China’s Africa Policy:the Interplay Between Continent-Based Policy and Global Strategy

Valerie Hansen,a historian of Yale University,put forward in the book The Year 1000:When Explorers Connected the World and Globalization Began that the beginning of globalization was marked by the Vikings’landing in North America in A.D.1000.Why cannot the global expansion and continuous migration of Africans be defined as globalization?

An Adaptive Spectral Conjugate Gradient Method with Restart Strategy

As a generalization of the two-term conjugate gradient method(CGM),the spectral CGM is one of the effective methods for solving unconstrained optimization.In this paper,we enhance the JJSL conjugate parameter,initially proposed by Jiang et al.(Computational and Applied Mathematics,2021,40:174),through the utilization of a convex combination technique.And this improvement allows for an adaptive search direction by integrating a newly constructed spectral gradient-type restart strategy.Then,we develop a new spectral CGM by employing an inexact line search to determine the step size.With the application of the weak Wolfe line search,we establish the sufficient descent property of the proposed search direction.Moreover,under general assumptions,including the employment of the strong Wolfe line search for step size calculation,we demonstrate the global convergence of our new algorithm.Finally,the given unconstrained optimization test results show that the new algorithm is effective.

Micro,Small,and Medium Enterprises’Cross-Border Business Strategies

This paper explores the operational strategies of cross-border micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Against the backdrop of globalization and digitalization, cross-border trade has become one of the important pathways for many MSMEs to achieve growth and competitive advantage. Firstly, the paper outlines the concept and characteristics of cross-border MSMEs, as well as the analysis of their operational environment in the context of globalization, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Secondly, the paper proposes operational strategies for cross-border MSMEs, including international market selection and positioning, cross-border marketing strategies, supply chain management, cross-border financial management, and cross-border risk management. Finally, the paper summarizes the importance of effectively implementing these strategies for cross-border MSMEs to seize international market opportunities, reduce operational risks, and enhance competitiveness and profitability.

A Strategy for Merging Objective Estimates of Global Daily Precipitation from Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Predictions

This paper describes a strategy for merging daily precipitation information from gauge observations, satellite estimates （SEs）, and numerical predictions at the global scale. The strategy is designed to remove systemic bias and random error from each individual daily precipitation source to produce a better gridded global daily precipitation product through three steps. First, a cumulative distribution function matching procedure is performed to remove systemic bias over gauge-located land areas. Then, the overall biases in SEs and model predictions （MPs） over ocean areas are corrected using a rescaled strategy based on monthly precipitation. Third, an optimal interpolation （OI）-based merging scheme （referred as the HL-OI scheme） is used to combine unbiased gahge observations, SEs, and MPs to reduce random error from each source and to produce a gauge--satellite-model merged daily precipitation analysis, called BMEP-d （Beijing Climate Center Merged Estimation of Precipitation with daily resolution）, with complete global coverage. The BMEP-d data from a four-year period （2011- 14） demonstrate the ability of the merging strategy to provide global daily precipitation of substantially improved quality. Benefiting from the advantages of the HL-OI scheme for quantitative error estimates, the better source data can obtain more weights during the merging processes. The BMEP-d data exhibit higher consistency with satellite and gauge source data at middle and low latitudes, and with model source data at high latitudes. Overall, independent validations against GPCP-1DD （GPCP one-degree daily） show that the consistencies between B MEP-d and GPCP-1DD are higher than those of each source dataset in terms of spatial pattern, temporal variability, probability distribution, and statistical precipitation events.

Global Analysis of an SEIR Epidemic Model with Infectious Force under Intervention Strategies

In this paper, we investigate the global stability of an SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Remove) epidemic model with infectious force under intervention strategies. To address this issue, we prove that the basic reproduction number R0 plays an essential role in determining whether the disease extincts or persists. If , there is a unique disease-free equilibrium point of the model which is globally asymptotically stable and the disease dies out, and if , there exists a unique endemic equilibrium point which is globally asymptotically stable and the disease persists.

