constituents and have different effects on cell.

西洋参果正丁醇部位的化学成分研究

为探究西洋参果正丁醇部位的化学成分,本研究采用硅胶、MCI、RP-C18柱色谱及半制备HPLC等方法对西洋参果正丁醇部位的化学成分进行分离纯化,根据波谱学数据分析及文献比对鉴定其结构。从西洋参果中共分离得到25个人参皂苷类化合物,分别鉴定为人参皂苷Rg_(6)(1)、人参皂苷Rh_(2)(2)、20(22)E-人参皂苷Rh_(4)(3)、拟人参皂苷RT_(5)(4)、人参皂苷Rh_(1)(5)、20(R)-人参皂苷Rh_(1)(6)、人参皂苷F_(1)(7)、拟人参皂苷F_(11)(8)、人参皂苷Rg_(1)(9)、人参皂苷Rg_(2)(10)、20(R)-人参皂苷Rg_(2)(11)、人参皂苷F_(2)(12)、人参皂苷Rg_(3) (13)、20 (R)-人参皂苷Rg_(3) (14)、人参皂苷Re (15)、人参皂苷Rs_(3) (16)、人参皂苷Rc (17)、人参皂苷Rd (18)、人参皂苷Rb_(1)(19)、人参皂苷Rb_(2)(20)、人参皂苷Rb_(3)(21)、人参皂苷Ro(22)、绞股蓝皂苷Ⅶ(23)、三七皂苷R_(1)(24)和三七皂苷Fe(25)。化合物1、3、6、11、12、16和23~25为首次从西洋参果中分离得到,其中化合物1、3、16和24为首次从西洋参中分离得到,该研究可为西洋参的综合开发利用提供化学物质基础。

西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究西洋参花多糖闪式提取的最佳工艺条件及抗氧化活性。方法:以西洋参花为原料,考察提取电压、液料比、提取时间对西洋参花多糖得率的影响,采用响应面法优化西洋参花多糖闪式提取工艺。通过测定西洋参花多糖对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除作用及总还原力,考察西洋参花多糖的抗氧化活性。结果:通过实验得到西洋参花多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取电压:130 V,液料比:30:1 mL/g,提取时间:100 s。在此条件下,西洋参花多糖得率为11.12%±0.23%,与模型预测值相当;西洋参花多糖体外抗氧化显示其对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基清除率的IC_(50)值分别为1.34、1.42 mg/mL,且具有一定还原力。表明西洋参花具有较强的抗氧化活性,且随着多糖浓度的增加,抗氧化活性不断增强。结论:本实验得到的提取工艺条件具有可行性,可用于西洋参花多糖的提取。西洋参花多糖具有较好的抗氧化活性。本研究可为西洋参花的开发利用提供理论依据。

人参不定根总皂苷的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化与抗疲劳作用

目的:探究人参不定根总皂苷(ginseng adventitious roots total saponins,GARS)的最佳提取工艺及抗氧化和抗疲劳作用。方法:利用乙醇回流法提取GARS,通过正交试验考察乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间对GARS含量的影响;以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS+)、3-氧代-2-苯基-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑啉-1-氧(PTIO)、羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O_(2)^(-)·)清除能力及还原力作为测定抗氧化活性指标;通过测定小鼠力竭游泳和爬杆时间,测定肌/肝糖原、乳酸(LD)、尿素氮(BUN)含量及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性来判定GARS抗疲劳能力。结果:通过正交试验得到最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%、料液比1:30 g/mL、提取温度70℃、提取时间40 min,得到GARS含量为107.85 mg/g;GARS对DPPH、ABTS^(+)、PTIO、OH、O_(2)^(-)自由基都有一定程度清除作用,且具有还原性,其清除能力和还原性与浓度呈正比;GARS能够显著延长小鼠力竭游泳和爬杆时间(P<0.05),显著增加肌/肝糖原含量(P<0.05),降低LD、BUN含量,提高LDH活性,并与其浓度呈正比。结论:GARS提取的最优条件为乙醇浓度70%、料液比1:30 g/mL、提取温度70℃、提取时间40 min,可为GARS产业化生产提供依据,且GARS具有一定的抗氧化和抗疲劳作用,可为明确人参不定根营养成分和活性物质提供理论支持,为开发人参不定根药食同源的相关产品提供技术参考。

