A New Saponin Transformed from Ginsenoside Rh_1 by Bacillus subtilis

A novel saponin was isolated from the transformed products of ginsenoside Rh1 by Bacillus subtilis. It's structure was determined to be 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-6-O-β-D-gluco- pyranosyl-20 (S)-protopanaxatriol on the basis of the spectral data.

Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rh1 in Regulating Breast Cancer Cell Extravasation Based on CCL20- CCR6

Objective:To explore the regulatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rh1 on breast cancer cell extravasation based on CCL20-CCR6.Methods:In 2021,a total of 34 patients with breast cancer were treated in Baoding First Central Hospital.During hospitalization,pathological examinations were performed,and all the patients were diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma.Out of the 34 cases,16 cases were found to have CCR6 expression in breast cancer tissues,in which they were recorded as the CCR6 expression group,whereas 18 cases did not have CCR6 expression;these cases were recorded as the CCR6 non-expression group.During the same period,21 normal patients were selected as the control group.The peripheral blood CCL20 level and the expression of CCR6 on the surface of CD3+T lymphocytes were analyzed.The extracts of cancer cells were collected,purified,and cultured,and the effect of ginsenoside Rh1 on the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells was analyzed.Results:The peripheral blood CCL20 level in the CCR6 expression group was significantly higher than that in the CCR6 non-expression group and the control group,in which p<0.05,indicating that the difference was statistically significant;at 12,24,and 48 hours,the cell survival rate of each dose group was significantly higher than that of the blank control group and the dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)group(p<0.05).At 48 hours,comparing the low-dose group with the high-dose group,the cell survival rate significantly decreased(p<0.05).Compared with the blank control group and DMSO group,the invasion ability of breast cancer cells could be reduced in both,high-and medium-dose groups,where p<0.05,indicating that the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:CCL20 may play a role in the pathogenesis of certain breast cancers,and ginsenoside Rh1 can effectively regulate the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells.

Microbiological Transformation of Ginsenoside Rg_1

Forty-nine microbial strains were used to screen their ability for the microbiological transforma-tion of ginsenoside Rg1. Aspergillus niger (3.1858) and Absidia coerulea (3.3538) were found to convert ginsenoside Rg1 efficiently to less polar metabolites. Preparative scale transformation with both fungi Absidia coerulea (3.3538) and Aspergillus niger (3.1858) have resulted in the production of one same metabolite (MT1). Its structure was char-acterized as 6-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol (Ginsenoside Rh1) on the basis of its TOF-MS and 1H, 13C NMR spectral data. The biotransformation kinetic curves for Ginsenoside Rg1 and MT1 were reported for the first time, and the biotransformation pathway was proposed.

Simultaneous quantification of ginsenoside Rg1 and its metabolites by HPLC–MS/MS:Rg1 excretion in rat bile, urine and feces

Ginsenoside Rg1(Rg1), the major effective component of ginseng, has been shown to have multiple bioactivities, but low oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to develop a simple, sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) method, which could be used to validate and quantify the concentrations of Rg1 and its metabolites in Sprague-Dawley rat bile,urine, and feces after oral administration(25 mg/kg). Calibration curves offered satisfactory linearity(r40.995)within the determined ranges. Both intra-day and inter-day variances were less than 15%, and the accuracy was within 80–120%. The excretion recoveries of Rg1, ginsenoside Rh1(Rh1), and protopanaxatriol(Ppt) in bile,urine, and feces combined were all greater than 70%. The fecal excretion recoveries of Rg1, Rh1, and Ppt were40.11%, 22.19%, and 22.88%, respectively, whereas 6.88% of Rg1 and 0.09% of Rh1 were excreted in bile.Urinary excretion accounted for only 0.04% of Rg1. In conclusion, the observed excretion profiles for Rg1 and its metabolites after oral administration are helpful for understanding the poor oral bioavailability of Rg1 and will aid further investigations of Rg1 as a pharmacologically active component.