Impact of Different Rates of Nitrogen Supplementation on Soil PhysicochemicalProperties and Microbial Diversity in Goji Berry

Goji berry(Lycium barbarum L.)is substantially dependent on nitrogen fertilizer application,which can signifi-cantly enhance fruit yield and Goji berry industrial development in Ningxia,China.This study aimed to analyze the functions of differential nitrogen application rates including low(N1),medium(N2),and high(N3)levels in soil microbial community structure(bacterial and fungal)at 2 diverse soil depths(0-20,20-40 cm)through high-throughput sequencing technology by targeting 16S RNA gene and ITS1&ITS2 regions.All the observed physicochemical parameters exhibited significant improvement(p<0.05)with increased levels of nitrogen and the highest values for most parameters were observed at N2.However,pH decreased(p<0.05)gradually.The alpha and beta diversity analyses for bacterial and fungal communities’metagenome displayed more similarities than differences among all groups.The top bacterial and fungal phyla and genera suggested no obvious(p>0.05)differences among three group treatments(N1,N2,and N3).Furthermore,the functional enrichment analysis demonstrated significant(p<0.05)enrichment of quorum sensing,cysteine and methionine metabolism,and transcriptional machinery for bacterial communities,while various saprotrophic functional roles for fungal communities.Conclusively,moderately reducing the use of N-supplemented fertilizers is conducive to increasing soil nitrogen utilization rate,which can contribute to sustainable agriculture practices through improved soil quality,and microbial community structure and functions.

Macular pigment and serum zeaxanthin levels with Goji berry supplement in early age-related macular degeneration

AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of Goji berry supplementation on improving macular pigment, serum zeaxanthin levels and visual acuity in patients with early age-related macular degeneration （AMD）. METHODS： A total of 114 patients （aged from 51 to 92y, mean age 69.53±8.41y） with early AMD were enrolled in our prospective, randomized controlled study. The included patients were assigned randomly to the Goji group （n=57） with 25 g of Goji berries supplementation per day for 90d and the control group （n=57） with their normal diet for 90d. Macular pigment optical density （MPOD） was measured using heterochromatic flicker photometry （HFP）. The levels of serum lutein （L）/zeaxanthin （Z） were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. MPOD, serum L/Z levels and best corrected visual acuity （BCVA） were recorded at baseline and 90d. RESULTS： In the Goji group, there were no statistically significant differences in the serum L levels between the baseline （0.199±0.149 μmol/mL） and 90d （0.203±0.181 μmol/mL） （t=-0.186, P=0.850）; however the serum Z levels were increased at 90d （0.101±0.087 μmol/mL） compared with those at the baseline （0.029±0.032 μmol/mL） （t=6.412, P〈0.001）. Patients treated with Goji berry for 90d showed an elevated MPOD （0.877±0.202 DU） from the baseline （0.731±0.205 DU） （t=-4.741, P=0.000）. In contrast to the control group, the serum Z levels and MPOD were higher in the Goji group at 90d （both P〈0.05）. At 90d, patients with Goji berry supplementation had a relative decrease in BCVA （0.21±0.18 logMAR） compared with the baseline （0.27±0.20） （t=2.397, P=0.020）. CONCLUSION： Overall, daily supplementation with Goji berry for 90d improves MPOD by increasing serum Z levels rather than serum L levels in early AMD patients. Goji berry may be an effective therapeutic intervention for preventing the progression of early AMD.

Evaluation of Gojiextract and Charcoal as Antioxidant on T-2 Toxin Administration Onliver Male Mice

With a view to study the effects of exposure to T-2 toxin and their amelioration by Goji extract or charcoal, male mice were treated with a sublethal dose of T-2 toxin (200 μg/kg B.W) intraperitoneally. T-2 Toxin showed an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in blood of ALT, ALP, Total Lipids, TAS, and TNF. These were decreased by Goji extracts or charcoal, and were improved partially by the two treatments. It is concluded that the treatment of rats with Goji extract or charcoal ameliorated the adverse effects of toxins but the results suggest that Goji extracts may be used as antioxidant and antidote rather than charcoal for T-2 Toxin in mice.

