Preparation and Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax/Glass Fabric Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites

Synthetic reinforced composites affect the environment adversely and have become a global concern, causing increased natural composite demand for sustainability and cost effectiveness. Glass is a popular material that is highly consumed in reinforced composites for its superior mechanical strength. As opposed to that, flax obtained from flax stalks can be used as an alternative reinforcing material with synthetic fibers to minimize manmade fiber consumption. Hence, this research work addresses a few flax/glass-reinforced hybrid composites by using a thermoset polyester matrix. Here, six categories of samples are made, like neat flax, neat glass, and flax/glass fabric reinforced hybrid composite, followed by different stacking layer sequences and hand layout techniques during processing. Afterwards, the mechanical behavior, thermal stability, morphological behavior, and water absorption of hybrid samples were investigated. Among the developed samples, neat glass (NG) composite exhibits superior mechanical properties, while neat flax (NF) shows the lowest result. It is apparent that the mechanical properties and thermal stability of hybrid samples are in between NF and NG because, by adding glass with flax fabric, the strength of hybrid samples is increased. Moreover, it is noticeable that, due to multiple stacking layers of flax and glass, hybrid 3 and hybrid 4 show better strength than consecutive single stacking layers in hybrid 1 and hybrid 2. Among all hybrid composites, the H4 shows comparatively better mechanical and thermal properties due to having the glass layers on the outermost surface. In summary, this research work demonstrated the feasibility of flax fabric with glass fabric as a reinforced hybrid composite that can be used in automobile inner bodies, household furnishing, and home interior decoration.

Preparation and Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax/Glass Fabric Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites

Synthetic reinforced composites affect the environment adversely and have become a global concern, causing increased natural composite demand for sustainability and cost effectiveness. Glass is a popular material that is highly consumed in reinforced composites for its superior mechanical strength. As opposed to that, flax obtained from flax stalks can be used as an alternative reinforcing material with synthetic fibers to minimize manmade fiber consumption. Hence, this research work addresses a few flax/glass-reinforced hybrid composites by using a thermoset polyester matrix. Here, six categories of samples are made, like neat flax, neat glass, and flax/glass fabric reinforced hybrid composite, followed by different stacking layer sequences and hand layout techniques during processing. Afterwards, the mechanical behavior, thermal stability, morphological behavior, and water absorption of hybrid samples were investigated. Among the developed samples, neat glass (NG) composite exhibits superior mechanical properties, while neat flax (NF) shows the lowest result. It is apparent that the mechanical properties and thermal stability of hybrid samples are in between NF and NG because, by adding glass with flax fabric, the strength of hybrid samples is increased. Moreover, it is noticeable that, due to multiple stacking layers of flax and glass, hybrid 3 and hybrid 4 show better strength than consecutive single stacking layers in hybrid 1 and hybrid 2. Among all hybrid composites, the H4 shows comparatively better mechanical and thermal properties due to having the glass layers on the outermost surface. In summary, this research work demonstrated the feasibility of flax fabric with glass fabric as a reinforced hybrid composite that can be used in automobile inner bodies, household furnishing, and home interior decoration.

Research on properties of hollow glass microspheres/epoxy resin composites applied in deep rock in-situ temperature-preserved coring

Deep petroleum resources are in a high-temperature environment.However,the traditional deep rock coring method has no temperature preserved measures and ignores the effect of temperature on rock porosity and permeability,which will lead to the distortion of the petroleum resources reserves assessment.Therefore,the hollow glass microspheres/epoxy resin(HGM/EP)composites were innovatively proposed as temperature preserved materials for in-situ temperature-preserved coring(ITP-Coring),and the physical,mechanical,and temperature preserved properties were evaluated.The results indicated that:As the HGM content increased,the density and mechanical properties of the composites gradually decreased,while the water absorption was deficient without hydrostatic pressure.For composites with 50 vol%HGM,when the hydrostatic pressure reached 60 MPa,the water absorption was above 30.19%,and the physical and mechanical properties of composites were weakened.When the hydrostatic pressure was lower than 40 MPa,the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of composites were almost unchanged.Therefore,the composites with 50 vol%HGM can be used for ITPCoring operations in deep environments with the highest hydrostatic pressure of 40 MPa.Finally,to further understand the temperature preserved performance of composites in practical applications,the temperature preserved properties were measured.An unsteady-state heat transfer model was established based on the test results,then the theoretical change of the core temperature during the coring process was obtained.The above tests results can provide a research basis for deep rock in-situ temperature preserved corer and support accurate assessment of deep petroleum reserves.

