Current Situation of College Students’ Entrepreneurship and Employment in the Countryside in the Context of Rural Revitalization

Focusing on the talent training in the strategy of revitalizing the countryside, this paper uses questionnaire survey, field survey, descriptive statistics, chi-square test and other methods to study the willingness of college students to "go to the countryside" to contribute to rural development after graduation, as well as the influencing factors. The results show that the willingness of college students to "go to the countryside" is negative after graduation, and engaging in rural education and returning to their hometown to start a business is the mainstream will of college students to "go to the countryside". The one-sidedness of the understanding of rural areas, less employment opportunities, low wages, poor infrastructure conditions and the views of the older generation are the important reasons that hinder college students from "going to the countryside". The good environment in rural areas and the guidance of policies are the biggest promoting factors for "going to the countryside". The willingness of rural college students to "go to the countryside" is significantly higher than that of urban college students. The freshman s willingness to "go to the countryside" is the most positive, and the graduate students willingness to "go to the countryside" is the most negative. The college students majoring in agriculture are most willing to support the development of rural areas, while the students of "medicine","literature" and "art" are most unwilling to "go to the countryside". Whether or not to participate in the "volunteer activities for the country people" has no impact on the willingness to "go to the countryside".

The countryside and origins of China's reform

China's 30 years of reform have achieved tremendous success and a transformation of the country.Amazingly,however,this grand endeavor began in an anonymous rural village in which the f irst breakthroughs were made.How did China's reform begin in the countryside? Why were the initial breakthroughs made there? What is its significance? This article elaborates on these questions,urging that we should carry out a scientific outlook on development in the spirit of the 17th Party Congress,and steadfastly deepen the rural reform of rural.Research into these issues will help us gain a deeper understanding of the rural reform.

The Work of Instructors for New Socialist Countryside Construction

To meet the wishes and demands of the majority of farmers,it is necessary to steadily build a new socialist countryside,and actively promote urban-rural integration. With the guidance for new countryside construction as an opportunity,this paper studies and explores the working practice of new countryside construction instructors sent by Longyang Agricultural Technique Extension Station for various village committees( or offices) during 2007- 2013. This paper analyzes and summarizes the results achieved and the main problems,and puts forth the corresponding recommendations. The results of the analysis can provide a reference for the instructors to carry out the guiding work for new countryside construction.

Brain activation regions in schizophrenia patients performing the game piece memory task

BACKGROUND： Go, a traditional Chinese chess-like game, requires many unknown functions of the brain including attention, imaging, problem solving and processing of spatial working memory. To date, it remains uncertain whether the intellectual activities required to play Go are related to the frontal lobe. OBJECTIVE： To investigate various patterns of brain region activity while schizophrenic patients and normal subjects engaged in memorizing piece placement in the Chinese game of Go. Spatial working memory was measured in order to validate whether the prefrontal lobe participates in this memory process. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Non-randomized, concurrent control trial was performed at Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, between May and December 2004. PARTICIPANTS： A total of nine Chinese schizophrenic patients with no brain or bodily diseases and not undergoing electroshock treatment, who were in accordance with the DSM-Ⅳ criteria for schizophrenia, as well as thirteen healthy staffs and students with matched age, sex, and education were included. Patients and control subjects had no neurological disorders or mental retardation. In addition, all participants were right-handed. METHODS： The cognitive task for functional magnetic resonance imaging was a block design experiment. Both groups were asked to remember the placement of pieces in the Chinese game of Go on a computer screen. A brain activation map was analyzed in SPM99. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Brain responses were compared with regard to activation region size, volume, and asymmetry indices. RESULTS： Compared with the control group, the reaction time was significantly delayed in schizophrenics performing the working memory task （P 〈 0.05）. When performing the tasks, normal subjects showed significant activation of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal lobe with left dominance; the asymmetry indices were： frontal lobe, ＋0.32; temporal lobe, 0.58; parietal lobe, 0.41 ; and occipital lobe, 0.34. On the other hand, schizophrenics showed right dominance and had a broader activation region of the prefrontal lobe （asymmetry indices： frontal lobe, 0.10; temporal lobe, ＋0.38; parietal lobe, ＋0.24; and occipital lobe, 0.00）. When comparing the normal group subtracted with the schizophrenic group, no significant lateralization was found in the frontal lobes but significant activation was found in the left anterior central gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus and in both sides of the cingulate gyrus. Comparing the schizophrenic group subtracted with the normal group, there was significant right lateralization of the frontal lobe and abnormally activated regions on both sides of the anterior central gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and the right insular lobe. CONCLUSION： Different brain activation regions are involved in memorizing the placement of pieces in Chinese Go between schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Schizophrenics showed right dominance and border activation range, indicating that the prefrontal cortex plays an important role in memory information processing and resource allocation when remembering piece placement in the game of Go.

