Antibacterial Sutures Coated with Smooth Chitosan Layer by Gradient Deposition

Owing to the significant importance in clinics,antibacterial activity is thought as one indispensable feature of the next generation of absorbable sutures.It is challenging but imperative to arm the existing absorbable sutures with antibacterial functions.The present study describes a“gradient deposition”technique to coat a continuous and smooth layer of chitosan on the surface of absorbable sutures.Specifically,chitosan solution is arranged to undergo gradient pH decline step by step while during each pH interval,the solution is allowed to stand for a predetermined period of time in order to control gradual chitosan deposition.Chitosan nanoparticles are found to be first generated on suture surface and finally developed into a smooth chitosan layer as the antibacterial surface.In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that coating chitosan on sutures by our technique could relieve wound inflammation,stimulate collagen deposition,regenerate blood vessels,and assist tissue repairing,consequently leading to a significant enhancement of wound healing effect.This technique is highlighted with low cost,extreme convenience and excellent safety without organic solvents.Furthermore,the“gradient deposition”technique would not affect the fundamental properties of matrix and thus hold promises as a universal way for superficial antibacterial modification towards almost all the surgical implanted materials,including but not limited to absorbable sutures.

SOIL NITROGEN MINERALIZATION UNDER NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS ALONG A SULFATE AND NITRATE DEPOSITION GRADIENT IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION

Net N mineralization (ammonification and nitrification) in the 0-10 cm mineral soil zone of five northern hardwood forest sites along a gradient of SO and NO deposition from northeastem Minnesota to central lower Michigan was measured by an in situ buried bag technique at monthly intervals from September 1987 to April 1990. Soil nitrification rates (36.9 to 46.7 kg N·ha-1·yr-1) increased from north to south among the five study sites and were strongly associated with soil temperature (r=0.87, p<0.001). The rates of soil ammonification (66.8 to 84. 1 kg N·ha-1·yr-1) and amounts of total N mineralized (103.7 to 130.6 kg N·ha-1·yr-1)did not show a clear regional trend across the gradient sites. Significant correlations between SO(r=0.82, p<0.001), No(r=0.77, p=0.003) deposition and the adjusted means of ammonium-N after removing the effects of soil temperature indicated that SO and NO deposition had significantly impacts on ammonification process. Soil pH did not correspond to the gradient of H+deposition, which was not correlated with either ammonification or nitrification rates across the study sites.

Study of preparation of BG/HA gradient coating on titanium alloy by electrophoretic deposition method

In this paper, a gradient bioactive coating made from modified bioglass(BG) and hydroxyapatite(HA) was prepared by electrophoretic deposition method(EPD)on the surface of titanium alloy. Strong bonding between the matrix and BG/HA gradient coating was got by sintering. Crystal composition of the coating was analyzed by XRD. The characteristics of surface and cross section of the coating were observed by SEM. Adhesive strength of the coating was tested by pull method. The optimizing technological parameters were determined.

Effects of submicron diamonds on the growth of copper in Cu-diamond co-deposition

Submicron diamonds were co-deposited on aluminum substrates with copper from the acid copper sulfate electrolyte by electro- lyte-suspension co-deposition. After submicron diamonds were added to the electrolyte, the shape of copper grains transformed from oval or round to polyhedron, the growth mode of copper grains transformed from columnar growth to gradual change in size, and the preferred ori- entation of copper grains transformed from （220） to （200）. Analyzing the variation of cathodic overpotential, it was found that the cathodic overpotential tended to remain tmchanged when copper plane （220） grew in the process of electrodepositing pure copper, while it tended to decrease with time when copper plane （200） grew in the process of co-deposition. It was inferred that copper plane （200） was propitious to the deposition of submicron diamonds.