生地百合西洋参胶囊对小鼠睡眠的促进作用及其安全性研究

为了研究生地百合西洋参胶囊对小鼠睡眠的作用并对其毒理安全性进行评价,本试验以低[200 mg/(kg·bw)]、中[400 mg/(kg·bw)]、高[800 mg/(kg·bw)]剂量的生地百合西洋参胶囊连续给小鼠灌胃30 d,通过直接诱导睡眠试验、延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间试验、戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠试验,以及小鼠脑组织中5羟色胺(5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和多巴胺(DA)含量的检测,分析其改善睡眠的作用;以最大给药剂量试验(MTD)进行生地百合西洋参胶囊的小鼠急性毒性试验;以低[1 g/(kg·bw)]、中[2 g/(kg·bw)]、高[4 g/(kg·bw)]剂量的生地百合西洋参胶囊给大鼠连续灌胃30 d,评价其对大鼠的毒理安全性。结果显示,与对照组相比,生地百合西洋参胶囊对小鼠无直接诱导睡眠作用,不同剂量的生地百合西洋参胶囊均能显著延长小鼠的戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间(P<0.05或P<0.01),中、高剂量组小鼠的催眠入睡率显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),小鼠脑组织中5-HT和GABA的含量显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),高剂量组小鼠脑组织中DA的含量显著降低(P<0.05);以15 g/(kg·bw)剂量给小鼠灌胃生地百合西洋参胶囊14 d,小鼠均未出现死亡和中毒现象。大鼠在30 d喂养试验期间生长状况良好,各剂量组大鼠的体重增长量、进食量、食物利用率、血常规、血液生化和脏器系数等指标均与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,生地百合西洋参胶囊具有改善小鼠睡眠的作用,其作用机制与对小鼠脑组织中5-HT、GABA和DA含量的调节有关,本试验所用剂量范围对大鼠和小鼠均无明显毒性,安全性良好。本试验结果可为生地百合西洋参胶囊的临床应用提供参考依据。

人参果多糖的分级分离纯化及组成成分

以人参果为原料,采用水提醇沉法提取人参果水溶性总多糖(the total water-soluble polysaccharide of ginseng fruit,WPGF),并以超滤-纤维素柱层析-凝胶柱层析三级分离模式,对人参果水溶性总多糖WPGF进行全面系统的分级分离纯化,得到人参果多糖一级级分(the high-polymer polysaccharide of ginseng fruit,WPGFH)1个、二级级分4个(WPGFH-0、WPGFH-0.04、WPGFH-0.08、WPGFH-0.12)、三级级分1个(WPGFH-0.08-1)。采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography for pre-column derivatization of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone,PMPA-HPLC)和高效凝胶渗透色谱法(high performance gel permeation chromatography,HPGPC)初步分析人参果多糖4个二级级分和1个三级级分的单糖组成、分子质量均一性、分子质量范围,结果表明5个级分均主要含有葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖和鼠李糖及少量甘露糖,WPGFH-0和WPGFH-0.04不含糖醛酸,而其他级分含半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖醛酸。结合红外光谱分析(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic investigation,IR)对WPGFH-0.08-1级分进行了结构分析,初步推断其为阿拉伯半乳聚糖型果胶。为人参果多糖的研发提供参考及试验基础。

干酪乳杆菌发酵人参茎叶提取物对锦鲫免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

为了研究干酪乳杆菌发酵人参茎叶提取物对锦鲫的免疫及抗氧化功能的影响,实验先用3%、4%、5%、6%(记为L3、L4、L5、L6)的干酪乳杆菌菌液发酵人参茎叶提取物,再分别添加到基础饲料(记为L0)中,对初始平均体重为(25.00±0.05)g的锦鲫进行为期5周的饲喂实验。周期性取样,采集锦鲫血清、肝胰脏、中肾、脾脏和全肠,以检测相关免疫指标的变化。在饲喂实验结束后进行嗜水气单胞菌攻毒保护性实验。结果显示,与L0组相比,L5组碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量显著升高,L5组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于L0组。各组织中IL-10、TNF-α、TGF-β、IFN-γ、IL-1β基因表达水平均有不同程度的升高,表现出时空差异,其中IL-10的基因水平表达升高更为敏感。在攻毒保护性实验中,L5组的存活率达到30%,相较于其他组而言存活率最高。研究表明,本实验条件下,当干酪乳杆菌的接种量为5%时,人参茎叶提取物发酵对锦鲫的应用效果最好,能够提高锦鲫抗氧化能力及免疫相关基因的表达,并对降低嗜水气单胞菌的感染有较好的预防作用。

日本落叶松根际土壤水浸提液对林下山参的化感作用

目的探讨日本落叶松根际土壤水浸提液对林下山参的化感作用,为提高林下山参道地药材的品质以及规范化栽培与选址提供参考。方法研究了3种不同浓度(0.25、0.05、0.01 g·mL^(-1))的日本落叶松根际土壤水浸提液对林下山参种子萌发(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数)、3年生林下山参显微性状(主根木质部、韧皮部、周皮及皮层)、人参皂苷含量[人参皂苷-Rg1、-Re、-Rf、-Rb1、-Rg2、-Rc、-Rb2、-Rb3、-Rd以及原人参三醇型人参皂苷(PPT)、原人参二醇型人参皂苷(PPD)和9种人参皂苷总量]的影响,结合液质联用技术对化感物质进行分析,并查阅相关文献对化感物质进行筛选。结果日本落叶松根际土壤水浸提液对林下山参的发芽指标有显著化感抑制作用,且随浓度增加抑制作用增强;化感作用会导致林下山参主根发生腐烂病变、皮层木栓化程度增强;化感作用对人参皂苷含量的积累具有显著促进作用。通过结果分析结合文献查阅,认为根皮素等5种物质可能是日本落叶松对林下山参作用的化感物质。结论结合上述研究结果,考虑到林下山参苗成活率、药材性状、劳动力成本、农药残留等因素,不建议在日本落叶松纯林下生产高品质林下山参。