Influence of Non-smooth Surface on Tribological Properties of Glass Fiber-epoxy Resin Composite Sliding against Stainless Steel under Natural Seawater Lubrication

With the development of bionics, the bionic non-smooth surfaces are introduced to the field of tribology. Although non-smooth surface has been studied widely, the studies of non-smooth surface under the natural seawater lubrication are still very fewer, especially experimental research. The influences of smooth and non-smooth surface on the frictional properties of the glass fiber-epoxy resin composite（GF/EPR） coupled with stainless steel 316 L are investigated under natural seawater lubrication in this paper. The tested non-smooth surfaces include the surfaces with semi-spherical pits, the conical pits, the cone-cylinder combined pits, the cylindrical pits and through holes. The friction and wear tests are performed using a ring-on-disc test rig under 60 N load and 1000 r/min rotational speed. The tests results show that GF/EPR with bionic non-smooth surface has quite lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance than GF/EPR with smooth surface without pits. The average friction coefficient of GF/EPR with semi-spherical pits is 0.088, which shows the largest reduction is approximately 63.18% of GF/EPR with smooth surface. In addition, the wear debris on the worn surfaces of GF/EPR are observed by a confocal scanning laser microscope. It is shown that the primary wear mechanism is the abrasive wear. The research results provide some design parameters for non-smooth surface, and the experiment results can serve as a beneficial supplement to non-smooth surface study.

Experimental Study on Influence of Dimples on Lubrication Performance of Glass Fiber-epoxy Resin Composite under Natural Seawater Lubrication

Bionic non-smooth surface is widely applied in metal and ceramics materials. In order to introduce this technology to high pressure seawater pump, the influence of bionic non-smooth surface on the engineering plastics used in pump should be investigated. The comparative tests are carried out with a ring-on-disc configuration under 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 r/min in order to research the influence of the bionic non-smooth surface on glass fiber-epoxy resin composite（GF/EPR） under natural seawater lubrication. The disc surfaces are textured with five kinds of pits, which are semi-spherical, conical, cone-cylinder combined, cylindrical pits and through holes, respectively. A smooth surface is tested as reference. The results show that the lubrication performance of dimpled GF/EPR sample is much better than that of the smooth sample under all rotational speeds. The semi-spherical pits surface has more obvious friction reduction than the others, which shows that the least reduction is approximately 43.29% of smooth surface under 1200 r/rain. However, the wear level is only marginally influenced by dimples. The surface morphology investigations disclose severe modifications caused by abrasive wear primarily. The results are helpful to vary friction properties of GF/EPR by non-smooth surface, or provide references to the design of non-smooth surfaces under certain condition.

Fabrication and Characterization of Glass Fiber with SiC Reinforced Polymer Composites

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymeric (GFRP) Composites are most commonly used as bumpers for vehicles, electrical equipment panels, and medical devices enclosures. These materials are also widely used for structural applications in aerospace, automotive, and in providing alternatives to traditional metallic materials. The paper fabricated epoxy and polyester resin composites by using silicon carbide in various proportions along with GFRP. The hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate the laminates. To determine the properties of fabricated composites, the tensile, impact, and flexural tests were conducted. This method of fabrication was very simple and cost-effective. Their mechanical properties like yield strength, yield strain, Young’s modulus, flexural modulus, and impact energy were investigated. The mechanical properties of the GFRP composites were also compared with the fiber volume fraction. The fiber volume fraction plays a major role in the mechanical properties of GFRP composites. Young’s modulus and tensile strength of fabricated composites were modelled and compared with measured values. The results show that composites with epoxy resin demonstrate higher strength and modulus compared to composites with polyester resin.

