Ginsenoside Rb1 induces hepatic stellate cell ferroptosis to alleviate liver fibrosis via the BECN1/SLC7A11 axis

Liver fibrosis is primarily driven by the activation of hepatic stellate cells(HSCs),a process associated with ferroptosis.Ginsenoside Rb1(GRb1),a major active component extracted from Panax ginseng,inhibits HSC activation.However,the potential role of GRb1 in mediating HSC ferroptosis remains unclear.This study examined the effect of GRb1 on liver fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro,using CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model and primary HSCs,LX-2 cells.The findings revealed that GRb1 effectively inactivated HSCs in vitro,reducing alpha-smooth muscle actin(a-SMA)and type I collagen(Col1A1)levels.Moreover,GRb1 significantly alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in vivo.From a mechanistic standpoint,the ferroptosis pathway appeared to be central to the antifibrotic effects of GRb1.Specifically,GRb1 promoted HSC ferroptosis both in vivo and in vitro,characterized by increased glutathione depletion,malondialdehyde production,iron overload,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).Intriguingly,GRb1 increased Beclin 1(BECN1)levels and decreased the System Xc-key subunit SLC7A11.Further experiments showed that BECN1 silencing inhibited GRb1-induced effects on HSC ferroptosis and mitigated the reduction of SLC7A11 caused by GRb1.Moreover,BECN1 could directly interact with SLC7A11,initiating HSC ferroptosis.In conclusion,the suppression of BECN1 counteracted the effects of GRb1 on HSC inactivation both in vivo and in vitro.Overall,this study highlights the novel role of GRb1 in inducing HSC ferroptosis and promoting HSC inactivation,at least partly through its modulation of BECN1 and SLC7A11.

Crosstalk among Oxidative Stress,Autophagy,and Apoptosis in the Protective Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells:A Mixed Computational and Experimental Study

Objective Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were found to shift from their usually inactive state to an active state in ischemic stroke (IS) and cause neuronal damage. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1),a component derived from medicinal plants,is known for its pharmacological benefits in IS,but its protective effects on BMECs have yet to be explored. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of GRb1 on BMECs. Methods An in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was established to mimic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Bulk RNA-sequencing data were analyzed by using the Human Autophagy Database and various bioinformatic tools,including gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA),Gene Ontology (GO) classification and enrichment analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis,protein-protein interaction network analysis,and molecular docking. Experimental validation was also performed to ensure the reliability of our findings. Results Rb1 had a protective effect on BMECs subjected to OGD/R injury. Specifically,GRb1 was found to modulate the interplay between oxidative stress,apoptosis,and autophagy in BMECs. Key targets such as sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62),autophagy related 5 (ATG5),and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) were identified,highlighting their potential roles in mediating the protective effects of GRb1 against IS-induced damage. Conclusion GRbl protects BMECs against OGD/R injury by influencing oxidative stress,apoptosis,and autophagy. The identification of SQSTM1/p62,ATG5,and HIF-1α as promising targets further supports the potential of GRb1 as a therapeutic agent for IS,providing a foundation for future research into its mechanisms and applications in IS treatment.

GPCR-Gs mediates the protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 against oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation-induced astrocyte injury

Objectives:To investigate whether the protective actions of ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1)on astrocytes are mediated through the G_(s)-type G-protein-coupled receptor(GPCR-G_(s)).Methods:Primary astrocyte cultures derived from neonatal mouse brain were used.Astrocyte injury was induced via oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation(OGD/R).Cell morphology,viability,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)leakage,apoptosis,glutamate uptake,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)secretion were assessed to gauge cell survival and functionality.Western blot was used to investigate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)and protein kinase B(Akt)signaling pathways.GPCR-G_(s)-specific inhibitors and molecular docking were used to identify target receptors.Results:Rb1 at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 5μM did not significantly affect the viability,glutamate uptake,or BDNF secretion in normal astrocytes.OGD/R reduced astrocyte viability,increasing their LDH leakage and apoptosis rate.It also decreased glutamate uptake and BDNF secretion by these cells.Rb1 had protective effects of astrocytes challenged by OGD/R,by improving viability,reducing apoptosis,and enhancing glutamate uptake and BDNF secretion.Additionally,Rb1 activated the cAMP and Akt pathways in these cells.When the GPCR-G_(s) inhibitor NF449 was introduced,the protective effects of Rb1 completely disappeared,and its activation of cAMP and Akt signaling pathways was significantly inhibited.Conclusion:Rb1 protects against astrocytes from OGD/R-induced injury through GPCR-G_(s) mediation.

