The relationship between man-made CO2 emission and atmospheric CO2 concentration has been established. The factors that affect CO2 reduction allotment and the impacts on future energy demand and supply were discussed,...The relationship between man-made CO2 emission and atmospheric CO2 concentration has been established. The factors that affect CO2 reduction allotment and the impacts on future energy demand and supply were discussed, in order to help energy policy makers both in developed countries and in developing countries for understanding the fundamental constraint on energy sector resulted from global warming related CO2 reduction, and hopefully in finding a common objective starting point to deal with global warming negotiation in energy sector, and to investigate the optimum stabilization goal and process acceptable to all sovereign countries that based on equity and applicability.展开更多
This paper obtained a set of consecutive and long-recorded observational snow depth data from 51 observation stations by choosing, removing and interpolating original observation data over the Tibetan Plateau for 1961...This paper obtained a set of consecutive and long-recorded observational snow depth data from 51 observation stations by choosing, removing and interpolating original observation data over the Tibetan Plateau for 1961-2006. We used monthly precipitation and temperature data from 160 stations in China for 1951-2006, which was collected by the National Climate Center. Through calculating and analyzing the correlation coefficient, significance test, polynomial trend fitting, composite analysis and abrupt change test, this paper studied the interdecadal change of winter snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship to summer pre- cipitation and temperature in China, and to tropospheric atmospheric temperature. This paper also studied general circulation and East Asian summer monsoon under the background of global warming.展开更多
Climate change is an ever growing issue and a major concem worldwide. Both producers and processors need to address the issue now by reducing, their carbon footprint. Additionally, if Ireland is to meet their climate ...Climate change is an ever growing issue and a major concem worldwide. Both producers and processors need to address the issue now by reducing, their carbon footprint. Additionally, if Ireland is to meet their climate and energy targets, as outlined in Food Harvest 2020, which outlines a range ot objectives for the Irish agricultural sector, the efficient use of resources and fuels within the industry will need to be increased. In Ireland, agriculture accounts for 29.2% of the total greenhouse gas powder, is examined in order to estimate the global warming potential （GWP） associated with its manufacture using life cycle assessment. A cradle-to-processing factory gate analysis, which includes raw milk production, raw milk transportation to the processmg tactory, its processing into eacla product and product packaging, is assessed in this study using data collected circa 2013. The factories surveyed processed approximately 24% of the total raw milk processed in the Republic of Ireland in 2013, which was 5.83 billion liter. The average total GWP associated with the manufacture of milk powder is 9.731 kg CO2eq·kg^-1 milk powder, which has a standard deviation of 2.26 kg CO2eq·kg^-1 milk powder, for the life cycle stages analyzed in this study. The most significant contributor to GWP is raw milk production （84%）, followed by dairy processing （14%）, with the remainder of the life cycle stages contributing approximately 2%.展开更多
Climate change is expected to cause major consequences on biodiversity. Understanding species-specific reactions, such as species shifts, species declines, and changes in population dynamics is a key issue to quantify...Climate change is expected to cause major consequences on biodiversity. Understanding species-specific reactions, such as species shifts, species declines, and changes in population dynamics is a key issue to quantify large-scale impacts of climate change on biotic communities. As it is often impossible or at least impracticable to conduct large-scale experiments on biotic responses to climate change, studies at a smaller scale may be a useful alternative. In our study, we therefore tested responses of grassland arthropods （carabid beetles, spiders, grasshoppers） to simulated climate change in terms of species activity densities and diversity. We conducted a controlled field experiment by changing water and microclimatic conditions at a small scale （16 m2）. Roof constructions were used to increase drought-like conditions, whereas water supply was enhanced by irrigation. In all, 2 038 carabid beetles （36 species）, 4 893 spiders （65 species）, and 303 Orthoptera （4 species） were caught using pitfall traps from May to August, 2010. During our experiment, we created an artificial small-scale climate change; and statistics revealed that these changes had short-term effects on the total number of individuals and Simpson diversity of the studied arthropod groups. Moreover, our results showed that certain species might react very quickly to climate change in terms of activity densities, which in turn might influence diversity due to shifts in abundance patterns. Finally, we devised methodological improvements that may further enhance the validity of future studies.展开更多
