A review of the techniques for the mold manufacturing of micro/nanostructures for precision glass molding

Micro/nanostructured components play an important role in micro-optics and optical engineering,tribology and surface engineering,and biological and biomedical engineering,among other fields.Precision glass molding technology is the most efficient method of manufacturing micro/nanostructured glass components,the premise of which is meld manufacturing with complementary micro/nanostructures.Numerous mold manufacturing methods have been developed to fabricate extremely small and high-quality micro/nanostructures to satisfy the demands of functional micro/nanostructured glass components for various applications.Moreover,the service performance of the mold should also be carefully considered.This paper reviews a variety of technologies for manufacturing micro/nanostructured molds.The authors begin with an introduction of the extreme requirements of mold materials.The following section provides a detailed survey of the existing micro/nanostructured mold manufacturing techniques and their corresponding mold materials,including nonmechanical and mechanical methods.This paper concludes with a detailed discussion of the authors recent research on nickel-phosphorus(Ni-P)mold manufacturing and its service performance.

Recent advancements in optical microstructure fabrication through glass molding process

Optical microstructures are increasingly applied in several fields, such as optical systems, precision measurement, and microfluid chips. Microstructures include microgrooves, microprisms, and microlenses. This paper presents an overview of optical microstructure fabrication through glass molding and highlights the applications of optical microstructures in mold fabrication and glass molding. The glass-mold interface friction and adhesion are also discussed. Moreover, the latest advance- ments in glass molding technologies are detailed, including new mold materials and their fabrication methods, viscoelastic constitutive modeling of glass, and micro- structure molding process, as well as ultrasonic vibration- assisted molding technology.

Precision glass molding： Toward an optimal fabrication of optical lenses

It is costly and time consuming to use machining processes, such as grinding, polishing and lapping, to produce optical glass lenses with complex features. Precision glass molding （PGM） has thus been developed to realize an efficient manufacture of such optical components in a single step. However, PGM faces various technical challenges. For example, a PGM process must be carded out within the super-cooled region of optical glass above its glass transition temperature, in which the material has an unstable non-equilibrium structure. Within a narrow window of allowable tempera- ture variation, the glass viscosity can change from 10s to 10t2 Pa-s due to the kinetic fragility of the super-cooled liquid. This makes a PGM process sensitive to its molding temperature. In addition, because of the structural relaxa- tion in this temperature window, the atomic structure that governs the material properties is strongly dependent on time and thermal history. Such complexity often leads to residual stresses and shape distortion in a lens molded, causing unexpected changes in density and refractive index. This review will discuss some of the central issues in PGM processes and provide a method based on a manufacturing chain consideration from mold material selection, property and deformation characterization of optical glass to process optimization. The realization of such optimization is a necessary step for the Industry 4.0 of PGM.

High-temperature friction behavior of amorphous carbon coating in glass molding process

In the glass molding process,the sticking reaction and fatigue wear between the glass and mold hinder the service life and functional application of the mold at the elevated temperature.To improve the chemical inertness and anti-friction properties of the mold,an amorphous carbon coating was synthesized on the tungsten carbide-cobalt(WC–8Co)substrate by magnetron sputtering.The friction behavior between the glass and carbon coating has a significant influence on the functional protection and service life of the mold.Therefore,the glass ring compression tests were conducted to measure the friction coefficient and friction force of the contact interface between the glass and amorphous carbon coating at the high temperature.Meanwhile,the detailed characterization of the amorphous carbon coating was performed to study the microstructure evolution and surface topography of the amorphous carbon coating during glass molding process by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Ramon spectroscopy,and atomic force microscope(AFM).The results showed that the amorphous carbon coating exhibited excellent thermal stability,but weak shear friction strength.The friction coefficient between the glass and coating depended on the temperature.Besides,the service life of the coating was governed by the friction force of the contact interface,processing conditions,and composition diffusion.This work provides a better understanding of the application of carbon coatings in the glass molding.