Effects of gradient structure on the microstructures and properties of coated cemented carbides

The effects of gradient structure on the microstructure and properties of coated cemented carbides were researched with optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, strength measurements, and cutting tests. It shows that vacuum sintering of WC-Ti（C, N）-TaC-Co cemented carbides results in the formation of a surface ductile zone. The ductile zone prevents crack propagation and leads to the increase of transverse rupture strength of the substrate. The impact resistance of coated gradient inserts was obviously improved on the basis of maintaining resistance to abrasion and the forming mechanism of the gradient structure was also analyzed.

Oxidation and Hot Corrosion of Gradient Thermal Barrier Coatings Prepared by EB-PVD

The performances of gradient thermal barrier coatings (GTBCs) produced by EB-PVD were evaluated by isothermal oxidation and cyclic hot corrosion (HTHC) tests. Compared with conventional two-layered TBCs, the GTBCs exhibite better resistance to not only oxidation but also hot-corrosion. A dense Al2O3 layer in the GTBCs effectively prohibites inward diffusion of O and S and outward diffusion of Al and Cr during the tests. On the other hand, an "inlaid" interface, resulting from oxidation of the Al along the columnar grains of the bond coat, enhances the adherence of AI2O3 layer. Failure of the GTBC finally occurred by cracking at the interface between the bond coat and AI2O3 layer, due to the combined effect of sulfidation of the bond coat and thermal cvcling.

模拟降雨条件下坡度和降雨强度对桂南崩积体侵蚀产沙的影响

[目的]探究坡度和降雨强度对崩岗崩积体坡面侵蚀产沙特征的影响,为桂南地区崩积体水土流失预测及其防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度(15°,20°,25°)和降雨强度(60,90,120 mm/h)条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀产沙过程。[结果]各坡度条件下,60 mm/h降雨强度时,崩积体坡面侵蚀速率变化过程较为稳定,且侵蚀速率多低于5.0 g/(m^(2)·s),并呈现出一定的下降趋势;90~120 mm/h降雨强度下,侵蚀速率呈先波动增大后波动减小的变化趋势。降雨过程中侵蚀速率最大值随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,侵蚀速率最大值出现的时间集中在0~25 min内,且随坡度的增大有提前的趋势。次降雨产沙量(3.64~48.07 kg/m^(2))随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,与降雨强度和坡度之间的非线性回归结果(幂函数)优于线性回归结果。次降雨产沙量与坡度和降雨强度的交互项相关性最为显著,二者呈极显著线性函数关系。[结论]次降雨产沙量对降雨强度的敏感系数要高于对坡度的敏感系数,降雨强度对次降雨产沙量的影响强于坡度,崩积体侵蚀防治中建议做好坡面排水措施。

基于边缘梯度搜索的激光定向能量沉积熔池尺寸提取方法

针对激光定向能量沉积过程中存在熔池弱边缘导致熔池宽度难以准确提取的问题,本工作基于熔池边缘灰度梯度变化差异,提出了一种基于边缘梯度搜索模型的熔池宽度提取方法。为了得到精确的熔池尺寸,首先基于数学形态学的方法对熔池图像进行预处理得到粗定位边缘,然后通过试验确定弱边缘梯度阈值,最后采用边缘梯度搜索模型对粗定位边缘进一步分割得到精分割边缘,使用椭圆拟合法进行边缘拟合得到熔池宽度,试验结果表明该方法具有良好的熔池宽度检测精度。

激光增材制造316L从单层到多层沉积的热行为模拟与实验研究

基于ABAQUS软件构建激光金属沉积(laser metal deposition,LMD)316L不锈钢增材制造的有限元模型,采用生死单元和双椭球移动热源结合的方式进行数值模拟,研究单道单层LMD过程中的温度场以及不同工艺参数对温度场、不同区域特征点温度梯度的影响。进一步探究了单道多层LMD过程中熔池的温度变化和各层之间的热循环规律。设计相关实验,验证数值模拟结果。结果表明:降低扫描速度或提高激光功率,熔池作用范围会变大。激光功率对温度梯度影响更大,尤其是纵向温度梯度。随着LMD层数的增加,且由于往复扫描的工艺路径,温度梯度显著增加,因此成形零件容易发生弯曲变形。单道多层薄壁件的整体形貌进一步说明了LMD温度梯度模拟的准确性。

