Establishment of the Agricultural Knowledge Management System in the Knowledge-oriented Government

In order to optimizing the process of the government agricultural decision-making, based on the theories and technologies of the knowledge management, the meaning of the knowledge-based government is firstly analyzed. Combining with the detailed requirements of government for agricultural knowledge management, an agricultural knowledge management system including the agricultural knowledge sharing system, the agricultural Web data-mining system and the agricultural expert decision system is established in the paper.

On the Government Function Orientation in China's Agricultural Management Reform

Since the reform and opening up,China's market-oriented agricultural management reform has achieved remarkable results,but the reform has not yet been put in place,and there are some flaws in some areas of reform.To deepen the reform of government's agricultural management reform under the new situation,it is necessary to further define the boundary between government and market on the basis of following the general rules of world's agricultural development and considering China's special situation of agriculture,nail down the scope of government functions,pinpoint the key areas of reform,and actively promote the rapid development of China's characteristic modern agriculture.

Rational Analysis of Management Accounting Implementation in China＇s Government Units

The implementation of management accounting in China＇s government units is an inevitable requirement of economic development and the important deployment of efficient government establishment. Up to now, China has made a lot of theoretical explorations and tried about management accounting practice in government units. But in practice, there are still some shortcomings. Therefore, based on the thought of Accounting Research Methodology written by Professor Lu Yonghua, this article carries out a comprehensive, systematic, in-depth and concrete study on the implementation of management accounting in China＇s government units. This paper argues that there are some deficiencies in management accounting practice, including lack of a complete government management accounting system, the failure of combining management accounting implementation with specific national conditions, limitations of government management accounting itself, resistance existing in government management accounting implementation, and the low quality of management accounting practitioners. In this regard, this research paper learns from foreign experience and puts forward some corresponding improvement suggestions from the perspective of legislation, empirical research, information construction, education investment and so on.

Government Management Innovation in the Age of Big Data

Both opportunities and challenges are currently faced by government management innovation in the age of ＂big data＂. Traditionally, relative studies view the management of governments as the effective means to improve governmental services, without really understanding the structural influence of big data and network technology on governmental mode of thinking. Against such backdrop, this paper tries to conduct critical analysis based upon traditional outcomes in this regard, trying to make full use of the function of big data technology. With these efforts, this paper contributes to the building of an interaction theory that could promote transparency of information and customization and segmentation of the policies. By constructing a mode in which management could be carried out based on the law of big data, by building an information management system in which balance could be achieved between responsibility and freedom, by promoting the rebalancing among public power, online civil society and civil rights, the innovation of governmental management would be achieved.

Corruption of Village Cadres and Construction of Clean Government in Rural Land Management in China

This paper analyzed the types and causes of corruption of village cadres in rural land management in China. On the basis of current corruption situation,it came up with recommendations including improving the financial system at the village level,establishing land information network,and reforming functions of village committees in the land management,in order to prevent corruption of village cadres in the land management and establish and improve the clean government mechanism for village cadres.

The Influence of Network Public Opinion on the Public Management of Chinese Government

In the rapid development of science and technology,the Internet has been widely used in the daily life and work of people,which has greatly changed the way people live and work.At this stage,people regard the Internet as the main way to obtain news information,and they have supervised the news contents[1].Based on this,the article expounds the relevant content of network public opinion,analyzes the role of network public opinion in the public management of Chinese government,and studies the influence of public opinion on the public management of Chinese government.

Project Management Addressed to Iranian Government-A Case Study

Iranian Government has a unique opportunity to recede many existing difficulties and achieve to promoted productivity,paving the way for competitive and coadaptive developments in running and managing major complex projects.The present study was a combination of literature review,existing research reports,and hierarchical distance-based fuzzy approach to manage projects addressed to Iranian Government as a case study that comprises road and building construction,nuclear power,used oil and petroleum industries,new technologies(nano and plasma),industries,and waste management projects.Underpinning existing trend among frameworks of projects revealed some weakness points to lead the Iranian Government for the reliable establishment and implementation of projects such as resources and partnership management,lack of trust,technology replacement,deficiency of science,technology and additives promotions,and change in the attitude.The evaluation based on hierarchical fuzzy logic revealed the priority for diamond deposition reactors comprising highfrequency plasma=microwave?glow?laser?alternating current?plasmatron?direct current?flame,respectively.Therefore,Iranian Government needs to employ a buttressed support in the implementation of the plasma plants through applying nuclear power energy to reclaim and promote additives and products of industries,redesign and reproduction processes,quality function deployment,and other developing sectors.