人参皂苷Rb1减轻脂多糖诱导急性肺损伤的作用研究

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rb1(GsRb1)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用及其作用机制。方法:C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、GsRb1给药组(低、中、高剂量组),气管内给予LPS造模,给药组在造模前3 d分别腹膜腔注射给予不同剂量GsRb1预处理,造模12 h将其麻醉,先采集肺泡灌洗液后再处死取出肺组织,计算肺湿/干比,试剂盒检测灌洗液白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平以及肺髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,Western blot检测肺组织核因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白的表达。结果:高剂量GsRb1能明显降低肺组织湿/干比(P<0.05);中、高剂量GsRb1能明显降低肺组织MPO活性(P<0.05);高剂量GsRb1明显降低小鼠肺泡灌洗液IL-1β和TNF-α水平(P<0.05);高剂量GsRb1能明显降低肺组织NF-κB p65蛋白的表达(P<0.05)。结论:GsRb1可能通过调控NF-κB通路,减轻炎症反应,抑制LPS诱导的小鼠ALI。

Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on hippocampal neuronal injury and neurite outgrowth

Ginsenoside Rb1 has been reported to exert anti-aging and anti-neurodegenerative effects. In the present study, we investigate whether ginsenoside Rb1 is involved in neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection against damage induced by amyloid beta（25–35） in cultured hippocampal neurons, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons, and increased the expression of phosphorylated-Akt and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. These effects were abrogated by API-2 and PD98059, inhibitors of the signaling proteins Akt and MEK. Additionally, cultured hippocampal neurons were exposed to amyloid beta（25–35） for 30 minutes; ginsenoside Rb1 prevented apoptosis induced by amyloid beta（25–35）, and this effect was blocked by API-2 and PD98059. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 significantly reversed the reduction in phosphorylated-Akt and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 levels induced by amyloid beta（25–35）, and API-2 neutralized the effect of ginsenoside Rb1. The present results indicate that ginsenoside Rb1 enhances neurite outgrowth and protects against neurotoxicity induced by amyloid beta（25–35） via a mechanism involving Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling.

人参皂苷Rb1通过KEAP1/PGAM5/AIFM1通路促进肝细胞癌HepG2细胞发生氧死亡

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rb1(Gn-Rb1)对肝细胞癌(HCC)HepG2细胞氧死亡的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法:采用生物信息学方法分析氧死亡的关键基因PGAM5表达对HCC患者生存期的影响。选取辽宁省肿瘤医院收治的8例HCC患者的HCC组织与癌旁组织,通过WB法及qPCR检测氧死亡相关基因蛋白与mRNA的表达情况。将HepG2细胞随机分为对照组与Gn-Rb1组(予以200μmol/L Gn-Rb1干预),采用细胞克隆形成实验、划痕愈合实验分别检测Gn-Rb1对HepG2细胞的集落形成能力、迁移能力的影响,ELISA检测对细胞ROS生成水平的影响,微板法检测对细胞LDH释放水平的影响;WB法、qPCR法检测Gn-Rb1对HepG2氧死亡关键基因蛋白质与mRNA水平表达的影响。结果:生物信息学分析发现,PGAM5高表达肝癌患者总生存时间较低表达患者更长(P<0.05)。在临床HCC组织与癌旁组织样本中发现,相较于癌旁组织,在蛋白质与mRNA水平上,肿瘤组织KEAP1与PGAM5表达显著降低,NRF2表达显著升高(均P<0.01),p-AIFM1蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05)。对HepG2细胞予以200μmol/L Gn-Rb1干预后,相较于对照组,Gn-Rb1组HepG2细胞的迁移能力与集落形成能力显著降低(均P<0.01),而LDH水平显著升高(P<0.05);相比于对照组,在mRNA和蛋白质水平上,Gn-Rb1组细胞中KEAP1、PGAM5表达均显著升高而NRF2表达均显著降低(均P<0.05),p-AIFM1蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:HCC组织中氧死亡被抑制,而Gn-Rb1能够通过调控KEAP1/PGAM5/AIFM1通路促进HepG2细胞氧死亡的发生,抑制细胞增殖和迁移能力。

