Comparison of large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway: A theoretical analysis and field investigation

Under the dual influence of the mining disturbance of the previous working face and the advanced mining of the working face,the roadway is prone to large deformation,failure,and rockburst.Roadway stabilization has always significantly influenced deep mining safety.In this article we used the research background of the large deformation failure roadway of Fa-er Coal Mine in Guizhou Province of China to propose two control methods:bolt-cable-mesh+concrete blocks+directional energy-gathering blasting(BCM-CBDE method)and 1st Generation-Negative Poisson’s Ratio(1G NPR)cable+directional energy-gathering blasting+dynamic pressure stage support(πgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel)(NPR-DEDP method).Meantime,we compared the validity of the large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway based on theoretical analysis,numerical simulations,and field experiments.The results show that directional energy-gathering blasting can weaken the pressure acting on the concrete blocks.However,the vertical stress of the surrounding rock of the roadway is still concentrated in the entity coal side and the concrete blocks,showing a’bimodal’distribution.BCM-CBDE method cannot effectively control the stability of the roadway.NPR-DEDP method removed the concrete blocks.It shows using the 1G NPR cable with periodic slipping-sticking characteristics can adapt to repeated mining disturbances.The peak value of the vertical stress of the roadway is reduced and transferred to the deep part of the surrounding rock mass,which promotes the collapse of the gangue in the goaf and fills the goaf.The pressure of the roadway roof is reduced,and the gob-side roadway is fundamentally protected.Meantime,the dynamic pressure stage support method withπgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel as the core effectively protects the roadway from dynamic pressure impact when the main roof is periodically broken.After the on-site implementation of NPR-DEDP method,the deformation of the roadway is reduced by more than 45%,and the deformation rate is reduced by more than 50%.

Surrounding rock control of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar and roadway side sealing technology in Yangliu Coal Mine

Gob-side entry driving can increase coal recovery ratio, and it is implied in many coal mines. Based on geological condition of 10416 working face tailentry in Yangliu Coal Mine, the surrounding rock deformation characteristics of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar is analysed, reasonable size of coal pillar and reasonable roadway excavation time after mining are achieved. Surrounding rock control technology and effective roadway side sealing technology are proposed and are taken into field practice. The results showed that a safer and more efficient mining of working face can be achieved. In addition, results of this paper also have important theoretical significance and valuable reference for surrounding rock control technology of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar under special geological condition.

Spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway with model experiments

A series of plane-strain physical model experiments are carried out to study the spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway, which is subjected to the pressure induced by the mining process. The digital photogrammetry technology and large deformation analysis method are applied to measure the deformation and fracture of surrounding rocks. The experimental results indicate that the deformation and fracture of coal pillars are the cause to the instability and failure of the surrounding rocks. The spatiotemporal evolution rule of the rock deformation and fracture surrounding gob-side roadway is obtained. The coal pillar and the roof near coal pillar should be strengthened in support design. The engineering application results also can provide a useful guide that the combined support with wire meshes, beam, anchor bolt and cable is an effective method.

Cable-truss supporting system for gob-side entry driving in deep mine and its application

In order to solve the large deformation controlling problem for surrounding rock of gob-side entry driving under common cable anchor support in deep mine, site survey, physical modeling experiment, numerical simulation and field measurement were synthetically used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of surrounding rock. Besides, applicability analysis, prestress field distribution characteristics of surrounding rock and the control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock were also further studied for the gob-side entry driving in deep mine using the cable-truss supporting system. The results show that, first, compared with no support and traditional bolt anchor support, roof cable-truss system can effectively restrain the initiation and propagation of tensile cracks in the roof surrounding rock and arc shear cracks in the two sides, moreover, the broken development of surrounding rock, roof separation and extrusion deformation between the two sides of the roadway are all controlled; second, a prestressed belt of trapezoidal shape is generated in the surrounding rock by the cable-truss supporting system, and the prestress field range is wide. Especially, the prestress concentration belt in the shallow surrounding rock can greatly improve the anchoring strength and deformation resisting capability of the rock stratum;third, an optimized support system of ‘‘roof and side anchor net beam, roof cable-truss supporting system and anchor cable of the narrow coal pillar" was put forward, and the support optimization design and field industrial test were conducted for the gob-side entry driving of the working face 5302 in Tangkou Mine, from which a good supporting effect was obtained.