Poverty Alleviation in Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County by Promoting Labor Migration

The transfer of rural population to urban areas is the inevitable result of China s economic development,and going out to work is an important poverty alleviation model for poor areas to adapt to this historical trend.Studying its typical practices not only has practical guidance and reference for targeted poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation work,but also has important implications for how to rationally allocate regional population,resources,environment and economy.This paper investigates and explores the labor migration-promoting poverty alleviation model in Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County in the Wumeng mountainous area,a national concentrated and contiguous poverty-stricken area.On the basis of sorting out the leadership system,training methods,assistance ideas,working mechanism and poverty alleviation achievements,the income of 50 poverty-free households in 2018 was investigated and analyzed specifically.The results show that the poverty alleviation in Xundian County has achieved significant achievements both in macro and individual farmers,and it has played a decisive role in getting rid of poverty for households with migrant workers.In addition,the successful experience of Xundian County to increase income and get rid of poverty is sorted out,and the problems existing in this model are analyzed.It is believed that attention should be paid to the impact of labor migration on rural land use and citizenization of migrant workers.

Going Abroad for Agricultural Cooperation:Fuhua's Experience

Jilin Fuhua Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co.,Ltd.(hereinafter referred to as Fuhua Company) is specialized in international trade and overseas agricultural development.Fuhua Company,under the leadership of President Liu Ye,has embarked on the path of success featuring "dedication,integrity

资源下乡背景下乡村关系的差序格局及其形塑逻辑

以“一乡−多村”为乡村关系的两个主体,突破过去将乡村关系中的“村”视为一个抽象整体的研究进路,提出“乡村关系的差序格局”。在“行政消解自治”乡村一体化的背景下,乡镇与其下辖的各行政村的关系存在“亲疏远近”之别。形塑这种亲疏远近的要素主要有三个:一是特定行政村在中央或地方涉农政策中的重要性。政策性位置越突出,其与乡镇的关系越亲近。二是特定行政村村治情况良善与否。村干部治村能力越强,其与乡镇的关系越亲近。三是特定行政村在体制内有无先赋性外联关系。这种外联关系越重要,其与乡镇的关系越亲近。自上而下的各类资源在各行政村之间的配置,相应由乡村关系的差序格局来形塑。

乡村振兴中国家与农民关系的社会化调适

乡村振兴战略实施中的政策实践,指向了社会学持续关注的国家与农民关系问题。公共资源下乡中国家与农民之间的互动不仅在器物和组织两个层面展开,还集中体现在价值层面。在乡村振兴的积极案例中,国家与农民关系的新形态表现为器物层面上国家资源与社会需求的有效对接,组织层面上社会动员能力的提升,价值层面上农民国家认同感的强化。国家输入的公共资源只有以高度社会化的方式与农民互动时,农民才可能按照特定的行动逻辑将“国家”内化于心,国家权力才算实现了社会合法性的确认和再生产。为了实现国家与农民关系的社会化调适,社会治理公共性的建设不应停留于权力运作的策略层面。国家应充分发掘、激活蕴藏于乡村社会中的本土资源,将自上而下输入的公共资源转化为推动乡村社会开展自主建设的内生要素。如此,公共资源的下乡才能在推动乡村振兴的过程中,促成国家濡化能力在基层的再造,实现现代国家在社会中的扎根和成长。

宜居宜业和美乡村建设水平评价与分类施策——以重庆市璧山区七塘镇为例

“建设宜居宜业和美乡村”是党的二十大对全面推进乡村振兴作出的战略部署.在阐释宜居宜业和美乡村科学内涵的基础上构建评价指标体系,以璧山区七塘镇为例开展实证研究,探讨建设宜居宜业和美乡村的实施路径.结果表明:(1)七塘镇宜居宜业和美乡村建设水平呈现“北高南低”的空间分布格局,总体建设位于中等水平,不同维度水平有差距.(2)分维度看,七塘镇生活维度水平最高,治理、人文和环境维度水平其次,产业维度水平最低.(3)分村域看,将军村、喜观村建设水平较高,四合村、阳岫村建设水平中等,盐店村、跃进村、建设村和三步梯村建设水平较低.(4)依据优势与短板,将七塘镇8个村划分为综合发展型、主导发展型、极化发展型和欠缺发展型4类,针对性地提出各类乡村建设宜居宜业和美乡村的实施路径,以期为推进宜居宜业和美乡村建设提供理论与实践指导.