Tensile Properties of Weft Knitted Fabric Reinforced Composites

Seven kinds of weft knitted fabrics from glass fiber yarns were used as reinforcement to make fabric/epoxy composite laminates. Tensile tests were carried out to examine and compare the mechanical properties in course and wale direction of these composites. On the basis of experimental results, attempts have been made to analyze some main factors influencing stress-strain curve, ultimate tensile strength and initial elastic modulus of specimens.

Studies on interacting Blends of Acrylated Epoxy resin based Poly(Ester-Amide)s and Vinyl EsterResin

Epoxy resin based Unsaturated poly(ester-amide) resins (UPEAs) can be prepared by many methods but here these were prepared by reported method [1]. These UPEAs were then treated with acrylotl chloride to afford acrylated UPEAs resin (i.e. AUPEAs). Interacting blends of equal proportional AUPEAs and vinyl ester epoxy (VE) resin were prepared. APEAs and AUPEAs were characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determined by vapour pressure osmometer and by IR spectral study and by thermogravimetry. The curing of interacting blends was monitored on differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Based on DSC data in situ glass reinforced composites of the resultant blends have been prepared and characterized for mechanical, electrical and chemical properties. Unreinforced blends were characterized by thermogravimetry (TGA).

纳米二氧化钛/玻璃鳞片协同增强环氧树脂的耐磨性研究

[目的]环氧树脂(EP)复合材料虽有良好的力学性能和化学稳定性,但脆性大、摩擦因数高、耐磨性差,使其难以满足运动摩擦部件的性能要求。[方法]通过向EP基体中添加改性纳米TiO_(2)和玻璃鳞片(GF)制备了TiO_(2)/GF/EP复合材料,研究了纳米TiO_(2)添加量对复合涂层性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对涂层的断面形貌和分子结构进行了表征。[结果]利用KH-550硅烷偶联剂对纳米TiO_(2)进行改性处理消耗了其表面大量的羟基,有效减少了纳米TiO_(2)的团聚。GF和改性纳米TiO_(2)与EP基体的界面相容性良好,TiO_(2)/GF/EP复合涂层的致密性与纯EP涂层相比明显提高。对于添加了相对于EP质量4%的纳米TiO_(2)和30%的GF的复合涂层,其显微硬度比纯EP提高了46.8%,摩擦因数和磨损后的质量损失分别比纯EP减小了46.1%和52.0%。[结论]改性纳米TiO_(2)和GF共同作为填料加入,可使EP的显微硬度和耐磨性得到明显提高,摩擦因数明显减小,综合性能得到提升。

Improvement of thermal conductivities and simulation model for glass fabrics reinforced epoxy laminated composites via introducing hetero-structured BNN-30@BNNS fillers