Failure laws of narrow pillar and asymmetric control technique of gob-side entry driving in island coal face

In allusion to the problems of complex stress distribution in the surrounding rock and deformation failure laws, as well as the difficulty in roadway supporting of the gob-side entry driving in the island coal face, 2107 face in Chengjiao Colliery is researched as an engineering case. Through physical mechanical test of rock, theoretical and numerical simulation analyses of rock, the analysis model of the roadway overlying strata structure was established, and its parameters quantified. To reveal the deformation law of the surrounding rock, the stability of the overlying strata structure was studied before, during and after the roadway driving. According to the field conditions, the stress distribution in coal pillar was quantified, and the surrounding rock deformation feature studied with different widths of the pillars in gob-side entry driving. Finally, the pillar width of 4 m was considered as the most reasonable. The research results show that there is great difference in support conditions among roadway roof, entity coal side and narrow pillar side. Besides, the asymmetric control technique for support of the surrounding rock was proposed. The asymmetric control technique was proved to be reasonable by field monitoring, support by bolt-net, steel ladder and steel wire truss used in narrow pillar side.

Stress and deformation analysis of gob-side pre-backfill driving procedure of longwall mining:a case study

At present,non-pillar entry protection in longwall mining is mainly achieved through either the gob-side entry retaining(GER)procedure or the gob-side entry driving(GED)procedure.The GER procedure leads to difficulties in maintaining the roadway in mining both the previous and current panels.A narrow coal pillar about 5-7 m must be left in the GED procedure;therefore,it causes permanent loss of some coal.The gob-side pre-backfill driving(GPD)procedure effectively removes the wasting of coal resources that exists in the GED procedure and finds an alternative way to handle the roadway maintenance problem that exists in the GER procedure.The FLAC^(3D) software was used to numerically investigate the stress and deformation distributions and failure of the rock mass surrounding the previous and current panel roadways during each stage of the GPD procedure which requires"twice excavation and mining".The results show that the stress distribution is slightly asymmetric around the previous panel roadway after the"primary excavation".The stronger and stiffer backfill compared to the coal turned out to be the main bearing body of the previous panel roadway during the"primary mining".The highest vertical stresses of 32.6 and 23.1 MPa,compared to the in-situ stress of 10.5 MPa,appeared in the backfill wall and coal seam,respectively.After the"primary mining",the peak vertical stress under the coal seam at the floor level was slightly higher(18.1 MPa)than that under the backfill(17.8 MPa).After the"secondary excavation",the peak vertical stress under the coal seam at the floor level was slightly lower(18.7 MPa)than that under the backfill(19.8 MPa);the maximum floor heave and maximum roof sag of the current panel roadway were 252.9 and 322.1 mm,respectively.During the"secondary mining",the stress distribution in the rock mass surrounding the current panel roadway was mainly affected by the superposition of the front abutment pressure from the current panel and the side abutment pressure from the previous panel.The floor heave of the current panel roadway reached a maximum of 321.8 mm at 5 m ahead of the working face;the roof sag increased to 828.4 mm at the working face.The peak abutment pressure appeared alternately in the backfill and the coal seam during the whole procedure of"twice excavation and mining"of the GPD procedure.The backfill provided strong bearing capacity during all stages of the GPD procedure and exhibited reliable support for the roadway.The results provide scientific insight for engineering practice of the GPD procedure.

