Global diversity and distribution of distoseptosporic micromycete Corynespora Güssow(Corynesporascaceae):An updated checklist with current status

A review and updated checklist of Corynespora(Dematiaceous hyphomycetes)diversity and distribution reported from all over the world is prepared and presented over here based on available bibliographic survey upon published data.After critical review and verification,a total of 207 taxonomic records of Corynespora has been found in Index Fungorum,among them 179 spp.(86.47%)have been found as nomenclaurally valid/accepted taxa,while 14 spp.(6.76%)found to be transferred to other different taxa,11 spp.(5.31%)synonymously transferred to other Corynespora taxa,and 3 spp.(1.44%)found as invalid taxa.In all word-wide recorded Corynespora species,114 spp.(55.07%)have been found as foliicolous,90 spp.(43.47%)as lignicolous,2 spp.(0.96%)as lichenicolous,and 1 sp.(0.48%)from the air.Similarly,184 spp.(88.88%)have been reported on Angiosperms,1 sp.(0.48%)on Gymnosperms,22 spp.(10.62%)recorded on unidentified plant parts/taxa,whereas no one species recorded on Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.Likewise,166 spp.(80.19%)have been recorded on 54 families of Dicot,18 spp.(8.69%)on 6 families of monocot,1 sp.(0.48%)on 1 family of Gymnosperm,and 22 spp.(10.62%)on unidentified plant parts/taxa.Furthermore,the distribution of Corynespora spp.have been recorded from 34 countries,in which the species richness recorded maximum in India(80 spp.,38.64%)followed by China(31 spp.,14.97%),USA(11 spp.,5.31%),and other countries.Besides,distinguishing features of valid Corynespora spp.are also provided along with their hosts/substrate,host’s family,distribution(country),and references.This paper provides an updated checklist of Corynespora spp.reported from all over the world with their current status in the context of current nomenclature.In order to get all collected scientific information at one shop for further scientific study on exploration of Corynespora,this compiled up-to-date checklist with their comparative morphology would be vital and helpful to the researchers of concern fields as well as allied disciplines.

Analysis of the Global Swell Distributions Using ECMWF Re-Analyses Wind Wave Data

The existence of three well-defined tongue-shaped zones of swell dominance,termed as 'swell pools',in the Pacific,the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans,was reported by Chen et al.(2002)using satellite data.In this paper,the ECMWF Re-analyses wind wave data,including wind speed,significant wave height,averaged wave period and direction,are applied to verify the existence of these swell pools.The swell indices calculated from wave height,wave age and correlation coefficient are used to identify swell events.The wave age swell index can be more appropriately related to physical processes compared to the other two swell indices.Based on the ECMWF data the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans are confirmed,but the expected swell pool in the Indian Ocean is not pronounced.The seasonal variations of global and hemispherical swell indices are investigated,and the argument that swells in the pools seemed to originate mostly from the winter hemisphere is supported by the seasonal variation of the averaged wave direction.The northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans in summer is not revealed by the ECMWF data.The swell pool in the Indian Ocean and the summer northward bending of the swell pools in the Pacific and the Atlan-tic Oceans need to be further verified by other datasets.

Pedodiversity: a controversial concept

The concept of pedodiversity and its measurement methodology proposed and developed by Ibá?ez research term is introduced. An attempt to apply pedodiversity to analyze spatial soil variation and distribution patterns on the global scale is briefly demonstrated. Furthermore, constructive comments and criticisms on pedodiversity and its measurement from the noted pedologists and ecologists are outlined. Finally, potential applications of pedodiversity in soil science and other relevant disciplines are discussed.

混合离散分布信息下的全局分布鲁棒问题

针对分布鲁棒问题的保守性,利用凸分析中的理论研究了一类混合离散分布信息下的全局分布鲁棒问题的等价形式.当只有概率分布是不确定变量时,得到了相应全局分布鲁棒优化问题的易计算的确定问题;当样本值与概率分布均不确定时,得到其全局分布鲁棒优化问题的等价确定形式.

A comprehensive overview on sandfly fever

Sandfly fever is a febrile emerging arboviral illness which is a huge threat posed to public health.Sandfly fever viruses(Sicilian,Naples,and Toscana)are endemic to the Mediterranean region.Evidence suggests an increase in the activity of sandfly-borne phleboviruses and their extension to other places.The infection is relatively benign but may cause severe clinical manifestations and complications.Sandfly fever viruses belongs to the genus Phlebovirus(family Bunyaviridae),and the four main serotypes include sandfly fever Sicilian virus,sandfly fever Naples virus,sandfly fever Cyprus virus,and Toscana virus.Sandfly fever has flu-like symptoms such as fever,headache,photophobia,malaise,myalgia,and retro-orbital pain.The incubation period of the disease is 4-8 days,and the patient usually recovers within a week.The first infection provides the host with immunity.Sandfly fever viruses are transmitted through the bites of infected female sandflies,thus,the epidemiology of sandfly fever is closely related to the presence and activity of sandfly species that act as the vectors for transmission.Cases and outbreaks of the disease have been reported worldwide for more than 100 years.All in all,this disease is important for non-endemic countries because it is a travel-related and/or imported illness.

An Advanced Simple Method for Generating Synthetic Average Instant Hourly Solar Energy

The main objective of this study is to generate accurate synthetic hourly solar radiation data by using an easily accessible open source data.In this regard,a new approach is proposed for estimation of synthetic hourly global solar radiation during the day by utilizing only annual solar energy data.First time in literature,a model has been developed for prediction hourly and daily solar radiation based on annual solar energy parameter in this study.Parameters of the model were generated and tested for Turkey and one of them was presented as a case study within this paper.Long term measured hourly horizontal solar irradiance data from a network of Turkish meteorological stations was used to calibrate the model function.The predictions are compared with the solar data available in literature for Turkey.The advanced simple new model is utilized in open source computer program and has the potential to be adapted to other countries.

A global invasion by the thrip,Frankliniella occidentalis:Current virus vector status and its management

Western flower thrip,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande),is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally,attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops.In addition to causing extensive crop damage,the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses,mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus,Ilarvirus.AIphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus.Once infected by orthotospoviruses,thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed.These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems,and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides,contributing to further development of insecticide resistance.To mitigate against this continuing cycle,the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field.This review provides information on the pest status of F.occidentalis,discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species,examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus-induced diseases by thrips,and reviews different management strategies,highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems.The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F occidentalis and viruses are proposed.

Influence of complex topography on global solar radiation in the Yangtze River Basin

Global solar radiation（GSR） is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model（DEM） data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors（e.g. slope, aspect, etc.）. Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%.

Soil and land resources for agricultural production:General trends and future scenarios-A worldwide perspective

Based on the global distribution of land and soil quality and the world population,future trends in the agricultural use of land and soil resources are described,which will severely compromise future global food and fiber production through the increase and the spatial changes of world population,through the loss of fertile land caused by insufficient soil management and through urbanisation and industrialization Moreover,future changes in life style and the increasing demand for food and bioenergy,trough changes in world economy,through climate change and a worldwide decrease in fresh water supply,sustainable land use for the production of food and fiber will be under threat.Until 2050 global food production must be doubled for satisfying global needs.Our scenarios should help to preview future changes,to counterbalance and to mitigate possible negative impacts,thus sustaining global food security.