Metamorphosis in U. S. Global Strategy

Whether there is a global strategy in the U. S. or not is still an open question. Many Americans insist that since presidential election takes place every four years, it’s simply impossible for any President to work out a global strategy in such a short time. Judged by the important factors such as strategy environment assessment, target formulation, strategy connotation expansion and effect evaluation, it is, in fact, very difficult to find out a country with a matured foreign,

Japan-UK Security Cooperation in the Context of the Convergence of the Indo-Pacific Strategy and Global Britain

Japan-UK security cooperation has been deepening as the Indo-Pacific Strategy has converged with Global Britain,which has become strongly Indo-Pacific-oriented.In terms of their cooperation on security,the two countries have close security interactions,high-level security consultations,numerous mechanisms on security cooperation,frequent defense cooperation and exchanges between forces,and cooperation geared at a response to the Korean nuclear issue.In particular,Japan and the UK regard Indo-Pacific security as the strategic focus of their cooperation,and this underscores the rules-based international order.There are multiple motivations for Japan and the UK to strengthen their security cooperation,and the deepening of their security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region is to a great extent due to strategic factors,including responding to the US strategic adjustment,Japan and Britain’s respective proactive strategic demands,the improving strategic positions of the Indopacific region,their seeking to shape the regional order in the Indo-Pacific,and so on.Despite facing challenges,Japan-UK security cooperation is continuously strengthening against a background of deepening strategic convergence between the two countries and great power competition.

China's Global Energy Strategy: from Energy Strength to Energy Power

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China's global energy strategy has experienced three stages: "infancy", "growth" and "maturity". Chinese foreign energy cooperation has also gone through three periods chronologically, which include(1) the period when China got rid of its high dependence on oil imports from the Soviet Union, achieved self-reliance and even became a net exporter;(2) the period when China first focused on "bringing in" and then turned itself into a net importer of crude oil and refined oil; and(3) the period when China "went global" to engage in energy cooperation in diverse areas, gradually shifting into a leading role before launching the Belt and Road Initiative, which marked the full establishment of the Chinese global energy strategy. The objective of the Chinese global energy strategy has gradually changed from merely pursuing "energy strength" to transforming "energy strength" into "energy power"; the mission is mainly to "promote energy cooperation and energy revolution"; to implement this mission, China will provide international public goods to global and regional energy governance through energy diplomacy and services; and the areas covered by the strategy are countries and regions along the "Silk Road Economic Belt".

New Military Revolution and U. S. Global Strategy

Two years have past since September 11 events. Then to what extent has the U. S. global strategy changed? This is still a question in dispute. From the actions taken by U. S. A. and the various American documents published in the past two years, we can find that there have been no much changes in U. S. global strategic objectives. The essence of the disputes over "New Empire" in U. S. A. is how to maintain U. S. hegemonic position as long as possible. Although the pattern

Viewing U. S. Global Strategy with Historical Eyes

Compared with world’s other great powers, the United States deserves to be called a state that has both the desire and capability to rebuild the world. Therefore, its global strategy has become very important , and any nation that has dealings with Washington must take this into consideration. However, it is much debatable whether the United States has a global strategy, and whether a new global strategy