Research to Improve the Effectiveness of the Government＇s Economic Management of Performance Management

Government Performance Management is a new government management pattern. It plays an important role in the development of the local government and an important part of the government human resource management. Since China began to implement its government performance management, it has obtained some initial results. But it is still in the exploratory and improvement stage. Because a lot of problems arise in the actual operation process, so theoretical research and practice experience need to be further improved. Therefore, analyzing the local government perfornaance management problems and exploring strategies to improve the performance management are currently the objective requirements of the socialist market economy construction and governance reform in China and will have great significance.

The Transformation of government economy management function on a sustainable development of the environment

The ever-changing and developing ecological environment determines the functions of government to be followed by changes in economic management. The pursuit of short-term economic growth, ignoring the social promotion, will lead to excessive consume the earth＇ s resources and deteriorate environment, which pose a serious threat for the overall development of the human. Reality shows that the traditional development model faced with severe challenges. Thus, to solve environmental problems and achieve sustainable human development has become starting point and destination for the world＇ s governments to consider all issues. Government, as the actors on the path of sustainable development, is imperative to change the government＇ s economic management functions to genuinely achieve economic, social and environmental comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development. Implementation the strategy of sustainable development requires the Chinese government at least to adopt the ideology of overall and coordinated development in the head, follow the objective law and transfer the functions of government management of the economy on the basis of sustainable development.

Research on Government Emergency Management Strategy Based on Public Health Incidents

It is the government's basic responsibility to ensure public health safety.However,due to the influence of the environment and human beings,some public health incidents are still inevitable,endangering public health and undermining social stability.However,any public health incident is traceable,and there will be a process from latent period to outbreak.Therefore,the government needs to grasp the key points of health incidents,strengthen emergency management,and ensure social stability and public safety.

Research on Government Performance Evaluation Based on Management by Objective

Based on the objective management theory, this paper analyzes the existing problems in the process of government performance evaluation, explores the necessity of objective management in performance evaluation, and establishes a government performance evaluation system based on objective management.

Research on the Reform Model of China＇s Government Accounting Based on Performance Management

Mueller said： ＂The environment has reflection on accounting; different cultural, economic, legal and political backgrounds produce different accounting systems.＂ It＇s no exception with government accounting. Since 1998, China＇s current budget accounting system has been acting as government accounting. Basically, it fulfilled the needs of relevant government accounting. The government accounting integrated with budget accounting. As time passes by, the current budget accounting can not meet the deepening globalization of the market economy nor the developing economic and political environment in terms of the definition of objectives, choices of basic accounting, offering of accounting information. In recent years, public finance reform, transformation of government functions, the public consciousness and other factors call for higher needs for the new government accounting. The current budget fails to provide enough government accounting information that the public need. In 2011, China started a pilot of performance management and performance budgeting in the country. The efficient use of public funds, the profits, and the effectiveness of public information draw more users＇ attention. It becomes more important for the govemrnent accounting larovidin~ information of performance evaluation.

The Transformation of Government Economic Functions in Public Economic Management

Public economics is a science of studying government economic behaviors, and an interdiscipline of politics and economics. As China is at the primary stage of socialism and the development of various domestic causes is still in a period of exploration, it is very important for the reform of the socialist modernization to strengthen domestic administrative management. Society is the subject of national reform and development in the long run, and thus maintaining the stability of domestic social order is not only the prerequisite for the long-term survival and development of China, but also the key requirement of ensuring people to live and work in peace and contentment. This thesis, first of all, introduces the management concept of public economy and the necessity of government＇s involvement in supervising economy. And on the basis of these, the thesis put forward the direction of transforming government economic functions and several precautions that should be noticed in government economic behaviors.