激光熔化沉积钛合金-高熵合金梯度材料组织演变研究

目的研究钛合金-高熵合金梯度材料不同位置沉积层的微观组织形貌及力学性能演变规律。方法采用激光熔化沉积的工艺制备了钛合金-高熵合金梯度材料,并建立了有限元仿真模型来辅助分析。研究对象为TA15基板上单道多层的梯度沉积层,在设计梯度材料成分时,相邻梯度的材料比例变化量为10%(质量分数),TA15钛合金的质量分数由100%逐渐降低至0%,AlNbTiVZr的质量分数逐渐增大。基于实验对有限元模型进行了一定程度的简化处理,通过热物性参数计算软件和经验公式获取了梯度成分材料的热物性参数,进行了单层单道激光熔化沉积实验以完成热源校核,在与实验相同的工艺参数下计算了温度场并进行了分析。结果在一层一冷的冷却策略下,多层沉积仍存在一定的热累积现象,沉积15层后,沉积层中部的温度峰值基本保持在2489℃,根据循环曲线,沉积层中部的重熔范围超过1/2。结论随着高熵合金含量的增加,组织由细小等轴晶、胞状晶和柱状晶转变为多边形晶粒,V、Nb等β稳定元素的增加和Al等α稳定元素的减少抑制了组织中针状α相的形成,V、Nb等元素在晶界产生了明显偏析现象并逐渐增多,抑制了晶粒生长且增强了细晶强化作用,显微硬度随之增大。

深埋冰水堆积地层高压大型潜蚀试验研究

冰水堆积体粒径跨度大、级配不连续,在渗流作用下易发生潜蚀现象。采用自行研发的大型粗粒土压缩渗透试验仪,对某水电工程深埋冰水堆积体开展了高竖向压力下的潜蚀试验,得到了试样的细粒流失率、渗透系数和体积变形随水力梯度的变化过程。试验结果表明,不同缩尺方法对试样的潜蚀特性影响显著,剔除法和相似级配法不仅会低估试样的渗透性,还会高估试样的内部稳定性。等量替代法级配和缺乏中间粒径的危险级配试样在较低的水力梯度下即会发生显著的细粒流失,导致渗透系数突变和体积变形。竖向压力对临界和破坏水力梯度、渗透系数、细粒流失率和体变的发展过程均有影响,影响程度与颗粒级配有关。即使在2MPa的高竖向压力下,等量替代法级配和危险级配仍具有较高的细粒流失率,表明该深埋覆盖层具有较高的潜蚀风险。

代硬铬镍基合金镀层的研究进展

为了实现清洁生产,改善生态环境,针对电镀行业中严重污染环境的六价硬铬电镀工艺,广大电镀工作者致力于代硬铬工艺的开发,其中电沉积合金镀层技术将是未来比较理想的代铬工艺。文中综述了近几年来国内外代铬镀层的最新研究进展。重点探讨了几类代铬合金镀层的工艺及耐磨、耐蚀等性能,并指出了目前存在的问题及今后的研究方向。

新型Ni-P功能梯度镀层的磨损特性研究

采用电沉积技术在钢表面制备了Ni-P功能梯度镀层和不同磷含量的Ni-P镀层,对比考察了2种镀层的磨损性能.结果表明: 沿镀层厚度方向,梯度合金镀层具有较好的成分和结构梯度;Ni-P梯度镀层的耐磨性较均质单层Ni-P镀层提高近1～2倍;经过高温热处理后,Ni-P合金镀层的主要磨损机制为裂纹萌生和扩展以及微区脆性剥落等,在磨损过程中梯度结构能够有效地抑制裂纹的萌生和扩展,从而使梯度结构合金镀层耐磨性大幅提高.