Ginsenoside Rb1 protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammatory injury induced by intranigral lipopolysaccharide injection

Accumulating studies suggest that neuroinflammation characterized by microglial overactivation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.As such,inhibition of microglial overactivation might be a promising treatment strategy to delay the onset or slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease.Ginsenoside Rbl,the most active ingredient of ginseng,reportedly exerts neuroprotective effects by suppressing inflammation in vitro.The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rbl in a lipopolysaccharide-induced rat Parkinson’s disease model.Rats were divided into four groups.In the control group,sham-operated rats were intraperitoneally administered normal saline for 14 consecutive days.In the ginsenoside Rbl group,ginsenoside Rb1(20 mg/kg)was intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days after sham surgery.In the lipopolysaccharide group,a single dose of lipopolysaccharide was unilaterally microinjected into the rat substantial nigra to establish the Parkinson’s disease model.Lipopolysaccharide-injected rats were treated with normal saline for 14 consecutive days.In the ginsenoside Rbl +lipopolysaccharide group,lipopolysaccharide was unilaterally microinjected into the rat substantial nigra.Subsequently,ginsenoside Rbl was intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days.To investigate the therapeutic effects of ginsenoside Rbl,behavioral tests were performed on day 15 after lipopolysaccharide injection.We found that ginsenoside Rbl treatment remarkably reduced apomorphine-induced rotations in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats compared with the lipopolysaccharide group.To investigate the neurotoxicity of lipopolysaccharide and potential protective effect of ginsenoside Rbl,contents of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.Compared with the lipopolysaccharide group,ginsenoside Rbl obviously attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-induced depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum.To further explore the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rbl against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity,immunohistochemistry and western blot assay of tyrosine hydroxylase were performed to evaluate dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantial nigra par compacta.The results showed that lipopolysaccharide injection caused a large loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra and a significant decrease in overall tyrosine hydroxylase expression.However,ginsenoside Rb1 noticeably reversed these changes.To investigate whether the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rbl was associated with inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation,we examined expression of the microglia marker Iba-1.Our results confirmed that lipopolysaccharide injection induced a significant increase in Iba-1 expression in the substantia nigra;however,ginsenoside Rbl effectively suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial overactivation.To elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1,we examined expression levels of inflammatory mediators(tumor necrosis factor-a,interleukin-1β,inducible nitric oxide synthase,and cyclooxygenase 2)and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B signaling-related proteins(IκB,IKK)in the substantia nigra with enzyme-linked immunosorbent and western blot assays.Our results revealed that compared with the control group,phosphorylation and expression of inflammatory mediators IκB and IKK in the substantia nigra of lipopolysaccharide group rats were significantly increased;whereas,ginsenoside Rbl obviously reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced changes on the lesioned side of the substantial nigra par compacta.These findings confirm that ginsenoside Rbl can inhibit inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide injection into the substantia nigra and protect dopaminergic neurons,which may be related to its inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway.This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of China in April 2016(approval No.KYLL-2016-0148).