Goji Berry （Lycium barbarum） Extract Improves Biometric, Plasmatic and Hepatic Parameters of Rats Fed a High-Carbohydrate Diet

GB （goji berry） has bioactive components capable of reversing the metabolic syndrome. This work investigated systemic, biometric and metabolic parameters of male rats fed with standard diet （group CD） or high-carbohydrate diet （group HC）. At 90 days of age the HC group was subdivided： one was given vehicle solution （HCD） and the other was given GB extract （HCDGB）, for 60 days. The vehicle was also given to the CD group. At 150 days of age, glucose tolerance test, tissue collection, plasmatic determinations, lipid content, in situ perfusion and oxidative stress of the liver were carried out. The GB supplementation improved the parameters of the metabolic syndrome caused by the HC diet, including decreased body weight gain, adiposity index, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, NAFLD, liver oxidative stress and gluconeogenesis. Together with the diminished insulin resistance, these results indicate the GB extract is an important adjuvant in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.

Black goji berry (Lycium ruthenicum) tea has higher phytochemical contents and in vitro antioxidant properties than red goji berry (Lycium barbarum) tea

Goji berry tea, a traditional herbal tea, is the main ate mode of goji berry in Asia, yet few studies in comparison with red goji berry tea and black goji berry tea are carried out. This study investigated the effects of water temperature and soak time on the colour, phytochemicals, and the antioxidant capacity [2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] of two goji berry tea. A comparison of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities between black and red goji berry tea was conducted. Results showed that both red and black goji berry tea were rich in phytochemicals, giving high antioxidant ability. The levels of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of the two goji berry tea increased as the increases in soak temperature and time. Black goji berry tea had higher phytochemicals and antioxidant property than those of red goji berry tea. Infused at 100° water for the same time, the levels of total polysaccharides (150 mg/100 ml), total polyphenols (238 mg/ml), and antioxidant capacity (550 μmol/100 ml) of black goji berry tea were 3.5, 2, and 5 times higher, respectively, in comparison with red goji berry tea. The results of this study demonstrate that hot drink of goji berry in China is a good habit and black goji berry tea may be a better choice.

Formation mechanism of isoprene compounds degraded from carotenoids during fermentation of goji wine

Fermented goji wine as a functional wine is made from yeast fermentation.To our knowledge,fermented goji wine still has a problem with insufficient characteristic aroma.Research has shown that some isoprene compounds with characteristic aromas may improve the aroma of goji wine.Therefore,the present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of isoprene compound production by carotenoid degradation during the fermentation of goji wine.It was found that C1-C6,C5-C6,C6-C7,C7-C8,C8-C9 and C9-C10 were the most easily degraded sites in carotenoids under seven different pretreatment conditions(mechanical treatment,pectinase treatment,adjustment of pH,autoclave treatment,SO_(2) treatment,oxidation treatment and light treatment).Meanwhile,breaking different sites,different aroma contributions such as woody,rose,fruity and grassy aromas were found.Single-factor simulation experiments of goji wine during the fermentation showed that the metabolites in the fermentation process caused the degradation of carotenoids and most were volatile aroma compounds.These results may help improve the brewing process to enhance the aroma of goji wine.

High-performance isotope-labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for investigating the effect of drinking Goji tea on urine metabolome profiling

Urine is a human biofluid that is widely used for metabolomics research on disease biomarker discovery.Ideally,the metabolome profiles generated from comparative groups of individuals should mainly consist of the endogenous human metabolites that reflect the healthy states of the individuals.However,external factors,such as diet,may alter the urine metabolome profile by either introducing a significant amount or variety of exogenous metabolites to urine or inducing changes of the metabolome profile.Thus,strict control of the external factors during the sample collection process is critical for urine metabolomics aimed at discovery of disease biomarkers.In this work,we describe a study to determine the effect of drinking Goji tea,which is considered a nutritional supplement drink in some regions of the world,on urine metabolome profile.The purpose of this work is not to determine the nutritional values of Goji tea,but to investigate whether drinking a moderate amount of Goji tea 1-3 h(short-term effect)or 12 h(longer-term effect)before urine collection can cause significant variations of urine metabolome profiles.A highly sensitive dansylation isotope labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was used to determine the urine metabolomes before and after drinking Goji tea.From the studies of the short term(<3 h)and longer term(12 h)effects of drinking Goji tea,it is clear that the consumption of a moderate amount of Goji tea does not affect the urine metabolome significantly.Fasting for 12 h should be sufficient to remove any potential interference of Goji metabolites from the human urine metabolome profile.