Hetero-structured thermally conductive spherical boron nitride and boron nitride nanosheets(BNN-30@BNNS)fillers were prepared via electro static self-assembly method.And the corresponding thermally conductive&electrically insulating BNN-30@BNNS/Si-GFs/E-44 laminated composites were then fabricated via hot compression.BNN-30@BNNS-Ⅲ(fBNN-30/fBNNS,1/2,wt/wt)fillers presented the optimal synergistic improvement effects on the thermal conductivities of epoxy composites.When the mass fraction of BNN-30@BNNS-Ⅲwas 15 wt%,λvalue of the BNN-30@BNNS-Ⅲ/E-44 composites was up to0.61 W m^(-1)K^(-1),increased by 2.8 times compared with pure E-44(λ=0.22 W m^(-1)K^(-1)),also higher than that of the 15 wt%BNN-30/E-44(0.56 W m^(-1)K^(-1)),15 wt%BNNS/E-44(0.42 W m^(-1)K^(-1)),and 15 wt%(BNN-30/BNNS)/E-44(direct blending BNN-30/BNNS hybrid fillers,1/2,wt/wt,0.49 W m^(-1)K^(-1))composites.Theλin-plane(λ//)andλcross-plane(λ_(⊥))of 15 wt%BNN-30@BNNS-Ⅲ/Si-GFs/E-44 laminated composites significantly reached 2.75 W m^(-1)K^(-1)and 1.32 W m^(-1)K^(-1),186.5%and 187.0%higher than those of Si-GFs/E-44 laminated composites(λ//=0.96 W m^(-1)K^(-1)andλ_(⊥)=0.46 W m^(-1)K^(-1)).Established models can well simulate heat transfer efficiency in the BNN-30@BNNS-Ⅲ/Si-GFs/E-44 laminated composites.Under the condition of point heat source,the introduction of BNN-30@BNNS-Ⅲfillers were conducive to accelerating heat flow trans fe r.BNN-30@BNNS-Ⅲ/Si-GFs/E-44 laminated composites also demonstrated outstanding electrical insulating properties(cross-plane withstanding voltage,breakdown strength,surface&volume resistivity of 51.3 kV,23.8 kV mm^(-1),3.7×10^(14)Ω&3.4×10^(14)Ω·cm,favorable mechanical properties(flexural strength of 401.0 MPa and ILSS of 22.3 MPa),excellent dielectric properties(εof 4.92 and tanδof 0.008)and terrific thermal properties(T_(g )of 167.3℃and T_(HRI) of 199.2℃).

Effects of γ-Ray Irradiation on the Fatigue Strength, Thermal Conductivities and Thermal Stabilities of the Glass Fibres/Epoxy Resins Composites

Glass fibres/epoxy resins composites have been performed as ideal materials to make support instruments for high-energy and nuclear physics experiments. The effects of the 3,-ray irradiation on the fatigue strength, thermal conductivities and thermal stabilities of the glass fibres/epoxy resins composites were investigated. And a two-parameter fatigue life model was established to predict the fatigue life of the composites. Results revealed that the y-ray irradiation could probably result in the degradation of epoxy resins, but hardly damage to the glass fibres. And the γ-ray irradiation treatment could significantly affect the fatigue strength of the composites at a low-cycle fatigue stage, but seldom influence at a high-cycle fatigue stage. Furthermore, the fabricated glass fibres/epoxy resins composites after the γ-ray irradiation still presented excellent fatigue strength, ideal thermal conductivities, remarkable dimensional and thermal stabilities, which can meet the actual requirements of normal operation for supporting instruments under high-energy and nuclear physics experiments.

热塑性复合材料玻璃纤维环氧成膜剂的制备与性能研究

本文采用化学改性法,以环氧氯丙烷、共聚物P105、环氧树脂E-51和双酚A为原料,制备了一种水性环氧树脂乳液作为玻璃纤维成膜剂,研究了原料摩尔比、E-P105用量和乳化温度对乳液粒径和稳定性的影响。结果表明,当P105、ECH、NaOH摩尔比为1∶1.5∶1.2,环氧树脂与双酚A摩尔比为2.25∶1,E-P105质量份数为环氧树脂和双酚A质量的20%,乳化温度为60℃时,乳液粒径为0.387μm,粒径分布均匀,具有良好的稳定性,经上浆处理后的玻璃纤维复合材料力学性能优异。

二胺型苯并噁嗪改性双酚A环氧树脂及其玻璃纤维复合材料性能研究

为了延长环氧树脂漆的适用期,提高其耐热性,使用苯并噁嗪树脂对其进行共混改性。以溶液共混方式制备了环氧树脂漆(EP)与苯并噁嗪树脂(BZ)的共混树脂体系(E/B-x),讨论了BZ的加入对共混树脂的黏度、流变特性、凝胶化活化能、固化行为、表面特性及玻布增强复合材料的耐热性、力学性能的影响。结果表明:BZ的加入使共混树脂的黏度明显降低,凝胶温度及凝胶活化能增加,迟滞了EP的固化反应,延长了其适用期;少量BZ的加入不会改变EP的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),当BZ加入量达到40份时,与EP复合材料相比,E/B-40复合材料的干态和湿态Tg分别提高了12.6%和11.7%;随BZ加入量的增加,复合材料的弯曲强度先下降后上升,E/B-40复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量可达569 MPa和27.9 GPa,与EP复合材料相当。