Ginsenoside Rb1 produces antidepressant-like effects in chronic social defeat stress model of depression through BDNF-TrkB sig⁃naling pathway

OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1),an important bioactive ingredient of Panax ginseng,has potent neuroprotective effects.The objective of the study is to elucidate the impact of Rb1 treatment on chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and its related mechanism.METHODS AND RE⁃SULTS The daily oral administration of Rb1(35 and 70 mg·kg-1)and imipramine(15 mg·kg-1)for 28 d significantly reversed the social avoidance behavior,anhedonia,and behavioral despair via CSDS exposure,as demonstrated by the consid⁃erable elevation in the time in the zone in social interaction test and consumption of sucrose solu⁃tion in sucrose preference test and decrease of immobility time in forced swim test.Moreover,Rb1 obviously restored the CSDS-induced decrease of BDNF-signaling pathway and hippo⁃campal neurogenesis.Rb1 significantly increased the hippocampal levels of ERK,AKT,and CREB phosphorylation and increased the number of DCX+cells in DG.Importantly,the antidepres⁃sant effects of Rb1 were completely blocked in mice by using K252a(the nonselective tyrosine kinase B inhibitor).CONCLUSION Rb1 exerts promising antidepressant-like effects in mice with CSDS-induced depression,and its effects was facilitated by enhancing the BDNF signaling cas⁃cade and up-regulation of hippocampal neuro⁃genesis.

Protective Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Septic Rats and Its Mechanism

This study aims to observe the protective effects of ginsenoside Rbl on liver and lung in rats with septic shock and reveal its mechanism. Rats were randomly divided into three groups： sham, cecal ligation and puncture （CLP）, and CLP with ginsenoside Rb1. Then, the survival rate, arterial blood pressure, TLR4 mRNA, and TNF-α levels were determined. The liver and lung tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin （HE）. The overall survival rate of the Rb1 group was significantly higher than that of the CLP group. Mean arterial blood pressure went down in both the CLP and Rb1 groups after CLP, and there was a significant difference both in the sham and Rb1 groups when compared with the CLP group. The Rb1 treatment group had markedly lower TLR4 mRNA expression and TNF-a levels than the CLP group. In the CLP group, pathology showed swelling, degeneration, necrosis, and neutrophii infiltration in the liver and alveolar epithelial cells. However, in the Rb1 group, there was mild degeneration and slight neutrophil infiltration, but no obvious necrosis. Rb1 may improve the survival rate, ameliorate arterial blood pressure, and protect the liver and lung in septic shock rats by downregulating the expression of TLR4 mRNA and inhibiting the production of TNF-α.

Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Apoptosis Caused by HSV-1 in Human Glioma Cells

To investigate the inhibitory effects of Ginsenoside Rbl （GRbl） on apoptosis caused by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 （HSV-1） in Human Glioma Cells （U251）, U251 cells were infected by HSV-1 at a multiplicity of infection of 5 and GRbl, GRbl＋HSV-1, HSV-1 and control groups. MTT and cell apoptosis assays were used to detect the inhibitory effects of GRbl on the apoptosis of U251 cells that caused by HSV-1 infection for various concentrations of drug and virus treatments by MTT assay. We found that in the 400 μg/mL GRb 1 and 400 μg/mL GRbl＋HSV-1 groups, MTT values were higher than control group at all times （P〈0.05）. Moreover, the apoptosis rate in the 400 μg/mL GRbl＋HSV-1 group was lower than the HSV-1 group （P〈0. 05）. These results confirmed that, at appropriate concentrations, GRbl could inhibit nerve cell apoptosis in HSV-1 infections.

High efficiency production of ginsenoside compound K by catalyzing ginsenoside Rb1 using snailase

The rare ginsenoside Compound K （C-K） is attracting more attention because of its good physiological activity and urgent need. There are many pathways to obtain ginsenoside C-K, including chemical and biological methods. Among these, the conversion of PPD-type ginsenosides by enzymatic hydrolysis is a trend due to its high efficiency and mild conditions. For effectively extracting from the other panaxadiol saponins, the conversion process for ginsenoside C-K was investigated using snailases in this study. The univariate experimental design and response surface methodology were used to determine the optimal hydrolysis conditions for the conversion of ginsenoside Rbl into ginsenoside C-K by snailases. The optimum conditions were as follows： pH 5,12, temperature 51 ℃, ratio of snailase/substrate 0.21, and reaction time 48 h. On the basis of these parameters, the addition of 1.0 mmol· L- 1 ferric ion was found to significantly improve the enzymolysis ofsnailases for the first time. With the above conditions, the maximum conversion rate reached 89.7%, suggesting that the process can obviously increase the yield of ginsenoside C-K. The bioassay tests indicated that the ginsenoside C-K showed anti-tumor activity in a series of tumor cell lines. Based on these results, we can conclude that the process of rare ginsenoside C- K production by enzymolysis with snailase is feasible, efficient, and suitable for the industrial production and application.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Attenuates Isoflurane/surgery-induced Cognitive Dysfunction via Inhibiting Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress

Objective Anesthetic isoflurane plus surgery has been reported to induce cognitive impairment. The underlying mechanism and targeted intervention remain largely to be determined. Ginsenoside Rb1 was reported to be neuroprotective. We therefore set out to determine whether ginsenoside Rb1 can attenuate isoflurane/surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction via inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Methods Five-months-old C57BL/6J female mice were treated with 1.4% isoflurane plus abdominal surgery for two hours. Sixty mg/kg ginsenoside Rb1 were given intraperitoneally from 7 days before surgery. Cognition of the mice were assessed by Barnes Maze. Levels of postsynaptic density-95 and synaptophysin in mice hippocampus were measured by Western blot. Levels of reactive oxygen species, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in mice hippocampus were measured by ELISA. Results Here we show for the first time that the ginsenoside Rb1 treatment attenuated the isoflurane/surgery-induced cognitive impairment. Moreover, ginsenoside Rb1 attenuated the isoflurane/surgery-induced synapse dysfunction. Finally, ginsenoside Rb1 mitigated the isoflurane/surgery-induced elevation levels of reactive oxygen species, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the mice hippocampus. Conclusion These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 may attenuate the isoflurane/surgery-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress pending future studies.

Ginsenoside Rb1 improves energy metabolism after spinal cord injury

Mitochondrial damage caused by oxidative stress and energy deficiency induced by focal ischemia and hypoxia are important factors that aggravate diseases.Studies have shown that ginsenoside Rb1 has neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects.However,whether it influences energy metabolism after spinal cord injury remains unclear.In this study,we treated mouse and cell models of spinal cord injury with ginsenoside Rb1.We found that ginsenoside Rb1 remarkably inhibited neuronal oxidative stress,protected mitochondria,promoted neuronal metabolic reprogramming,increased glycolytic activity and ATP production,and promoted the survival of motor neurons in the anterior horn and the recovery of motor function in the hind limb.Because sirtuin 3 regulates glycolysis and oxidative stress,mouse and cell models of spinal cord injury were treated with the sirtuin 3 inhibitor 3-TYP.When Sirt3 expression was suppressed,we found that the therapeutic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on spinal cord injury were remarkably inhibited.Therefore,ginsenoside Rb1 is considered a potential drug for the treatment of spinal cord injury,and its therapeutic effects are closely related to sirtuin 3.

Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic neuroinflammation in mice by tuning glial cell polarization

Objective:To evaluate whether ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1) can attenuate lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced chronic neuroinflammation in mice and to explore its relationship with glial cell polarization.Methods:Intraperitoneal injection with an escalating dose of LPS was used to establish a chronic neuroinflammation model in mice.Once LPS was initiated,10 or 20 mg/kg Rbl,or sterile saline,was administered for 14 consecutive days.Open field test and beam walking test were used to monitor the changes in behavior.The concentration of cytokines in the serum and brain were used to monitor the systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation,respectively.Molecules specific to each glial cell phenotype were used to investigate glial cell polarization.Results:Mice in the LPS group had reduced spontaneous activities and impaired beam walking performance.Rbl obviously eased LPS-induced behavior distu rbances.Regarding the levels of serum cytokines,both tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) were significantly increased,while interleukin-10(IL-10) and transforming growth factor β(TGF-β) remarkably decreased after LPS treatment(all P <.001).Rb1 treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced serum cytokine changes(all P <.05).The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-α and complement component 3(C3) in the brain were significantly increased after LPS treatment(all P<.01).Rbl treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in the brain(all P <.05).Glial cell polarization analysis showed that M1 and M2 microglia,and A1 astrocytes increased following LPS treatment,while A2 astrocytes decreased.Rb1 treatment reduced M1 and M2 microglia,and A1 astrocytes,and significantly increased A2 astrocytes.Conclusion:Rb1 can attenuate chronic neuroinflammation induced by LPS in mice,which may be partially attributable to its fine tuning of microglia and astrocyte polarization.Rb1 has potential value for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Effect of the ginsenoside Rb1 on the spontaneous contraction of intestinal smooth muscle in mice