文摘The relationship between man-made CO2 emission and atmospheric CO2 concentration has been established. The factors that affect CO2 reduction allotment and the impacts on future energy demand and supply were discussed, in order to help energy policy makers both in developed countries and in developing countries for understanding the fundamental constraint on energy sector resulted from global warming related CO2 reduction, and hopefully in finding a common objective starting point to deal with global warming negotiation in energy sector, and to investigate the optimum stabilization goal and process acceptable to all sovereign countries that based on equity and applicability.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology Project under No.2012CB957803 and No. 2007BAC29B02Special Fund on Climate Change of China Meteorological Administration under Grant No. CCSF2007-2C
文摘This paper obtained a set of consecutive and long-recorded observational snow depth data from 51 observation stations by choosing, removing and interpolating original observation data over the Tibetan Plateau for 1961-2006. We used monthly precipitation and temperature data from 160 stations in China for 1951-2006, which was collected by the National Climate Center. Through calculating and analyzing the correlation coefficient, significance test, polynomial trend fitting, composite analysis and abrupt change test, this paper studied the interdecadal change of winter snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship to summer pre- cipitation and temperature in China, and to tropospheric atmospheric temperature. This paper also studied general circulation and East Asian summer monsoon under the background of global warming.
文摘Climate change is an ever growing issue and a major concem worldwide. Both producers and processors need to address the issue now by reducing, their carbon footprint. Additionally, if Ireland is to meet their climate and energy targets, as outlined in Food Harvest 2020, which outlines a range ot objectives for the Irish agricultural sector, the efficient use of resources and fuels within the industry will need to be increased. In Ireland, agriculture accounts for 29.2% of the total greenhouse gas powder, is examined in order to estimate the global warming potential （GWP） associated with its manufacture using life cycle assessment. A cradle-to-processing factory gate analysis, which includes raw milk production, raw milk transportation to the processmg tactory, its processing into eacla product and product packaging, is assessed in this study using data collected circa 2013. The factories surveyed processed approximately 24% of the total raw milk processed in the Republic of Ireland in 2013, which was 5.83 billion liter. The average total GWP associated with the manufacture of milk powder is 9.731 kg CO2eq·kg^-1 milk powder, which has a standard deviation of 2.26 kg CO2eq·kg^-1 milk powder, for the life cycle stages analyzed in this study. The most significant contributor to GWP is raw milk production （84%）, followed by dairy processing （14%）, with the remainder of the life cycle stages contributing approximately 2%.
文摘Climate change is expected to cause major consequences on biodiversity. Understanding species-specific reactions, such as species shifts, species declines, and changes in population dynamics is a key issue to quantify large-scale impacts of climate change on biotic communities. As it is often impossible or at least impracticable to conduct large-scale experiments on biotic responses to climate change, studies at a smaller scale may be a useful alternative. In our study, we therefore tested responses of grassland arthropods （carabid beetles, spiders, grasshoppers） to simulated climate change in terms of species activity densities and diversity. We conducted a controlled field experiment by changing water and microclimatic conditions at a small scale （16 m2）. Roof constructions were used to increase drought-like conditions, whereas water supply was enhanced by irrigation. In all, 2 038 carabid beetles （36 species）, 4 893 spiders （65 species）, and 303 Orthoptera （4 species） were caught using pitfall traps from May to August, 2010. During our experiment, we created an artificial small-scale climate change; and statistics revealed that these changes had short-term effects on the total number of individuals and Simpson diversity of the studied arthropod groups. Moreover, our results showed that certain species might react very quickly to climate change in terms of activity densities, which in turn might influence diversity due to shifts in abundance patterns. Finally, we devised methodological improvements that may further enhance the validity of future studies.