基于 Moldflow 的汽车中控台框架翘曲变形分析及优化

以某汽车中控台框架为研究对象,测量试模样品发现其翘曲变形量超过了装配要求。通过Moldflow软件模拟了该塑件实际的注塑过程,翘曲变形量的模拟值与实测平均值的最大误差为5.98%,发现该塑件翘曲变形的主要因素为冷却不均和收缩不均。本文在原物料中添加质量分数为25%的玻璃纤维以及优化工艺参数后,翘曲变形量的模拟值与初始方案相比降低了86.22%。试模验证表明,优化后的翘曲变形量模拟值与实测平均值的最大误差为4.35%,证明了Moldflow软件模拟分析的准确性。试模后各检测点的最大翘曲变形量降到了1.6 mm以下,较优化之前降低了80%以上,为类似大型复杂注塑件的翘曲变形分析及优化提供了思路。

Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Short Glass Fibre (SGF)/Calcite/ABS Composites

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-Styrene (ABS), with and without calcium carbonate (calcite) particles,was used as the matrix for reinforcement with as-received short-glass fibres (were originallytreated by the manufacturer) and sized short-glass fibres with two amino-silane coupling agents.The calcite particle content is 0, 11.7 and 23.5 vol. pct for the matrices. The glass fiber contentis 0, 10 and 15 vol. pct. The matrix materials and corresponding composites were compoundedusing a twin screw extruder and dumbbell-shaped tensile bars were prepared with an injectionmolding process. The tensile and flexural properties as well as the unnotched and notchedCharpy impact energies of short glass fibre/calcite/ABS composites were studied in this paper.The effects of fibres, fibre surface treatments and particles on these mechanical properties ofthe composites were discussed in detail. An importarit information was obtained, which is thatthe tensile and flexural strengths of hybrid SGF/calcite/ABS composites are the same as thoseof corresponding fibre composites when the ratio of the interfacial adhesion strength betweenparticles and matrix to that between fibres and matrix is higher than certain value. otherwise theformer are lower than the latter.

Novel Plastic Encapsulation Holding Method for Automobile Glass Using Injection Molding Process

Glass positioning and holding is difficult in the process of injection molding encapsulation of automobile glass. A suction cup or soft resin is always introduced in this process. However,these materials cannot hold glass tightly,thus resulting in the unsteady quality of toughened glass and encapsulated plastic. To solve this problem,a novel holding method called magnetic high-pressure holding with twin bags is proposed to address the features of toughened glass and the encapsulation injection process. Firstly,a pair of permanent magnets is introduced as energy source,followed by the magnetization of a couple of magnetic particle bags. Contact between the single bag and the glass surface will enable the couple of magnetic particle bags to hold glass tightly and to self-adapt the freeform of the glass. Secondly, an experimental system with mechanical and control systems is designed. This system is controlled by the opening and closing force of the mold,which turns the magnetic field on or off to hold or loosen the glass. The magnetic field distributions are measured at important positions of the permanent magnets and in the magnetized particles in the experiments to determine the holding performance. Finally, the process of determining the parameters of the magnet and its attenuation is analyzed, including the minimum friction force between the glass and the particle bag during injection molding,the magnetic energy product and the magnetized filed distributions,and the re-checking method for these parameters. The theoretical analysis and the experimental result show that this flexible holding system may produce sufficient holding force,which not only protects glass but self-adapts the glass freeform as well. The production practice meets the technical requirements of injection molding with a defect-free surface,with no scratches and cracks on the glass and no slight glass movements in the mold cavity.

基于Moldflow的含玻纤塑料零部件翘曲变形优化

翘曲变形是注塑成型工艺中常见的缺陷之一,含玻纤增强的塑料件变形尤其难以控制。基于Moldflow软件,以含玻纤增强的汽车内饰塑料件为研究对象,分析其变形的根本原因,从结构、工艺角度改善,并在Moldflow中进行优化模拟,最终在实际注塑时验证有效性,变形情况得到明显改善,能满足使用要求。

Withdraw: Improvement on Adhesion Properties of Insert Injection Molding Composites: Effect of Inserted Parts, Adhesive Lengths and Injection Conditions

Short Retraction Notice The paper does not meet the standards of "Open Journal of Composite Materials". This article has been retracted to straighten the academic record. In making this decision the Editorial Board follows COPE's Retraction Guidelines. The aim is to promote the circulation of scientific research by offering an ideal research publication platform with due consideration of internationally accepted standards on publication ethics. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apologies for any inconvenience this retraction may have caused. Editor guiding this retraction: Prof. Chengye Fan (EiC of OJCM) The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper, which is marked "Withdraw".