AIM: To investigate the effect and the possible mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 on small intestinal smooth muscle motility in mice. METHODS: Intestinal smooth muscle strips were isolated from male ICR mice (5 wk old), and the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on spontaneous contraction was recorded with an electrophysiolograph. The effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on ion channel currents, including the voltage-gated K + channel current (IK V ), calcium-activated potassium channel currents (IK Ca ), spontaneous transient outward currents and ATP-sensitive potassium channel current (IK ATP ), was recorded on freshly isolated single cells using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. RESULTS: Ginsenoside Rb1 dose-dependently inhibited the spontaneous contraction of intestinal smooth muscle by 21.15% ± 3.31%, 42.03% ± 8.23% and 67.23% ± 5.63% at concentrations of 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L, respectively (n=5,P<0.05). The inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on spontaneous contraction was significantly but incompletely blocked by 10 mmol/L tetraethylammonium or 0.5 mmol/L 4-aminopyridine, respectively (n=5, P<0.05). However, the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on spontaneous contraction was not affected by 10 μmol/L glibenclamide or 0.4 μmol/L tetrodotoxin. At the cell level, ginsenoside Rb1 increased outward potassium currents, and IK V was enhanced from 1137.71 ± 171.62 pA to 1449.73 ± 162.39 pA by 50 μmol/L Rb1 at +60 mV (n=6, P<0.05). Ginsenoside Rb1 increased IK Ca and enhanced the amplitudes of spontaneous transient outward currents from 582.77 ± 179.09 mV to 788.12 ± 278.34 mV (n=5, P<0.05). However, ginsenoside Rb1 (50 μmol/L) had no significant effect on IK ATP (n=3, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 has an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous contraction of mouse intestinal smooth muscle mediated by the activation of IK V and IK Ca , but the K ATP channel was not involved in this effect.

人参皂苷Rb1通过载脂蛋白M/线粒体凋亡途径对肝癌的影响及机制研究

目的:探究载脂蛋白M(ApoM)/线粒体凋亡在肝癌中的作用,以及人参皂苷Rb1(Rb1)通过ApoM/线粒体凋亡途径对肝癌影响的潜在机制。方法:生物信息学分析筛选ApoM在肝癌中的差异性表达及临床验证;分子对接技术确定Rb1与ApoM的靶向结合,体外培养人肝癌细胞(HepG2),并进行细胞活力检测(CCK-8)筛选Rb1最佳干预浓度,克隆实验用于检测HepG2细胞的增殖情况,划痕实验用于检测HepG2细胞的迁移能力,采用蛋白质印迹法(Western Blotting)检测ApoM及线粒体凋亡相关基因Bcl2相关X蛋白(Bax)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl2)、胱天蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、胱天蛋白酶-9(Caspase-9)蛋白表达,实时萤光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)法检测ApoM及线粒体凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl2、Caspase-3、Caspase-9 mRNA表达水平。结果:生存分析发现ApoM低表达肝癌预后更差,分子对接提示Rb1与ApoM之间具有较高亲和力,克隆及划痕实验提示Rb1有效抑制HepG2细胞增殖,Western Blotting及RT-qPCR验证Rb1可以干预线粒体凋亡相关基因蛋白和mRNA表达。结论:揭示了ApoM/线粒体凋亡在肝癌中发挥重要作用,人参皂苷Rb1可能通过ApoM/线粒体凋亡途径影响肝癌的可能潜在机制。