玻纤增强环氧树脂力学与耐老化性能研究

采用偶联剂KH560对短切玻璃纤维(玻纤)进行改性,并以改性短切玻纤作为增强材料制备得到玻纤/环氧树脂复合材料。随着玻纤质量分数的增加,材料的拉伸、弯曲和冲击强度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当玻纤填充质量分数为10%时,材料的力学增强、增韧效果达到最佳。SEM表征表明玻纤与树脂基体界面结合良好,可以有效传递树脂与玻纤间的应力,且玻纤的介入也可有效阻挡裂纹的扩展,起到增强、增韧作用。然而当玻纤质量分数过高时,由于材料的分散性变差,其力学性能下降。复合材料经短时间的紫外老化后,因紫外光氧作用颜色发生很大变化,然而由于玻纤具有很好的化学稳定性,可以延缓紫外氧化损伤进一步深入到材料内部,材料的外观颜色变化开始放缓。在水分作用下,树脂也会发生一定的水解。这些破坏使材料的力学性能随着老化时间的延长不断降低。上述研究可为后续开发用于替代金属电力金具的性能更优越的玻纤增强环氧树脂提供理论基础。

APP-MCA-CFA三元复配阻燃体系改性环氧树脂基玻璃纤维复合材料及性能研究

首次以聚磷酸铵(APP)为酸源和主阻燃剂,以高氮含量的三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐(MCA)为气源,以大分子型三嗪成炭剂(CFA)为炭源,组成APP-MCA-CFA三元复配阻燃剂体系。将其用于环氧树脂体系的阻燃改性,通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧等级、锥形量热、扫描电镜(SEM)、热失重分析(TG)和动态力学分析(DMA)等实验分析了它们之间的协同效应。结果表明:与单独使用APP阻燃剂相比,三元复配阻燃剂体系(20%APP-5%MCA-5%CFA,均为质量分数)表现出显著的协同阻燃效应,LOI值提升至62.0%,热释放速率峰值(PHRR)降低至401kW/m^(2),总热释放量(THR)下降至37.3MW/m^(2)。成炭分析结果表明,APP-MCA-CFA三元复配阻燃剂体系的引入使环氧树脂在高温下形成孔洞直径约5μm的形貌均一且规整的微米级膨胀炭层。DMA实验表明MCA和CFA可以通过粒子表面的胺基参与环氧固化反应,提高环氧固化交联密度,在一定程度抵消APP阻燃剂粉体加入导致的环氧机械性能下降。APP-MCA-CFA三元复配阻燃体系可用于环氧树脂基玻璃纤维复合材料的阻燃改性,垂直燃烧等级提升至UL-94 V0级,LOI值提升至66.3%。该研究为开发综合性能优异的阻燃环氧树脂基复合体系提供了一种简单易行的途径。

玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂表面电痕化显微特征影响分析

为探究玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合绝缘材料的表面放电过程及其显微特征,本文通过搭建斜板电极实验平台,采用恒定电痕化电压法对试样进行表面电痕化和蚀损试验,并结合理想液体的伯努利方程分析了电痕的形成机理。还测试了不同电痕蚀损阶段下环氧树脂材料的官能团变化情况、表面粗糙度以及三维形貌。结果表明:绝缘复合材料的潮湿污秽区域极易产生泄漏电流并发生放电,且电痕放电和最严重的损蚀情况总是首先出现在下电极处;随着试样表面电痕腐蚀程度增加,环氧树脂分子链中环氧基、羟基、氨基、醛基逐渐分解,羰基产生后又不完全分解;材料的表面形貌逐渐变得粗糙和不规则,表面粗糙度呈上升趋势,其中爆发期的粗糙度约为起始期的2.8倍。