The challenge of applying governance and sustainable development to wildland fire management in Southern Europe

This paper discusses participatory processes in wildland fire management （WFM）. Participation is an essential element of both the European Sustainable Development （SD） Strategy and the White Paper on Governance. Governance end SD have thus become an interconnected challenge to be applied to WFM （as a sub-area in forest policy）, amongst other policies. An overspread weakness in WFM is lack of real participation of stakeholders. Absence of （or deficient） participation can seriously impair contribution of this group to WFM in high-risk areas and runs counter governance and the SDS. Further, this weakness might prevent an efficient use of fire as a land management tool （prescribed burning, PB） and as a technique for fighting wildfire （suppression fire, SF）. Even though these fire practices have been well known in many different places, they have been increasingly neglected or Prohibited over time in Southern Europe. At present, forest and fire fighting administrations are turning their eyes back on them and analyzing the benefits of using fire in relation to preventive and suppressive actions. Therefore, participatory and diffusion mechanisms （the latter adopting the shape of national and international experts＇ networks） are required in order to solve the so- called fire paradox： that is, the need to move from a one-dimensinnal perception of the negative impacts of fire to a more sophisticated one that also stresses its positive effects. Governance, based on broad social participation, and diffusion, through fire networks, are of utmost importance in order, first, to diminish long-standing suspicion amongst different interests as to the use of fire and, secondly, to diffuse best practices associated with PB and SF. Most importantly, the ELI should exercise its environmental leadership so that these new fire practices and sustainable WFM are diffused across the international arena.

A journey towards shared governance: status and prospects for collaborative management in the protected areas of Bangladesh

Establishment of Protected Areas （PAs）, in the face of rapid deforestation, forest degradation and climate change has been one of the key efforts in conservation of biodiversity worldwide in recent times. While Bangladesh has gained a degree of prominence in the world for its successful social forestry programs, the concept of collaborative pro- tected area management is rather new in the country, initiated in 2004 by the Bangladesh Forest Department in five PAs with financial assistance from USAID. Based on empirical evidence from three of the pilot PAs, we examined the achievements and associated challenges and prospects for co-management. Our fieldwork revealed a number of challenges faced by co-management institutions： （1） institutions were dominated by the elite group, overshadowing the voice of the community people; （2） mutual trust and collective performance are key to good governance but had not taken root in the PAs; （3） encroachment onto forest land and subsequent conversion to agriculture remained a serious problem that discouraged forest-dependent people from participating actively in co-management initiatives; （4） legal provisions （including acts, rules and policies） were not clearly and adequately disseminated and understood at the community level; （5） there remained a degree of ambiguity regarding the roles and responsibilities of forest department （FD） and co-management committees （CMC） in field operations, and this was not enhancing transparency and accountability of the overall initiative; （6） the long-term sustainability of co-management institutions was another major concern, as the local intuitional structure was still in a nascent stage, and provisioning of resources （either internally or externally） remained somewhat uncertain. We offer recommendations for improve- ment.

The effect of leadership on performance management, good governance, internal and external satisfaction in study programs

Rapid changes in business environment have increased the needs of graduates who have capabilities of anticipating to the changes. The faculty, especially at the level of study program, has an important role in affecting the quality of graduates, because the study program is the core element in the higher education institution which involves directly in planning, organizing, executing and controlling the teaching and learning activities. This dissertation is to examine the effect of leadership on performance management and good governance, and also to examine the effect of performance management and good governance on internal and external satisfaction. The data for this causal research is collected by questionnaire. Unit of analysis in this research is all study programs in all accredited faculty of economics in East Java. The respondents are academic staffs, students and administrative staffs in the study program. There were 83 of 125 accredited study program which has been successfully contacted and agreed to participate in the research. There were 900 students and 285 academic staffs filling up the questionnaires. The data analysis is conducted by Path Analysis with the SPSS 11.5 version software to measure construct validity and reliability and to test causal relationships between variables in the model. The findings of the research showed that： （1） Leadership affects performance management significantly; （2） Leadership affects good governance significantly; （3） Leadership affects internal satisfaction significantly; （4） Performance management affects internal satisfaction; （5） Good governance significantly affects external satisfaction; （6） Internal satisfaction does not affect external satisfaction. Based on the findings in this research, it is suggested that the study programs take into account the implementation of performance management in order to undertake improvement continuously considering that performance management supports the quality assurance activity. It is also suggested that the faculty implements good governance formally. However, the implementation should empower the study program to undertake the improvement.