人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1改善慢性不可预测应激致大鼠抑郁、焦虑样行为的作用比较

目的研究人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1改善慢性不可预测应激诱导大鼠的抑郁样和焦虑样行为的作用及比较。方法SPF级SD雄性大鼠70只,适应5 d后进行糖水偏爱实验检测,根据糖水偏爱指数将动物分为7组,即对照组、模型组、氟西汀组、人参皂苷Rg124 mg/kg剂量组、人参皂苷Rg148 mg/kg剂量组、人参皂苷Rb133 mg/kg剂量组、人参皂苷Rb167 mg/kg剂量组。除对照组外,其余大鼠每天随机接受1~2种不同的刺激,造模时间共35 d。于第36天进行糖水偏爱、旷场实验、新奇环境摄食抑制实验、大鼠高架十字迷宫实验、强迫游泳等行为学实验,考察其抗抑郁、抗焦虑作用。采用ELISA法测定大鼠血清和海马IL⁃1β、IL⁃6、TNF⁃α炎症因子水平,血清皮质酮(CORT)水平。结果与模型组相比,人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1组大鼠糖水偏爱指数提升,强迫游泳不动时间显著减少,人参皂苷Rg148 mg/kg剂量组新奇抑制摄食潜伏期显著减少,人参皂苷Rg1(24和48 mg/kg)剂量组开臂时间的比例显著上升,人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1两个剂量组血清中皮质酮的含量显著减少,人参皂苷Rg124 mg/kg剂量组血清中IL⁃1β和IL⁃6的水平显著降低,人参皂苷Rb133 mg/kg剂量组血清中TNF⁃α和IL⁃6的水平显著降低,人参皂苷Rg1(48 mg/kg)、Rb1(67 mg/kg)剂量组海马中IL⁃1β、IL⁃6和TNF⁃α的含量显著降低。结论两种人参皂苷均可能通过调节HPA轴、抑制神经炎症,从而改善慢性不可预测应激致大鼠抑郁、焦虑样行为,此外人参皂苷Rg1的抗焦虑作用优于Rb1。

基于RIP1/RIP3/MLKL介导程序性坏死通路探讨人参皂苷Rb1拮抗LPS诱导的黑质多巴胺神经元损伤机制

目的观察受体相互作用蛋白1(RIP1)/RIP3/混合激酶样蛋白(MLKL)介导的程序性坏死在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元损伤中的作用,探讨人参皂苷Rb1保护多巴胺能神经元的作用机制。方法将48只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、帕金森组、Rb1+帕金森组和Nec-1+帕金森组,每组12只。对照组大鼠黑质内注射生理盐水2μL,然后连续14 d腹腔内注射生理盐水(2 mL/kg);帕金森组大鼠黑质内注射LPS 5μg(2μL),然后连续14 d腹腔内注射生理盐水(2 mL/kg);Rb1+帕金森组大鼠腹腔注射人参皂苷Rb1(20 mg/kg)3 d,第4天黑质内注射5μg LPS后,再连续14 d腹腔内注射人参皂苷Rb1(20 mg/kg);Nec-1+帕金森组大鼠黑质内注射LPS 5μg,然后连续14 d腹腔内注射Nec-1(2 mg/kg)。LPS注射后14 d,皮下注射阿扑吗啡(APO)观察大鼠行为学变化;免疫组化法观察黑质内多巴胺能神经元数量及小胶质细胞形态;高效液相色谱法测定纹状体中多巴胺(DA)及其代谢物高香草酸(HVA)、二羟苯乙酸(DOPAC)的含量;RT-PCR法检测黑质中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA表达情况;化学试剂盒检测黑质中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量;蛋白免疫印迹法检测黑质中酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、离子钙结合适配器分子1(Iba-1)及程序性细胞坏死相关蛋白(RIP1、RIP3、MLKL)表达情况。结果皮下注射APO后,帕金森组大鼠出现明显的旋转行为,Rb1+帕金森组和Nec-1+帕金森组大鼠旋转行为均较帕金森组明显改善。与对照组比较,帕金森组大鼠注射侧黑质内多巴胺能神经元大量丢失和小胶质细胞过度激活;注射侧纹状体中DA、DOPAC及HVA含量均明显降低(P均<0.05);注射侧黑质中SOD活性和TH蛋白相对表达量均明显降低(P均<0.05),MDA含量和IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA相对表达量及Iba-1、RIP1、RIP3、MLKL蛋白相对表达量均明显升高(P均<0.05)。与帕金森组比较,Rb1+帕金森组和Nec-1+帕金森组大鼠注射侧黑质内多巴胺能神经元丢失和小胶质细胞激活情况均减轻;注射侧纹状体中DA、DOPAC及HVA含量均明显升高(P均<0.05);注射侧黑质中TH蛋白相对表达量均明显升高(P均<0.05),IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA相对表达量及Iba-1、RIP1、RIP3、MLKL蛋白相对表达量均明显降低(P均<0.05)。其中Rb1+帕金森组大鼠注射侧黑质中SOD活性明显高于帕金森组(P<0.05),MDA含量明显低于帕金森组(P<0.05),但Nec-1+帕金森组SOD活性和MDA含量与帕金森组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论程序性坏死参与了LPS诱导的大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元损伤,人参皂苷Rb1可通过抑制RIP1/RIP3/MLKL程序性坏死通路发挥抗炎及神经保护作用。