湿热环境对环氧树脂基复合材料拉伸性能的影响

采用加速吸湿法得到玻璃纤维/L285环氧树脂基复合材料吸湿特性曲线,通过对比分析湿热处理前后的化学结构、断口微观形貌以及力学性能,研究了湿热环境对玻璃化转变温度、损伤机理、抗拉强度以及弹性模量的影响,探究湿热老化机制,为通用航空飞机的安全运行提供理论和实验依据。结果表明,该复合材料吸湿初期符合Fick第二定律,后期吸湿曲线逐渐趋于平缓,湿度一定时,温度越高,吸湿率越大,达到吸湿饱和时间越长。水浴温度由25 ℃增加到85 ℃时,饱和吸湿率增加209%,相应吸湿饱和时间增加46.50%;湿热处理后复合材料的拉伸断裂失效形式发生改变,抗拉强度降低30.97%,弹性模量在6%范围内波动,加载初期应力—应变曲线呈线性关系,后期呈非线性变化趋势;相对25 ℃干态试样,85 ℃湿态试样的玻璃化转变温度下降24 ℃,相应的化学结构未发生变化,但纤维-基体界面发生了不可逆的物理变化。

玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料燃烧特性研究

采用锥形量热仪、垂直水平燃烧试验仪、极限氧指数测试仪等手段研究玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在不同火灾环境下的燃烧特性。结果表明:随热辐射强度的增加,实验样品的平均点燃时间逐渐缩短,热释放速率和热释放速率峰值均增大,峰值出现时间提前,燃烧后残余率降低。由于玻璃纤维的抑制作用,复合材料总体质量损失幅度较小。实验样品在水平燃烧试验中未能点燃,在垂直燃烧试验中,平均烧焦长度48.3mm,移去火源后的平均焰燃时间为11.8s。氧指数试验显示,温度升高200℃后,其值降为室温氧指数的74.9%,表明在高温环境下复合材料更易被点燃。玻璃纤维的存在能够抑制环氧树脂的热解和燃烧。

玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料热解特性研究

采用热重-差热分析仪研究玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在空气及氮气氛围下不同升温速率的热解特性规律。结果表明,在空气气氛下,热解分为两个阶段;氮气气氛下,热解只存在一个热分解阶段,与空气气氛相比热解初始分解温度较高,热解温度范围变窄,失重速率明显变大。在两种气氛下,玻璃纤维均不参与热解。随着升温速率的增加,热解反应各阶段的起始温度、终止温度、最大失重速率温度均向高温方向移动,热解温度范围大小都基本保持不变。氮气气氛下使用Kissinger法、FWO法和Starink法计算出玻璃纤维环氧树脂的平均表观活化能分别为106.42、123.09和119.48kJ/mol。复合材料活化能随转化率的增加而升高,表观活化能保持在一定数值范围内且数值相近,热解反应比较稳定,具有较低A值,表明其具有较强的热稳定性。

交变载荷下绝缘拉杆用GFRP电树枝劣化特性

气体绝缘组合电器(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)现场调试或运行过程多次发生绝缘拉杆内部击穿问题,影响工程投运与设备可靠性,迫切需要探明故障机理。该文选取GIS断路器绝缘拉杆用玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite,GFRP)为研究对象,通过计算分、合闸下绝缘拉杆主应力分布特性,设置交变载荷下电树枝劣化实验条件,研究不同交变载荷对GFRP内电树枝生长特性影响规律。结果表明,相较于单一载荷,交变载荷条件下GFRP中电树枝生长速度加快,平均击穿时间降低,击穿概率增大。基于复合材料力学仿真发现交变载荷下GFRP内树脂-纤维界面处会出现较大的应力集中,局部应力损伤已达到失效的临界值。综上,交变载荷下绝缘拉杆纤维-树脂界面机械损伤与绝缘劣化交互演进是造成绝缘击穿的主要原因,也可作为试验考核与结构设计的改进依据。