Production and Properties of Short Jute and Short E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene-Based Composites

Short jute fiber (2 - 3 mm) reinforced polypropylene PP-based composites (20% fiber by weight) were fabricated using compression molding and the mechanical properties were evaluated. Tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break (Eb%), flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), impact strength (IS), and hardness of the composites were found to be 32 MPa, 850 MPa, 12%, 38 MPa, 1685 MPa, 18 kJ/m2 and 96 shore-A, respectively. Then short E-glass fiber (2 - 3 mm) reinforced PP-based composites (20% fiber by weight) were fabricated and mechanical properties were compared with short jute-based composites. Short jute-based composites showed excellent mechanical properties and comparable to short E-glass-based composites. Soil degradation test of both types of composites indi-cated that jute/PP composites significantly lost much of its mechanical properties but E-glass/PP composites retained major portion of its original integrity. Interfaces of the degraded composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and supported the biodegradation properties of jute/PP composites.

考虑注射成型特性影响的汽车前端模块结构性能仿真

利用Autodesk Helius PFA软件,将注射成型纤维取向张量和残余应力及应变分布等历史映射至前端模块的结构性能评价仿真。结果表明,注射成型纤维取向张量和残余应力及应变分布等成形历史影响前端模块的服役性能评价。与试验测试结果相比,映射和未映射注射成形历史的仿真最大位移均偏小。相比之下,映射注射成型纤维取向张量和残余应力及应变分布等成形历史的最大位移较大,且这种趋势随变形位移的增大而增大。当试验测试位移很小时,两种仿真方法的结果都与试验有较大的误差。当试验测试位移大于0.65 mm时,映射注射成型历史的百分误差Er、极差R和方差s2均较小,有利于指导玻璃纤维增强塑料车身结构的精准设计。

非球面光学元件的快速制造技术

为满足光学行业的市场需求,非球面光学元件的快速制造技术是实现低成本、批量化、高精度生产的最佳解决方案之一。本文主要介绍了非球面光学元件的快速制造技术,包括精密光学玻璃模压成型技术和精密光学塑料注射成型技术,并对两种技术与其他非球面光学元件的制造技术进行了对比,阐述了模具材料种类、模具加工方法、成型材料、成型过程等内容。最后总结了近年来非球面光学元件的快速制造技术的发展现状,并对未来发展进行了展望。

玻纤增强尼龙复合材料车门拉手座热流道模具设计

在车门拉手座塑件模具设计中,为解决高含量玻璃纤维增强尼龙复合材料成型时容易出现浮纤、收缩各向异性带来的翘曲变形大等潜在品质缺陷问题,运用CAE辅助分析对塑件的成型方案进行了优化分析。将浇注系统优化为潜伏式双浇口浇注系统,浇口的进胶直径为1 mm,流道结构由三级冷流道+一级热流道组成。所获得的浇注效果为:引起浮纤发生的内外壁模温差控制在38℃以下(标准值≤50℃);主要外观面盖面的纤维取向张量范围为0.7373~0.9986,能有效保证盖面的结构强度;塑件最大翘曲变形量为1.024 mm,能保证塑件关键尺寸的成型精度满足MT3级A类精度要求;基于玻纤增强的模腔成型收缩率各向差异化设置分别为X向0.3%,Y向0.1%,Z向0.2%。与优化结果对应的注塑工艺参数为:模温89.4℃,料温292.4℃,注射压力92 MPa,冷却水温度25℃,注塑周期38 s。模具结构为一种两板式热流道模具,一模两腔布局,模具中采用脱模方向集成法设计了3种脱模机构,其中的定模推板斜顶机构和油缸推板型斜抽芯机构对同类塑件脱模机构设计有较好的参考作用。

大丝束碳纤维复合材料在风电叶片的应用

大功率风电机组尤其是海上风电大尺寸复合材料叶片对于材料的强度、耐疲劳性能及长期使用可靠性提出了更高的要求,高强度高刚度碳纤维增强复合材料拉挤板材为大尺寸风电叶片主梁结构提供了最佳解决方案。国产低成本大丝束碳纤维生产技术突破为碳纤维增强复合材料风电板材规模化应用奠定了基础,碳纤维/玻璃纤维(碳玻)混杂成型技术、碳纤维/聚氨酯体系拉挤成型技术为风电板材提供了更多可供选择的技术途径。本文结合上海石化48K大丝束碳纤维在风电领域应用研究成果及国内外风电板材新型技术进展,总结了大丝束碳纤维复合材料在风电叶片板材的应用途径。