温度-水分协同调控对枸杞枝条粉氮素转化及微生物群落特征的影响

以枸杞枝条粉为试材,采用双因素三因子设计,以尿素为氮源,研究温度-水分对枸杞枝条粉基质化发酵过程中发酵指标参数的影响,以期为西北地区枸杞产业循环发展新模式的探索提供参考依据。结果表明:在发酵期间各处理全氮含量均呈逐渐增加的趋势,翻堆温度上限对发酵嗜热期和温热期堆体全氮含量影响显著,在成熟期翻堆温度上限较高时(60~65℃)不显著,而温度上限较低时(55℃)翻堆堆体含水量对堆体全氮含量影响显著。堆体含水量下限(40%)和翻堆温度上限(65℃)较高时更有利于铵态氮的积累。翻堆温度上限稍低时(55℃)对硝态氮含量影响显著。翻堆温度上限(65℃)对嗜热期和温热期堆体有机物总量影响显著,含水量下限(40%)在发酵期间翻堆温度上限较高时(60~65℃)各处理差异不显著,但翻堆温度上限较低时(55℃)翻堆堆体含水量下限对堆体有机物总量影响显著。堆体含水量(50%)或翻堆温度(65℃)上限较高时更有利于脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性提升。在翻堆温度上限为60℃、堆体含水量下限为50%条件下Pseudallecheria和Lasiobolidium占比超过50%,基于PCA分析不同翻堆温度上限、堆体含水量下限对枸杞枝条发酵堆体微生物群落组成有一定影响,且翻堆温度上限为60℃、堆体含水量下限为50%与其他处理差异显著。因此。翻堆温度上限为60℃、堆体含水量下限为50%的条件更有利于枸杞枝条粉基质化发酵腐熟的正向进程。

Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on cytokines in adolescents with subthreshold depression:a randomized controlled study

Strong evidence has accumulated to show a correlation between depression symptoms and inflammatory responses.Moreover,anti-inflammatory treatment has shown partial effectiveness in alleviating depression symptoms.Lycium barbarum polysaccharide(LBP),derived from Goji berries,exhibits notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.In our recent double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial,we found that LBP significantly reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents with subthreshold depression.It is presumed that the antidepressant effect of LBP may be associated with its influence on inflammatory cytokines.In the double-blinded randomized controlled trial,we enrolled 29 adolescents with subthreshold depression and randomly divided them into an LBP group and a placebo group.In the LBP group,adolescents were given 300 mg/d LBP.A 6-week follow up was completed by 24 adolescents,comprising 14 adolescents from the LBP group(15.36±2.06 years,3 men and 11 women)and 10 adolescents from the placebo group(14.9±1.6 years,2 men and 8 women).Our results showed that after 6 weeks of treatment,the interleukin-17A level in the LBP group was lower than that in the placebo group.Network analysis showed that LBP reduced the correlations and connectivity between inflammatory factors,which were associated with the improvement in depressive symptoms.These findings suggest that 6-week administration of LBP suppresses the immune response by reducing interleukin-17A level,thereby exerting an antidepressant effect.

基于响应面法的枸杞低温真空干燥工艺优化

为了提升枸杞的干燥品质,减少它的营养物质流失和色泽褐变等问题,采用低温真空干燥技术加工枸杞,研究了不同干燥温度、真空度、热水流速对枸杞干燥品质及特性的影响。在前期单因素的基础上,以枸杞的平均干燥速率、干燥不均匀度、色差、复水率4个指标进行响应面分析,建立了枸杞低温真空干燥的二次多项式回归模型。试验结果表明,各因素对枸杞干燥品质综合评分的影响从大到小为:干燥温度、真空度、热水流速;枸杞的最佳工艺参数为干燥温度67℃、真空度0.086 MPa、热水流速2.2 m/s,综合评分值为0.713,与预测结果偏差仅为1.5%。低温真空干燥提高了枸杞的品质与特性,为枸杞低温真空干燥技术的应用提供参考。

杜仲叶 红枣 枸杞复合饮料工艺配方的研究

以杜仲叶、红枣、枸杞为原料,辅以柠檬酸和木糖醇,优化和确定复合饮料工艺配方。以感官评分为考查指标,利用单因素试验和正交试验对影响复合饮料的杜仲叶添加量、红枣添加量、枸杞添加量、柠檬酸添加量、木糖醇添加量配方组合进行优化。结果表明,杜仲叶浸提液添加量15%,枸杞浸提液添加量20%,红枣浸提液添加量15%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%,木糖醇添加量9%为复合饮料的最佳配方。此复合配方饮料酸甜适中风味最佳,生产方法简单可行。