Stability of coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata and its coupling support control technique

Considering the situation that it is difficult to control the stability of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata, the finite difference numerical simulation method was adopted to analyze the inner stress distribution and its evolution regularity, as well as the deformation characteristics of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving, in the whole process from entry driving of last working face to the present working face mining. A new method of narrow coal pillar control based on the triune coupling support technique (TCST), which includes that high-strength prestressed thread steel bolt is used to strain the coal on the goaf side, and that short bolt to control the integrity of global displacement zone in coal pillar on the entry side, and that long grouting cable to fix anchor point to constrain the bed separation between global displacement zone and fixed zone, is thereby generated and applied to the field production. The result indicates that after entry excavating along the gob under unstable overlying strata, the supporting structure left on the gob side of narrow coal pillar is basically invalid to maintain the coal-pillar stability, and the large deformation of the pillar on the gob side is evident. Except for the significant dynamic pressure appearing in the coal mining of last working face and overlying strata stabilizing process, the stress variation inside the coal pillar in other stages are rather steady, however, the stress expansion is obvious and the coal pillar continues to deform. Once the gob-side entry driving is completed, a global displacement zone on the entry side appears in the shallow part of the pillar, whereas, a relatively steady fixed zone staying almost still in gob-side entry driving and present working face mining is found in the deep part of the pillar. The application of TCST can not only avoid the failure of pillar supporting structure, but exert the supporting capacity of the bolting structure left in the pillar of last sublevel entry, thus to jointly maintain the stability of coal pillar.

Structural effect of a soft-hard backfill wall in a gob-side roadway

The stability of a backfill wall is critical to implement gob-side entry driving technology in which a small coal pillar is substituted by a waste backfill wall. Based on features of surrounding rock structures in the backfill wall, we propose a mechanical model on the structural effect of a soft-hard backfill wall using theory analysis, physical experiments and a numerical simulation. The results show thatChe deformation of the structure of the soft-hard backfill wall is coordinated with the roof and floor. The soft structure on the top of the backfill wall can absorb the energy in the roof by its large deformation and adapt to the given deformation caused by the rotation and subsidence of a key rock block. The hard structure at the bottom of the backfill wall can absorb the strong supporting resistance from the top surrounding rock. The soft structure on the top protecting the hard bottom structure by its large deformation contributes to the stability of the entire backfill wall. An application indicated that the stress in the backfill wall effec- tively decreased and its deformation was significantly reduced after the top coal remained. This ensured the stability of the backfill wall.

Research on the width of filling body in gob-side entry retaining with high-water materials

To determine the filling body's width along the gob-side remained roadway which is underneath the gob,the authors analyzed the interaction mechanism between the roof and the supporting body along the remained roadway, based on the elastic thin plate theory of the stope roof. The stress state and mechanical response of the filling body along the remained roadway were studied. Specifically, firstly, the supporting pressure of the coal pillar which is on one side of the gob-side remained roadway was deduced.Also, an equation that is used to calculate the width of the balance area in the stress limit state was acquired. Then, an equation that is used to calculate the roof cutting force on one side of the supporting body was obtained. By using FLAC3D, the authors investigated the displacement field and stress field response laws of rock masses around the roadway with different filling body's widths. The results show that with the filling body's width increasing, the supporting ability of the filling body increases.Meanwhile, the rock mass displacement around the roadway and the filling body deformation decrease.The better the filling body's supporting effect is, the higher the roof cutting force will be. When the filling body's width is larger than 3.0 m, its internal bearing ability becomes stable and the filling body's deformation became non-apparent. Finally, analysis shows that the filling body's width should be 2.5 m.Furthermore, the authors conducted field tests in the supply roadway 1204, using high-water materials and acquired expected outcomes.

Study on destressing technology for a roadway driven along goaf in a fully mechanized top-coal caving face

Based on the deformation characteristics of the roadways driven along goaf in fully mechanized top coal caving faces, the author considers that it is the key to ensure the stability of surrounding rocks of roadway driven along goaf to control the deformation during the period affected by mining. Considering the characteristics of the roadway layout in fully mechanized top coal caving faces, a technical scheme of destressing is put forward and the destressing effect is analyzed by using the software of Universal Distinct Element Code 3 0(UDEC 3 0).

Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face

Abstract On the basis of analyzing floor strata mechanical circumstance of the roadway, the mechanical model was established. The relative displacement of roadway floor, narrow pillar floor coal mass and floor strata was calculated, the results showed that the high abutment pressure on coal mass beside the roadway was the main reason to lead to relative displacement of floor strata. And the roadway floor heave come mainly from three aspects. Firstly, the roadway floor strata is easily fractured by the stretch stress. Secondly, because the high abutment pressure is greater than the uniaxial compressive strength of floor strata, when the roadway floor strata are fractured, the coal mass floor strata at the same depth will be fractured, and broken rock will fluid into the open roadway. Thirdly, comparing with the coal mass floor, the roadway floor is relative ascending.

Stability analysis for main roof of roadway driving along next goaf

Focusing on the stability of surrounding rock around the roadway driving along next goaf with a narrow coal pillar, a mechanics model of the triangle block structure of main roof above the roadway is established, and the sliding stability coefficient K 1 and the rotation stability coefficient K 2 are proposed to describe the stability of the triangle block structure quantitatively. The structure can keep a self stability before and after the roadway excavation, at the stage of mining induced effect, the stability of the structure is lowered, and the structure may become instability with decreasing the coal strength, increasing the mining height of working face and the mining depth.

Numerical simulation and actual research on safety and suitable position of roadway driving along next goaf

In view of the stress concentration problem left by the joint coal seams mining since the reservation of the coal pillar, it was proposed that non-pillar mining technology be used in Dongrong No.2 coal mine. The numerical simulation software FLAG2D was used to draw the relationship between surrounding rock deformation of roadway driving along next goaf and the size of the coal pillar, so the safety and suitable position of roadway was determined. The distribution of lateral abutment pressure was measured by using the ZYJ-30 drilling stress gauge in the coal wall. The conclusions of the numerical simulation were verified.

Analysis on distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face

The three-dimensional damage constitutive relationship of coal is established and distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face under the effect of given deformation of the main roof is analyzed by the damage mechanics theory. And the relationship between distribution of the abutment pressure and thickness of coal seam is explored. The presented result is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the study on stability control of the surrounding rock of road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face.

急倾斜深埋巨厚煤层掘巷冲击地压前兆特征及其灾害防治

随着冲击地压矿井逐渐向深开采,其巷道掘进伴随的冲击显现愈发强烈。针对巷道掘进过程中的冲击地压有效防治问题,以新疆乌东煤矿急倾斜煤层矿井为例,运用微震监测对巷道掘进的冲击地压时空前兆特征加以分析。结合巷道掘进的应力与能量变化数值模拟分析,揭示巷道掘进的冲击地压发生机理,提出急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道冲击地压防治策略,并完成现场工程实践验证。研究结果表明:急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的冲击地压发生前第2~5天出现微震总能量极低值,或存在至少4 d的能量潜伏期;冲击地压发生前5 d普遍存在3 d以上的最大能量占比高频波动期。冲击地压发生前存在明显缺震现象,发生位置集中分布在距离掘进工作面较近的微震能量极小值区间范围内,或位于微震能量极值区间附近的微震频次极小值区间范围内,且冲击地压事件位于冲击变形能指数较高区域。急倾斜巨厚煤层水平分段综放开采的坚硬覆岩结构不易破断,使得巷道掘进存在上水平采空区两侧“双翼型”应力集中,掘进工作面前方与巷道底部受顶底板岩层相互挤压的应力集中分布且能量积聚显著,随着巷道掘进深度增加其应力集中与能量积聚进一步增强,容易诱发冲击地压等动力灾害。综合分析形成急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的工作面爆破卸压、巷道钻孔卸压与补强支护、复杂区域架蓬的冲击地压防治策略。结合冲击地压时空前兆异常为及时加强卸压力度提供时机。通过工作面与巷道卸压使得掘进期间未发生单日累计1×105 J以上微震能量,在对支护优化调整与复杂区域重点防护后,巷道掘进日均微震能量降至2.2 kJ,其1 kJ以上微震事件占比下降且巷道断面整体平整。研究结果为急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道安全掘进提供了科学依据。