Comparison of Global Governance Strategies of China and the United States

With the profound changes taking place in the international power structure and the accelerated changes occurring in the world that have not been seen in a century,the discord between China and the United States(US)in the realm of global governance is becoming increasingly prominent.Moreover,the raging COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated the divergences between the two countries in terms of global governance strategy.Since the end of World War II,although the diplomatic strategies of the US and their implementation have varied from administration to administration,such strategies have generally been defined by the US desire for hegemony in global governance.China’s engagement in global governance,by contrast,has undergone twists and turns,and its strategies and policies have kept pace with the times,which has gradually led to a global governance strategy that highlights extensive consultation,joint contribution,and shared benefits.The divergences between China and the US in terms of global governance strategy are embodied in governance values,areas,and approaches,relations among governance entities,and balance between national and global governance,which have resulted mainly from the two countries’different cultural backgrounds,historical traditions,realistic goals,and national strength.In the context of intensifying competition among major countries today,these strategic divergences between China and the US have exerted a profound impact on global governance cooperation and the reform of the global governance system,and exacerbated the fragmentation of global governance and the competition over leadership.Therefore,a comparison of the global governance strategies pursued by China and the US will help enhance mutual understanding,avoid confrontation and conflict,properly manage disagreements,and promote a healthy and stable development of bilateral relations between China and the US.

Assessments of America's Global Strategy

Ever since Bush entered the White house, especially after 9/11 events, America has successively published series of strategic documents, such as the Nuclear Posture Review, Quadrennial Defense Review, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. After its unilateralist practices gained points military and lost points politically in the Afghan war and the Iraq war, the multi-lateralist posture on dealing with

“Transition States” Testing America's Global Strategy

Elexible variety has all along been a hallmark of America’s global strategy withdifferentiated treatment for specific nations. In the new century, Washingtondivides the major world forces into four categories in light of a comprehensive crite-rion of whether they have been fused into the international system, are going to-ward democracy or benefit world stability. They include: insiders or allies (Europeand Japan), marginalized ones (some underdeveloped African nations), outsidersor "rogues" (Iraq, North Korea) and finally, travelers on the way or "transitionstates". Interpretations by U.S. strategic reports define the "transition states"

Discursive Strategies of Contemporary Subcultures in the Global Context

Since the 20th century, the subculture, once a marginal cultural phenomenon, has been transformed into a global post-subculture. In this process, subcultural groups have undergone profound changes in multiple aspects. Hybridity, openness, and dissolution of depth become the keywords to understand youth subcultures. This paper is attempted to explore its discursive changes in comptemporary subcultures. By describing and interpreting the most popular subcultural discourse--hip-hop discourse, it is found that counter language often used in the subcultural discourse has been weakened and new strategies, such as code switching and semiotic games arise. The paper argues that with the transition of discursive strategies, subcultural groups attempt to weave the network of the global subcultures and create an interactive discursive space for global youth.

Globalization versus US Strategy

Globalization has become a buzzword across the world in recent years. Threereasons explain the phenomenon. First, the deepening globalization in an ever-widening scope comes fromcloser economic interaction and thickening cross-border factor movements, as na-tions are shifting their strategic concern to economic matters in these post-ColdWar days. Soaring world trade, foreign direct investments and multinationals.WTO-induced better rules of game. a new, brewing inter-national financial orderout of lessons from the Asian financial contagion, the launching of the

The Strategic Role of Human Resources in the Globalization Process

Globalization has contributed to rapid technological development,dominated by the importance of human resources as a key to society’s development and progress.A modern approach to strategic HRM is the most important phenomenon of today,helping to align the skills currently used with the goals the company pursues.A new industry is constantly evolving in the field of human resource management through strategic human resource management(HRM).The data show that human resource efficiency is an important factor that enables a company to have long-term benefits in terms of profits,competencies,and other goals.In the HRM system,this plays a significant role in planning long-term goals and strategies.The skills necessary to fulfill organizational goals are developed by individuals’personal sense of attitude and creativity synergistically related to the needs and desires of employees.The business function or human resources sector today is much more than a form of employment in the future.The efficient use of human resources is needed to provide companies with a competitive advantage and set long-term goals for a successful business,which are just some of the priorities of global business.Human resource management organization(HRM)includes selection,training,evaluation and rewarding of employees,organizational leadership,organizational culture.HRM emerged as a concept in the early 20th century,when researchers began documenting ways to create business value through strategic workforce management.Initially,transactional work dominated,but due to increased globalization,further HRM research today focuses on strategic initiatives,such as talent management,industrial and employment relations,inclusion,and more.Human resource management(HRM)refers to HR and management practices and systems that affect the workforce.The human resources of any organization are made up of all the people who carry out some activities within the enterprise.HRM’s core responsibilities include job design and job analysis,training and development,recruitment,team building,performance management,employee appraisal,etc.HRM affects the management and productivity of the company.It plays an important role in the training and control of employees and the organization.HRM plays a vital role in sustaining the lives,work,and career planning of employees.It helps HR managers resolve conflicts and motivate employees to pursue personal and organizational goals.To achieve organizational goals within HRM,it is important to conduct training and education.Without the ability of good HRM management and employee confidence in leadership,chaos and conflicts arise in the organization.HRM plays a vital role in the organization to achieve organizational goals,solve problems,manage workforce diversity,and the like.