枸杞酸奶的制备、质构品质和风味物质分析

该研究以枸杞浆、纯牛奶为主要原料,采用单因素试验和正交试验优化枸杞酸奶的配方和发酵条件,同时采用物性测定仪测定其质构参数,并采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用仪测定其挥发性风味物质组成和含量。结果表明,最佳枸杞酸奶配方为:以纯牛奶为基准(质量分数),枸杞浆添加量5%,奶粉添加量3%,蔗糖添加量10%,发酵剂添加量0.1%,42℃条件下发酵8 h,其感官评分为85.2分,硬度28.32 g,稠度379.31 g·sec,粘聚性-18.35 g,粘度指数-16.98 g·sec,酸度值100.20°T。相关性分析表明,枸杞酸奶的硬度与色泽和组织状态呈极显著负相关(r<0.001),稠度与口感呈极显著正相关(r<0.01),色泽和组织状态呈极显著正相关(r<0.001),组织状态和风味呈显著正相关(r<0.05),以及风味与口感呈极显著正相关(r<0.001)。枸杞酸奶含有32种挥发性风味物质,含量为1417.09μg/kg。枸杞浆中的醛类等是枸杞酸奶中枸杞风味主要来源。研发的枸杞酸奶色泽柔和,质地均匀,稠度适中,口感细腻,酸甜适宜,兼顾营养和风味。

发酵型枸杞酒关键香气物质分析

利用液液萃取-溶剂辅助蒸发-气相色谱-质谱嗅闻法结合气相色谱-四极杆质谱和气相色谱静电场轨道阱质谱解析枸杞酒中的挥发性香气组分,并结合香气重构和感官定量描述性分析鉴定枸杞酒中的关键呈香组分。结果表明,枸杞酒关键呈香组分主要由乙酯类化合物、其他酯类、C_(13)-降异戊二烯类、挥发性酚类、醇类和其他类化合物组成。其中,乙酯类化合物包括肉桂酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、2-甲基丙酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯,其他酯类包括乙酸异戊酯、乳酸异戊酯,C_(13)-降异戊二烯类包括β-大马士酮和β-紫罗兰酮,挥发性酚类包括4-乙基愈创木酚、丁香酚、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚,醇类包括1-辛烯-3-醇、苯甲醇、苯乙醇和异戊醇,其他类包括萘、甲硫基丙醇、辛酸和2-乙酰吡咯。本研究的开展明晰了枸杞酒的关键呈香组分和感官特性,有助于丰富改善枸杞酒香气的基础理论,为枸杞酒产品增香提质提供依据。

1-MCP浓度对枸杞在低温贮藏期间品质的影响

为研究不同浓度1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)对枸杞贮藏期间的影响,采用0.2、0.6、1.0μL/L 1-MCP处理枸杞并贮藏在(0±1)℃,对“宁杞7号”的贮藏品质和生理指标进行测定。结果表明,1-MCP处理均可降低枸杞的呼吸速率和乙烯的释放量,减缓硬度、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的下降,维持枸杞良好的色泽、抑制丙二醛含量的增加和相对电导率的上升,在一定程度上维持枸杞原有的风味,而其中0.6μL/L 1-MCP处理的枸杞效果最佳。综上,0.6μL/L 1-MCP处理的枸杞在低温条件下可以更好地延缓枸杞果实品质的劣变,延长枸杞果实的贮藏期,起到更好的保鲜作用。

枸杞开花生物学及传粉特征研究

授粉不足是导致枸杞落花落果的直接原因之一,为了解枸杞的生殖生物学特点,以‘宁杞10号’为研究材料,测定其花期不同阶段的花部色态、柱头可授性和花粉活力等开花特性及泌蜜规律,并对其常见传粉昆虫的单次访花时长、柱头花粉沉降数等传粉特征进行分析。结果表明,在开花后12~24 h,花瓣颜色变为浅紫色和白紫色时,柱头可授性、花粉活力和泌蜜量均最高,相比其他几个阶段差异显著(P<0.05)。常见传粉昆虫单次访花后的柱头花粉沉降数(螟蛾>蜜蜂>无垫蜂)与自然传粉相比差异显著,蜜蜂对紫色花的访花时长均值为4.1 s,与对黄色花的访花时长(均值为1.7 s)相比差异极显著(P<0.01);从整体效率和传粉昆虫访问数量而言,建议引入传粉昆虫(如蜜蜂)以加强枸杞辅助授粉,提高枸杞的坐果结实率。研究结果为制定枸杞辅助授粉措施提供科学依据。