新内生发展理论视域下体育特色村庄助力建设宜居宜业和美乡村路径研究

运用文献资料调研、案例分析和逻辑推理等研究方法,在阐释体育特色村庄助力建设宜居宜业和美乡村的逻辑起点基础上,以新内生发展理论为指导,探讨新内生发展理论视域下体育特色村庄助力建设宜居宜业和美乡村的理论框架、实践案例与实施路径。首先,基于体育特色村庄发展的内生动力不足与外生动力脱嵌的客观情境,构建了包含内生动力(体育资源内生、体育价值认同和村庄体育主体动员)和外生动力(政府扶持和资本下乡)的内外联动的分析框架;其次,以浙江省宁波市象山县青山头村为例,验证了分析框架的行动逻辑;最后,在前期研究的基础上,遵循强化内生-促进外生-注重内外联动的发展思路,提出了挖掘村庄体育资源、强化主体价值认同、动员村庄体育主体、加大政府扶持力度、引导社会资本下乡、打造村庄内外联动治理共同体、促进城乡内外融合协同式发展的实施路径。

乡村振兴:嵌入视角下工商资本与乡土社会的互动探究

随着我国乡村振兴战略的深入推进,越来越多的工商资本参与到农业生产之中,在我国农业发展与农村建设方面发挥了重要作用。但工商资本作为“外来者”嵌入到乡土社会中,原有结构中的社会关系、经济活动、思想观念会自然产生排斥反应,再加之许多工商资本在实际操作过程中都或多或少地忽略了经营环境的本土性,致使下乡资本面临着严峻的嵌入困境。若使下乡资本转变自己“外来者”的身份属性,使自身内化到乡土社会中,达到扎根乡土的目的,就需要其与农村进行良性互动。这种互动是双方互为主体,主动做出改变以适应对方发展的双向互动。即工商资本在下乡过程中获得乡土性的同时,农村的生活方式与农业生产活动也不断具有城市性,双方互相建构,不断推进我国的农业现代化与新型城镇化进程,助力乡村振兴。

The Movement of Going to the Mountain Areas and the Countryside

In December 1968, Mao Zedong, then leader of China, gave a directive that it is necessary for "educated youth" in cities to work in the countryside. Since then, a large-scale movement of students going to the mountain areas and the countryside had been carried out throughout the country. In more than 10 years, around 17

资本下乡与农民进厂——双重嵌入性与S镇桑蚕产业发展

乡村振兴依赖产业发展。农村产业发展既需要符合政策目标,又需要适应乡土社会。在学理上需要从政治嵌入性和社会嵌入性角度去分析农村产业发展的具体机制。以中西部省份S镇桑蚕产业大规模经营及其用工模式为经验案例,研究讨论在双重嵌入性之下资本下乡和用工模式的实践特征。研究发现资本下乡需要大规模经营,这依赖地方政府推动大面积土地流转,从而在产业组织架构上依附于地方权力结构。在具体用工模式上资本依赖乡土关系,并通过乡土关系最大化实现在地化雇工,这亦是政策本身的目标。双重嵌入性是对资本的硬约束,降低其自主性。在这一过程中资本依然具有部分能动性,在农村产业发展过程中实现自身利益。

竞争性适配:县域项目资源下乡的运作机理与路径探索

乡村振兴背景下如何实现对农村公共品的有效供给成为重要的社会议题。作为一种制度内自上而下供给方式的项目制,在基层运转的过程中呈现“去竞争性”的运作特征,引发供需错配、民众认可度不高等诸多实践困境。湖南省长沙市C县在国家政策的支持下,通过构建项目运作的自主空间、民主化的平台建设、嵌入性的资源输入,促进了项目资源、群众需求、村庄发展的一体化发展,探索出以县域为统筹单位的竞争性适配的公共品供给模式。研究发现竞争性适配的公共品供给模式通过县域的自主性统筹、民主化的项目运作、合法化的项目激励,保障了项目下乡过程中村庄的主体性、干部的积极性、群众的参与性,产生出推动村庄公共品有效供给的项目效能和集体性再生产的治理效能。其所彰显出来的对分散的项目资源进行类别化和在地化的整合、建立合理的项目运作统筹层级、强化项目落地中的竞争机制与民主制度建设等先进经验,对项目制的基层运作、农村公共品的有效供给、基层善治都有一定的借鉴价值。

资本下乡的经营策略与农业强国建设

我国的农业强国建设并不意味着要消灭小农户。在维护小农户利益的基础上,资本下乡与农业强国建设具有一定的适配性。研究发现,基于资本属性和投资目的的不同,下乡资本可划分为外来资本和本地资本,这两类资本在进入农业时存在着投机和投资两种动机,不同类型的资本和不同动机的资本相互匹配形成了农业现代化建设过程中资本下乡的四种理想类型,投资型资本衍生出生产规模化和服务规模化两种经营策略,对应着农业现代化的两种道路。要建设符合我国国情的农业强国,需要综合考虑农业、农村与农民问题,并将农业产业发展置于整个国民经济发展的视域中,建立起资本报酬有限与劳动报酬稳步增长的有机衔接机制、大中小不同类型规模经营主体协同发展机制、亩均土地产出率与人力资本效益相协调的发展机制和高收益农产品与大众消费品搭配合理的生产配置机制。在此基础上,分阶段稳步推进农业强国建设。