Global Mobile Market Situations and China Telecom's Strategy to Enter Mobile Market

The article briefly introduces the situation of the global mobile communications market,and based on the development status quo of China's mobile communications market,studies the strategy for China Telecom to enter the mobile market,mainly focusing on mo- bile technologies selection,differentiable services,regional strate- gies and price policies.

Concentrated Evolution of Global Banking and Development Strategy Adjustment of China’s Banking

According to the studies based on the British magazine The Banker and the data of the central banks of the United States,Japan,and Britain,in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century,the trend of global concentration of banking and country concentration were obvious.Although the concentration trend of banking has slowed since the international financial crisis,it is still running at a high level,which has changed the competitive environment and landscape of global banking.The development trend of global banking and the banking of traditional financial powers is from deconcentration to concentration.Different from it,the development trend of China’s banking is obviously from concentration to deconcentration.In order to promote the implementation of the internationalization strategy of China’s banking,we should make adjustments to the financial system in terms of maintaining the relative concentration of banking,piloting the bank holding company system,and encouraging mainstream banks to expand overseas business.

Viewing the American Global Strategy from the Atrocity of NATO

On March 24, 1999, depending on its advanced technology and weapons, theS-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) circumvented the Unit-ed Nations and brazenly used military forces against the Republic of Yugoslavia.The continuous bombing for more than two months has brought unprecedentedcatastrophe to Yugoslavia which used to be called the Garden of Eden. On May8, NATO with the US as leader again violated the UN Charter, internationallaws and the Vienna Diplomatic Convention and flagrantly bombed the

The Expanded Presence of Chinese Companies on the European Market as a Practical Realization of the ＂Go Global＂ Strategy

The article presents the phenomenon of the Chinese companies＇ expansion in Europe as a result of the implementation of the government＇s strategy ＂Go Global＂, including the nature of this expansion, the scale, premises, as well as the possible consequences. The first part of the article is devoted to the analysis of assumptions and instruments of＂Go Global＂ strategy used to strengthen the government＇s initiatives aimed at encouraging the national entrepreneurs to open up and conduct business internationally. Further in the article the dominant forms and directions of Chinese companies＇ expansion on the European market have been presented, followed by the analysis of the impact of Chinese economy on its major foreign investment partners during the current economic slowdown. The basis of the analysis made by the author was data obtained from the statistical bases （Eurostat） and reports of the Research Institutes for China Studies （Rhodium Group, Thomson Reuters）. This is allowed to illustrate the development of Chinese expansion on the European market during the years 1999-2015. A significant increase in the activity of the Chinese capital in Europe could be seen in recent years. The development of relations between European countries and China is taking place not only in economic, but also in political and cultural dimension. This was reflected, among others, in activating of the trade activities between EU and China, the level of which increased greatly in years 1990-1999 from EUR 15,9 bn to EUR 72,2 bn, to reach a value of EUR 428,3 bn in 2011, making EU the most important trading partner of China. It should be emphasized that the European market has become the largest after Asian market, in terms of industry diversification of Chinese investment, where Chinese companies are investing in industries such as： raw materials, infrastructure automotive, chemicals and renewable energy.