The positive effect of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease,although it is limited in time and has severe side effects,has encouraged the scientific community to look for new drugs that can stop the neuro...The positive effect of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease,although it is limited in time and has severe side effects,has encouraged the scientific community to look for new drugs that can stop the neurodegenerative process or even regenerate the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons.Successful preclinical studies with coenzyme Q10,mitoquinone,isradipine,nilotinib,TCH346,neurturin,zonisamide,deferiprone,prasinezumab,and cinpanemab prompted clinical trials.However,these failed and after more than 50 years levodopa continues to be the key drug in the treatment of the disease,despite its severe side effects after 4–6 years of chronic treatment.The lack of translated successful results obtained in preclinical investigations based on the use of neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body as new drugs for Parkinson’s disease treatment is a big problem.In our opinion,the cause of these failures lies in the experimental animal models involving neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body,such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine,that induce a very fast,massive and expansive neurodegenerative process,which contrasts with the extremely slow one of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons.The exceedingly slow progress of the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson’s patients is due to(i)a degenerative model in which the neurotoxic effect of an endogenous neurotoxin affects a single neuron,(ii)a neurotoxic event that is not expansive and(iii)the fact that the neurotoxin that triggers the neurodegenerative process is produced inside the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons.The endogenous neurotoxin that fits this degenerative model involving one single neuron at a time is aminochrome,since it(i)is generated within neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons,(ii)does not cause an expansive neurotoxic effect and(iii)triggers all the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.In conclusion,based on the hypothesis that the neurodegenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease corresponds to a single-neuron neurodegeneration model,we must search for molecules that increase the expression of the neuroprotective enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2.It has been observed that the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway is associated with the transcriptional activation of the DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase genes.展开更多
目的分析低剂量三氯乙烯(TCE)诱导的细胞兴奋效应时,谷胱甘肽转移酶Ω-1(GSTO-1)的表达变化。方法利用前期的双向电泳和质谱结果,参照前期兴奋效应的剂量设计,提取染毒细胞的mRNA和总蛋白,进一步使用实时定量RT-PCR和Western blotting...目的分析低剂量三氯乙烯(TCE)诱导的细胞兴奋效应时,谷胱甘肽转移酶Ω-1(GSTO-1)的表达变化。方法利用前期的双向电泳和质谱结果,参照前期兴奋效应的剂量设计,提取染毒细胞的mRNA和总蛋白,进一步使用实时定量RT-PCR和Western blotting分别从mRNA和蛋白水平上验证GSTO-1的表达变化。结果 Western blotting分析发现,0.1mmol/LTCE剂量组能诱导GSTO-1蛋白表达是对照组的2倍,但随着剂量的增加,蛋白表达改变不明显(与对照组相比,P<0.05)。RT-PCR结果提示:低剂量TCE能诱导GSTO-1基因表达增加,随着剂量的增加,表达反而有所减少。结论低剂量TCE能诱导GSTO-1基因及蛋白表达增加。展开更多
文摘The positive effect of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease,although it is limited in time and has severe side effects,has encouraged the scientific community to look for new drugs that can stop the neurodegenerative process or even regenerate the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons.Successful preclinical studies with coenzyme Q10,mitoquinone,isradipine,nilotinib,TCH346,neurturin,zonisamide,deferiprone,prasinezumab,and cinpanemab prompted clinical trials.However,these failed and after more than 50 years levodopa continues to be the key drug in the treatment of the disease,despite its severe side effects after 4–6 years of chronic treatment.The lack of translated successful results obtained in preclinical investigations based on the use of neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body as new drugs for Parkinson’s disease treatment is a big problem.In our opinion,the cause of these failures lies in the experimental animal models involving neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body,such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine,that induce a very fast,massive and expansive neurodegenerative process,which contrasts with the extremely slow one of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons.The exceedingly slow progress of the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson’s patients is due to(i)a degenerative model in which the neurotoxic effect of an endogenous neurotoxin affects a single neuron,(ii)a neurotoxic event that is not expansive and(iii)the fact that the neurotoxin that triggers the neurodegenerative process is produced inside the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons.The endogenous neurotoxin that fits this degenerative model involving one single neuron at a time is aminochrome,since it(i)is generated within neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons,(ii)does not cause an expansive neurotoxic effect and(iii)triggers all the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.In conclusion,based on the hypothesis that the neurodegenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease corresponds to a single-neuron neurodegeneration model,we must search for molecules that increase the expression of the neuroprotective enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2.It has been observed that the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway is associated with the transcriptional activation of the DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase genes.
文摘目的分析低剂量三氯乙烯(TCE)诱导的细胞兴奋效应时,谷胱甘肽转移酶Ω-1(GSTO-1)的表达变化。方法利用前期的双向电泳和质谱结果,参照前期兴奋效应的剂量设计,提取染毒细胞的mRNA和总蛋白,进一步使用实时定量RT-PCR和Western blotting分别从mRNA和蛋白水平上验证GSTO-1的表达变化。结果 Western blotting分析发现,0.1mmol/LTCE剂量组能诱导GSTO-1蛋白表达是对照组的2倍,但随着剂量的增加,蛋白表达改变不明显(与对照组相比,P<0.05)。RT-PCR结果提示:低剂量TCE能诱导GSTO-1基因表达增加,随着剂量的增加,表达反而有所减少。结论低剂量TCE能诱导GSTO-1基因及蛋白表达增加。