软弱围岩掘锚一体化快速掘进关键技术与工程实践

软弱围岩掘锚一体化快速掘进关键技术与装备是煤矿安全高效开采以及智能化建设的迫切需求。以具备膨胀性、节理化等软岩特征的煤矿回采巷道工程为背景,梳理了国内外掘锚一体机快速掘进技术发展现状,剖析了软弱围岩条件下掘锚一体机快速掘进面临3个方面的难题,包括全宽截割对围岩的扰动控制,软弱围岩及时高效永久支护,软弱围岩快速掘进煤帮临时支护。提出了软弱围岩掘锚一体化快速掘进的5项关键技术,包括:(1)低扰动截割技术。主要包括椭型全宽截割滚筒、截齿排布优化、截割动力学优化等。(2)减小空顶空帮距的及时支护技术。该技术是在掘锚一体化技术基础上,研制了集双圆柱导向、多连杆升降、支护油缸撑顶撑底、随动挡矸帘防护于一体的多钻机整体滑移平台,将掘锚一体机作业空顶距由2.5 m降至1 m,作业空帮距由3.5 m降至1 m。(3)软弱围岩多维度协同支护技术。综合考虑锚杆锚索支护参数间的时空协同效应和支护体与围岩的协同效应,掘进工作面采用低密度强力锚杆支护控制顶板,后部同步实施增强永久支护。(4)钻锚一体化技术。主要包括锚杆结构和力学特性、锚固剂材料及泵注技术等。(5)煤帮喷涂临时支护技术。主要包括快反应高延伸率喷涂材料、高比例精度喷涂泵送、不规则煤壁表面自适应轨迹控制、矿用防爆高精度机械臂、喷涂材料配套补给等。基于以上内容,研制了可控作业空顶距掘锚一体机,并进行了井下试验。试验表明,该装备有效缩短了作业空顶距和空帮距,实现了作业空顶距“可控”,适应于软弱围岩巷道快速掘进,掘进效率提高了1倍。

煤巷掘进过程中煤岩破裂微震事件研究

目的为了监测和预警煤矿掘进巷道前方可能发生的危险,方法利用微震监测技术实时监测,利用监测系统捕获到的数据信息研究掘进影响下微震事件的空间分布规律、发生时间、频次和能量关键点,然后利用短时傅里叶变换和S变换方法分析典型煤岩破裂微震信号的时频特征。结果结果表明:(1)微震事件主要分布在沿掘进巷道前方50~100 m区域,大多为中低能量微震事件,仅在掘进工作面前方出现少量强度较大的煤岩破裂事件,且震级多为-2~0;(2)掘进速度和发生微震事件的数量及能量大小成正相关,同时掘进速度也影响着煤岩动力灾害的发生;(3)巷道掘进会造成煤岩体失稳,其中岩体破裂信号频率高,为0~2000 Hz,比重值大,主频约700 Hz;煤岩破裂微震事件信号频率为90~1000 Hz,主频约250 Hz;岩体破裂后,支撑力下降,压力转移给煤体,导致煤体破裂,煤体破裂微震事件信号频率为90~1000 Hz,主频约350 Hz。结论微震事件能够综合反映煤岩体受力破坏程度,判别掘进过程中煤岩破裂类型,为矿井生产中煤岩动力灾害的预警提供理论基础。

自适应机载式临时支架设计及仿真分析

在井下掘进工作中临时支护是必不可少的一环,但由于掘进巷道临时支护智能化的失调,导致机载式临时支护无法根据打锚杆锚索所产生的围岩变化进行有效的顶板控制,同时根据国家煤矿安全监察局发布的公告《煤矿机器人重点研发目录》,研制开发一种自适应的机载式临时支架,利用SolidWorks软件对其中关键零部件进行设计以实现对不同倾斜顶板的贴合支撑功能,并建立三维模型,通过理论力学原理分析出支护装置在不同支撑姿态下顶架和各液压缸的受力符合支护强度,同时设计相应的液压系统,利用AMESim仿真软件进行仿真分析验证支撑力可以随顶板压力变化进行自适应调整。