枸杞水溶性抗氧化物质提取工艺优化及其活性成分分析

该研究采用水提法对枸杞中水溶性物质进行提取,在单因素试验的基础上,以清除1,1二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的半抑制浓度(IC50)值为响应值,采用响应面试验优化提取工艺,并通过超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)对枸杞水溶性抗氧化成分进行分析。结果表明,最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶180(g∶mL)、提取温度80℃、提取时间2 h。在此优化条件下,提取液清除DPPH自由基的IC50值为1.34 g/L。通过UPLC-QTOF-MS分析表明,枸杞水提液中检出6个清除DPPH自由基的化合物,分别为枸杞酸、甜菜碱、山柰酚-3-O-槐二糖-7-O-葡萄糖苷、脯氨酸、L-精氨酸和芦丁。

基于人因工效的枸杞采摘姿势疲劳特性分析

近年来我国枸杞产业快速发展,由于农机与农艺不能有效结合,人工枸杞采收作业仍是枸杞生产全过程中最重要的环节,如何高效采收依旧是枸杞行业可持续发展的关键问题。课题利用Jack人因工程软件,主要分析杞农常用的人工采收方式,分析杞农采收过程中常用姿势的疲劳特性,进行评判分析。结合枸杞采摘特点,以人因工程为研究基础,通过定性分析与定量分析相结合的分析方法,以枸杞采摘作业姿势为研究内容,Jack模拟仿真软件为研究工具,分析不同枸杞采摘作业姿势对人体不同的疲劳特性影响,并给予影响评分,建立枸杞采摘作业疲劳评价体系,根据不同环境、不同姿势、不同状态的综合评分实现劳动姿势疲劳判断,为辅助穿戴式枸杞采摘装置的设计奠定理论基础,提高杞农个体采摘效率,并指导人们安全作业。

超声波辅助双水相法提取枸杞叶黄酮及其胰脂肪酶抑制活性

[目的]开发一种安全、无毒且高效的枸杞叶黄酮类化合物提取方法。[方法]采用超声波辅助双水相法实现高得率、绿色的枸杞叶黄酮类化合物提取,并评价产物活性。通过单因素和Plackett-Burman(PB)试验考察各因素对黄酮提取效果的影响,选取聚乙二醇(PEG400)使用量、硫酸铵使用量、料液比3个因素通过响应面中心组合试验设计优化提取条件;通过胰脂肪酶活性抑制试验评价提取物活性。[结果]超声波辅助双水相法提取枸杞叶黄酮最佳工艺条件为:聚乙二醇PEG相对分子质量400,PEG质量分数28%、硫酸铵质量分数16%、超声功率250 W,超声处理时间40 min、超声处理温度40℃、料液比1∶30 (g/g),该条件下所提取的枸杞叶黄酮提取物的总黄酮含量为(486.30±3.29) mg/g,其对胰脂肪酶活性具有显著抑制作用,半数抑制质量浓度(IC50)为1.06 mg/mL。[结论]最优提取条件下,超声波辅助双水相法所提取的枸杞叶黄酮得率高、溶剂残留低,该方法所得枸杞叶黄酮对胰脂肪酶具有良好的抑制作用。

基于产短链脂肪酸乳酸菌发酵枸杞分离筛选

采用MRS培养基从健康人体粪便中分离得到50株乳酸菌,结合益生元筛选平板,进一步筛选获得15株产短链脂肪酸乳酸菌菌株。比较筛得的乳酸菌对模拟消化道环境的耐受性,以及在利用低聚糖快筛、发酵枸杞产短链脂肪酸等方面的能力差异,从中筛选得到一株性能良好的乳酸菌,其能较好地耐受模拟胃肠液,并具有较强的产乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、正丁酸能力。通过分子生物学鉴定,该菌株为发酵乳酸杆菌Limosilactobacillus fermentum。

半软质枸杞牦牛奶酪加工工艺试验研究

本试验以青海牦牛乳和柴达木红枸杞为原料,采用单因素试验和L 9(34)正交试验,优化半软质红枸杞牦牛奶酪的加工工艺。结果表明,当凝乳酶添加量为0.30%、红枸杞果浆添加量为5%、白砂糖添加量为6%、NaCl添加量为0.4%时,制作出的红枸杞牦牛奶酪呈淡红色,具有浓郁的奶香味和枸杞特有的果香味,质地光滑细腻,为牦牛奶酪新产品的开发提供了新思路。