纳米Al_2O_3Ni梯度镀层的电镀工艺研究

在瓦特镀镍液中制备纳米Al2O3 Ni复合镀层,研究了阴极电流密度、纳米Al2O3加入量对镀层纳米Al2O3质量分数及镀层显微硬度的影响。采用恒电流电沉积工艺制备了纳米Al2O3 Ni梯度镀层,镀层显微硬度由内到外逐渐增加。磨损试验表明,在油润滑条件下,梯度镀层的耐磨性比普通复合镀层提高了150%。

化学镀技术制备功能梯度镀层的研究现状

作为一种低温液相制备技术,化学镀技术由于具有设备简单、操作方便、成本低等优点而更适合于制备功能梯度镀层(FGD)。概述了采用化学镀和复合化学镀方法制备FGD的原理、研究现状及其应用。

入侵植物喜旱莲子草对光、氮及其互作的表型可塑性反应

为给入侵植物喜旱莲子草的管理与防控提供一定的理论参考,对其在光照和氮沉降及光氮互作的表型可塑性反应进行了研究。结果表明:喜旱莲子草通过增加株高、节长,降低根重比,提高叶重比、叶片叶绿素含量来适应较低的光照环境,其株高、节长、总生物量对光照的表型可塑性指数较大;随着土壤氮素的增加,喜旱莲子草植株的株高、节长、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、总生物量和叶绿素都显著增加,其对氮沉降的可塑性指数在株高、生物量和叶绿素上较大;氮沉降有利于喜旱莲子草对光照反应可塑性的增加,从而补偿低光环境导致的生长不利。因此,若在持续高氮沉降的情况下,喜旱莲子草种群有向贫瘠土壤和弱光环境拓展的风险。

我国住房公积金制度运行的绩效、问题及对策

住房公积金制度建立至今,已成为我国住房保障体系的重要组成部分,为我国住房建设和住房金融提供发展的动力,尤其在推动廉租房建设方面发挥了重要作用。但是,住房公积金制度在现实运行中还是存在覆盖面有限、运行效率低、保障作用有限以及治理结构设计、决策机制和监管机制不健全等问题。文章对以上问题进行了归纳和深入分析。并在此基础上,提出了规范和完善住房公积金制度的对策和建议。

电沉积梯度功能镀层的研究进展

论述了功能梯度镀层的概念、性能、应用及制备方法。复合电沉积法是制备梯度功能材料的重要方法之一 ,具有控制简单、易于操作、投资少、可处理复杂工件等优点。本文综述了电沉积法用于制备梯度功能镀层的原理、特点。

铜基电镀Ni-P合金二维梯度镀层的制备

通过改变电镀过程中搅拌速度、电流密度和pH值的大小,在铜基体上制备了Ni-P合金二维梯度镀层。其优点在于镀层中含磷量与硬度在纵向与镀层厚度方向两个方向上均有梯度变化。设计的二维梯度镀层不仅硬度高、与实际工作条件相匹配,且这种二维梯度设计可大大提高镀层的耐磨性与结合强度,从而延长镀层的寿命。对镀层进行400℃热处理,热处理后镀层保持良好的二维梯度,表层硬度可达1080 HV,与基体的结合强度也有一定程度的提高。

激光快速成形技术的发展及其在功能梯度材料制备上的应用

激光快速成形技术集计算机辅助设计、高功率激光熔覆、快速成形于一体,通过激光熔化同步输送的金属或陶瓷粉末,在基板上逐层熔化堆积而形成致密的材料或零件。其离散/堆积的成形特点使得该技术在材料及零件制备上具有很大的柔性,通过精确控制2种或多种材料粉末的输送和相应的工艺可以实现材料组成、微观组织结构和性能的梯度分布及多种材料的集成。介绍了激光快速成形的原理、技术特点、系统组成,着重介绍了国内外采用该技术在制备功能梯度材料方面的研究开发情况,简要分析了利用激光快速成形技术制备功能梯度材料的发展前景。