人参皂苷Rb1通过AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α轴调节线粒体裂变融合缓解哮喘气道炎症

哮喘(bronchial asthma)以气道炎症和高反应性为主要特征,严重危害人类健康^([1])。AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)作为氧化还原蛋白,能有效调节细胞内氧化应激,可通过激活高度保守的NAD+依赖性去乙酰化酶Sirtuin 1(SIRT1)/NF-κB通路抑制哮喘^([2])。PPARγcoactivator-1α(PGC-1α)在线粒体生物合成和功能调节中得到广泛应用^([3])。人参皂苷Rb1是人参根茎的重要提取物,具有抗炎,抗凋亡,能够抑制哮喘气道高反应性等作用^([4])。本研究探讨了Rb1可能通过激活AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号轴改善小鼠支气管上皮细胞在CRE诱导下发生的氧化应激线粒体动力学障碍,最终有效缓解哮喘气道炎症的发生和发展。

Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats through inactivation of NF-κB signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-arthritic effect and mechanism of action of ginsenoside Rb1 on adju⁃vant-induced arthritis(AIA)in rats.METHODS Male SD rats were received 0.1 mL injections of FCA(10 g·L^-1)emulsion into the right hind metatarsal foot pad for arthritis induction.After that,rats were randomly divided into six groups,namely control group,untreated group,dexamethasone(DEX,2.5 mg·kg^-1)group,low(5 mg·kg^-1),medium(10 mg·kg^-1)and high(20 mg·kg^-1)doses of ginsenoside Rb1 groups,and treated intraperitoneally at the above dosage once a day for 2 weeks.After treatment,paw swelling and arthritis indexes were evaluated,the thymus and spleen index were calculated as well.HE staining were used to observe the joint histopathology in rats.Rat ELISA kits were used to determinate the TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6 levels.Western blotting were used to detect the related protein expression of NF-κB signaling pathway in the tissues of inflamed joints.RESULTS Rb1 significantly decreased the paw swelling and arthritis index,Compared with AIA group.HE staining results revealed that medium and high doses of Rb1 significantly reduced synovial inflammatory cell infiltration,synovial lining hyperplasia and bone destruction,compared with AIA group.Elisa results showed that Rb1 significantly decreased the TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 levels(P<0.05,P<0.01).Western blotting results revealed that the expression of p-IκB and p-P65 were significantly reduced in 20 mg·kg^-1 of Rb1 group,compared with AIA group(P<0.05,P<0.01).CONCIUSION Rb1 manifests therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects on rats with AIA,poten⁃tially through a mechanism of inhibiting activation of the NF-κB.