Corporate Governance, Enterprise Risk Management, and Inter-temporal Risk Transfer

This work is an initial attempt to describe the interconnections among corporate governance,enterprise risk management,and the phenomena of inter-firm risk transfer that occurs in combination with firms’income smoothing.Corporate governance is conceived as a set of rules according to which a firm is managed and governed by its top managers.Extant literature on corporate governance has pointed out the benefits of the adoption,at a firm level,of a comprehensive enterprise risk management process.We note that,although such an adoption favors the smoothing of a firm’s income,in smoothing the income a firm,it also gives rise to an inter-temporal transfer of risk from the firm itself to its stakeholders,specifically to suppliers and employees.Such transfer of risk depends on the strength of a firm contractual power and on the structural relationships established by a firm with its stakeholders.We therefore argue that larger-sized organizations affiliated with a business group are likely to smooth income to a greater extent than smaller-sized organizations unaffiliated with a business group.The paper also offers some discussions of the findings and points out some important issues to be addressed in future studies.

From social management to social governance: Evolution, characteristics and innovation

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC firstly required innovative social governance in 2013. This is the CPC's focus on safeguarding the fundamental interests of the majority of the people, to maximize social harmony, and to enhance the vitality of social development. The differences between governance and management are embodied in such as the governance system, legality, resource management, and comprehensive measures, etc. Compared with the way of social management, in which the government was used to controlling and ordering all social affairs, social governance pays more attention to the process of co-operations among different parties, to more emphasis on parties' co-operations and co-governance, with a continuous and interactive process of coordinated negotiations among multiple stakeholders. Social governance pays more emphasis on respect to social and political rights of members in the society, trying to stimulate the potential of social members, so that members of the community, in the process of social governance, have rights to speak, to choose and to influence; it pays more emphasis not only on maximizing autonomy of the social organizations and community, but also emphasizes the comprehensive use of a variety of means. The constructions of social governance system should mainly consist of four aspects: first, it is to improve the quality of social grassroots governance; second, it is to stimulate the vitality of social organizations; third, it tries to become an innovative and effective system to prevent and resolve social conflicts; fourth, it is to improve the public security system. To innovate the social management system, it is not only to achieve the transformation of the idea from control to service, but also to change the governance way from inflexible to flexible, thus, to finally form the social governance structure of Party leadership, government responsibility, social coordination,and public

Validating Governance Performance Indicators for Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in the Southeast Region of Cuba

The importance of evaluating the success of policies developed to effectively manage coastal and marine resource use is well documented. However, few frameworks exist that allow for a comparative examination of existing policy instruments, as opposed to specific initiatives, which assess governance performance aimed at addressing issues arising in the coastal zone. This paper describes the process and findings for evaluating the feasibility of a modified Coastal Sustainability Standard (CoSS) framework that seeks to measure the effectiveness of individual planning instruments within overlapping spatial boundaries in the landward and marine areas in the southeast region of Cuba. Through workshops conducted in Santiago de Cuba and Guamá municipalities with key representatives involved in coastal management and planning, the utility of the framework was assessed using the main instruments of territorial planning in Cuba, namely integrated river basin management, territorial planning in coastal municipalities and marine and coastal management. While, the findings suggest that the modified CoSS framework can be used to assess the effectiveness of these planning instruments in the region, and workshop participants also suggested improvements to better match its use to the characteristics of the study region.

Research on the New Developments of Corporate Governance, Board of Directors and Management Accounting

Based on corporate governance, this paper concludes that the core of corporate governance is the board of directors of the listed company. It also analyses the function of the board of directors on preparing, applying and appraising the strategic planning. It draws a conclusion that the new development of management accounting is the application of the board of directors and its several committees.