顶板水平井分段分簇压裂治理掘进巷道瓦斯模式研究

为了解决淮南矿区碎软低渗煤层掘进巷道瓦斯抽采效率低的问题,提出了煤层顶板水平井分段分簇压裂瓦斯治理模式。运用数值模拟方法和物理相似模拟方法研究了煤层顶板水平井水力压裂裂缝扩展过程;运用产能模拟的方法研究了分段分簇压裂的产气效果,对分簇压裂和不分簇压裂进行了剩余瓦斯含量对比分析。裂缝扩展数值模拟结果表明:煤层顶板水平井内的裂缝能够扩展至煤层,将煤层全部压开,且由于煤层的塑性大于顶板砂质泥岩,煤层形成比顶板更为宽泛的压裂缝。裂缝扩展物理相似模拟结果表明:在考虑了泥岩伪顶发育的条件下,水平钻孔布置在碎软煤层顶板的砂岩内,在合理的垂直距离和大排量压裂液施工的环境下,若煤层发育有较薄的泥岩伪顶,裂缝能沿着射孔孔眼穿过直接顶−伪顶界面(粉砂岩−泥岩界面)和伪顶−煤层界面(泥岩−煤层界面),扩展至下伏煤层内,裂缝延伸形成1条弯曲不规则的阶梯型裂缝,能实现对碎软煤层的压裂改造目标。但是,当煤层发育有较厚的泥岩伪顶时,泥岩对水力压裂产生了阻挡作用,导致裂缝难以压开下伏煤层。产能模拟结果表明:在相同的地层环境和施工条件下,经过3 a的抽采,单段不分簇压裂能够产生更大的瓦斯抽采影响范围,但不能均匀降低掘进巷道的瓦斯含量,压裂段之间出现了瓦斯抽采空白带,分簇压裂产生的瓦斯抽采影响范围小,却能够更均匀的降低掘进巷道的瓦斯含量。经过在淮南地区潘谢煤矿的工程验证,在10 m^(3)/min的施工排量下,裂缝长度最长可以达到193.8 m,最大缝高27.0 m,单井日产气量最高达到1490 m^(3)/d,2 a的瓦斯抽采量达到31×10^(4) m^(3),说明煤层顶板水平井分段分簇压裂技术是淮南地区碎软低渗煤层掘进巷道瓦斯高效抽采的有效模式。

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道掘锚一体机工艺优化及应用

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩整体强度低,且岩层结构组合普遍变化较大,造成掘进工作面悬露顶板稳定性差异明显,部分顶板稳定性较差区域无法直接采用掘锚一体机及配套施工工艺,造成掘进工作面频繁停工,整体掘进效率下降。针对此类问题,以沙吉海煤矿“三软”厚煤层回采巷道为工程背景,采用现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟等综合研究方法,阐明了掘进工作面悬露顶板漏冒、掘锚一体机陷入底板或跑偏、煤壁片帮是制约掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层回采巷道中应用的关键制约因素;考虑悬露顶板厚度、扰动影响系数、顶板各岩层强度及各岩层完整性等参量的影响,建立和推导了掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算公式;形成了以掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算为主导的巷道围岩稳定性分级方法,将“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩划分为极稳定、稳定、中等稳定、不稳定、极不稳定5个级别;提出了不同稳定性级别围岩条件下掘锚一体机装备及施工工艺分类优化方案,并从截割滚筒位态调整、底板接地处理、巷帮作业平台增设等方面给出了困难作业环境下掘锚一体机应用对策。研究成果在沙吉海煤矿B1003W05工作面巷道进行了工程应用,其分类优化方案可有效保障掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层中的正常运行,相比邻近巷道采用悬臂式掘进机综掘工艺,掘进速度提升了1.0~1.8倍。