从适应到自主:资本下乡背景下农业雇工管理模式变迁

下乡资本已成为我国重要的农业经营主体,破解资本化农业经营过程中存在的雇工管理困境对推动乡村产业振兴具有重要意义。研究发现,资本化的农业经营方式与传统的小农农业生产体系之间存在张力,使得资本主体在下乡初期会遭遇雇工管理困境,此时资本主体必须通过适应性自我改造才能实现入场。但当资本深度参与农业经营后,会从生产者属性、生产方式、生产关系和外部社会结构等多个方面改造农业生产体系,使之适配资本化的农业经营方式,进而化解资本主体的雇工管理困境。研究认为,随着资本下乡参与农业经营的程度不断加深,我国农业生产领域将逐渐适应资本化的经营方式。

国家在场:资本下乡与村落共富效应的路径

资本是促进农业农村现代化和农民共同富裕的重要生产要素。在资本下乡背景下,村企如何实现互惠共赢是促进乡村振兴与村落共同富裕的时代课题。资本下乡有序促进乡村产业振兴,关键在于地方政府引导资本市场逻辑与乡土逻辑的有效对接,推动工商资本与村落打造利益共同体。

农地流转、耕地“非粮化”与粮食安全——兼论“谁来种粮”问题

维护粮食安全是中国式现代化的物质保障,而耕地“非粮化”制约着中国粮食安全。基于农地流转再利用的资本逐利视域,立足不同区域的实证案例,发现耕地“非粮化”现象广泛地存在于农地流转中,农地经营户在流转耕地上偏好种植果木等经济作物,而非粮食作物。究其原因,农地流转本质上是资本下乡对耕地利用的再造,而资本下乡秉承着逐利性原则。受限于市场经济内生机制、政府干预形式和力度缺陷、公共政策执行存在偏差及农地流转合同未规定耕地使用方式等因素影响,农地经营户种植粮食作物的比较效益偏低,难以满足资本逐利需要。当前,囿于农村劳动力空心化及老龄化、土地承包期限延长至30年政策等条件制约,不应盲目地将农村流转耕地收回重新分配给农民耕种,而应遵循农地流转再利用的资本逐利逻辑。在农地流转基础上,选择区域实施商业化种粮政策,同时通过优化政府干预形式和力度,确保公共政策精准执行及利用协商治理调整合同内容方式来提升农地经营户种粮积极性,从而推动耕地“非粮化”朝着“种粮化”转向。

生鲜农产品电商拼价销售影响小农生产经营的内在逻辑——基于陕西省A县甜瓜产业的考察

水果电商业态中的拼价销售模式在促进果品流通及提升水果消费总量方面发挥了关键作用,但该模式对小农生产经营所产生的负面效应同样值得关注。本文基于A县甜瓜产业的田野调研经验,剖析了水果电商拼价销售运营模式,并从农产品价格形成和品质控制两个维度考察生鲜水果电商拼价销售模式影响小农生产经营的内在逻辑。研究发现:一方面,从价格形成过程角度看,经过消费者比价购买、电商经营者拼价销售、供应链和代办压价收购以及果农被动受价等一系列“层层压价”环节,小农利润空间被严重压缩;另一方面,拼价电商销售模式放大了水果销售中的品控难题,电商经营者及供应链“拼价不拼质”的销售和收购策略诱发农户“重产轻质”的种植偏好,危害地域品牌发展,也进一步加剧小农的生产经营困境。鉴于水果电商拼价销售模式存在的现实问题,需要有针对性地采取应对措施维护水果电商市场秩序和保障农业生产者利益,强化农业产业的富民效应。

以青年“三乡行动”助推乡村文明新形态建设

乡村文明新形态建设是一项系统性工程,是推进乡村振兴的重要基础,涵盖乡村在政治、精神、物质、生态等方面的文明进步,而青年人才作为乡村建设发展的中坚力量和中流砥柱,是乡村文明新形态建设的核心要素和必备资源。然而,由于当前城乡发展仍未能相偕而行,乡村文明新形态建设面临青年人才“引流”能力受困、“回流”能力受阻、“稳流”条件受限等诸多难题。深化“城市青年下乡、在外青年返乡、本土青年兴乡”的青年“三乡行动”,以打破引才聚才壁垒、完善留才用才机制、优化遴才育才路径的举措可以有效助推乡村文明新形态建设,进而全面推进乡村振兴,促进共同富裕。