四缸发动机进气歧管热流道注射模设计

结合大型尺寸塑件发动机进气歧管批量生产需要,选用玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺专用塑料对其进行注射成型,材料中加纤质量分数为33%。模具使用一模一腔布局,模腔使用2个针阀式浇口进行浇注,相应的注塑工艺参数为模温70℃、注射压力100 MPa、充填时间5.5 s、保压压力50 MPa、保压时间11 s。针对塑件结构复杂、脱模困难问题,运用脱模方向集成设计方法设计了5个特殊脱模机构用于塑件的脱模;其中定模一侧布置3个联动式油缸驱动滑块斜抽芯机构,将斜向抽芯转化为水平侧抽芯,能有效减少斜抽芯机构件对模具厚度尺寸的要求;动模一侧布置的1个水平侧抽芯滑块机构和1个弯管抽芯机构,结合塑件弯管内壁的脱模采用分段抽芯脱模法进行设计,有效解决了塑件弯管内壁既有直线段又有弯管段而难以设计脱模机构的难题,保证了塑件自动化注塑生产的实现。结合弯管抽芯机构的动作需要,两板热流道模模架的开模由单次开模改进为两次开模,第二次开模使用油缸驱动动模板顶出而实现。塑件的顶出脱模借助两种油缸分两次实施顶出而实现。模具整体结构设计、机构配置合理,有较好的设计参考意义。

中性硼硅玻璃管软化成型的温度控制方法

管制瓶过程中,针对现有中性硼硅玻璃管加热软化成型时温度难以控制、自动化程度低的问题,提出一种中性硼硅玻璃管加热软化的温度控制方法。论文从玻璃管的温度实时检测与燃烧、助燃气体流量的自动控制两个方面入手,建立控制与检测反馈的闭环,实时比对设定温度与实际温度的差值,进而进行气体供应量的调节,保证玻璃管最终的软化温度趋于稳定。

合金灰铸铁玻璃模具开裂失效分析及改进措施

分析了合金灰铸铁玻璃模具开裂失效的原因,从模具的铸造工艺和热处理工艺上进行了改进试验。通过采用降低合金元素和多次孕育的工艺,组织的均匀性明显提高,通过提高高温石墨化温度,增加二次石墨化保温时间,得到全铁素体基体组织,模具组织的均匀性得到极大的改善。最后指出:(1)模具组织中的网状碳化物以及退火残存的珠光体是裂纹产生的主要原因;(2)提高高温石墨化温度,增加二次石墨化保温时间,有利于得到高温下稳定的全铁素体组织,模具组织的均匀性得到极大的改善。

溢流下拉法成型砖尖流料稳定性控制与研究

溢流下拉法是基板玻璃制造的主流成型技术,成型品质一方面受到自身生产特点、工艺状态、质量控制、作业规范等影响,另一方面受到玻璃黏温特性、设备条件变化的影响。溢流砖的砖尖流料稳定受控,是保证成型品质稳定的基础。本文通过对溢流下拉法成型砖尖“大小料”不良现象的分析,从铂金挡板结构设计、砖尖黏温控制、导流板析晶预防控制等角度进行探讨和研究,为成型关键设备的设计改进和“大小料”预防控制提供思路,有利于成型品质的长期稳定。

精密模压模具用类金刚石薄膜表面失效与恢复

为了研究精密模压模具用类金刚石(DLC)薄膜的表面失效过程,探索恢复失效薄膜表面性能的方法,用磁过滤阴极电弧设备在硬质合金模具上制备无氢类金刚石ta-C薄膜,在精密模压机上使用该模具对玻璃开展模压。通过拉曼光谱检测经历不同次数模压薄膜结构变化情况,使用维氏硬度计、白光干涉仪检测模压前和多轮模压后ta-C薄膜的表面状态差异,从而评价薄膜在精密模压过程中的失效方式。结果表明:随着模压次数的增加,ta-C薄膜拉曼特征峰比值I_(D)/I_(G)从0.66上升到超过2.67,发生四面体配位sp^(3)向三配位键合结构sp^(2)的相转变。ta-C薄膜的硬度经模压后下降了15.5%,表面粗糙度由0.6 nm增大到25.8 nm,且膜层的整体均匀性下降。薄膜失效异常位置分析揭示了相转变主要发生在薄膜外表面,薄膜内部结构在模压过程中仍保持相对稳定,通过氧离子刻蚀可以使模压后的ta-C薄膜表面状态恢复。