Preparation and Swelling Kinetic Analysis of Poly (HPMC-co-AA-co-AM) Super Absorbent Resin

Super absorbent resin(SAR)is prepared by aqueous high temperature polymerization using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC)as monomer backbone material,acrylic acid(AA)and acrylamide(AM)as the graft copolymer monomer,potassium persulfate(KPS)as the initiator to generate free radicals,and N,N`-methylenebisacrylamide(MBA)as cross-linking agent for cross-linking reaction.Simutaneously,the influence of individual factors on the water absorption is investigated,and these factors are mainly AA,AM,KPS,MBA,HPMC,and reaction temperature.The optimized conditions are obtained by the experiment repeating for several times.The water absorption multiplicity and salt absorption multiplicity under the conditions are 782.4 and 132.5 g/g,respectivity.Furthermore,the effects of different temperatures and salt concentrations on its water absorption,as well as the swelling kinetics of SAR are studied.It is indicated the water-absorbing swelling process is mainly caused by the difference in water osmotic pressure and Na+concentration inside and outside the cross-linked molecular structure of the resin,which is not only consistent with the quasi-secondary kinetic model,but also with the Fick diffusion model.

STUDY ON THE STARCH GRAFTED ACRYLATE MONOMERS AND ITS COMPATIBILITY FOR THE BLEND SYSTEM OF STARCH AND POLYETHYLENE

By means of initiation of the high temperature and shearing stress of an extruder,we synthesized the graft copolymer of starch with acrylate monomers based on the simple dry method.The effects of reaction conditions on graft copolymerization were discussed. Grafted starch used as a compatibilizer for the blend system of starch and polyethylene was further investigated. The results indicate that grafted starch as a compatibilizer can improve the mechanical properties and rheologic properties of the blend of starch and polyethylene.

GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF VINYL MONOMERS ONTO STARCH INITIATED BY TRANSITION METAL-THIOUREA REDOX SYSTEMS

In this paper, the capabilities of grafting acrylonitrile (AN) onto starch initiated by Fe(III)-TU, V(V)-TU, Cr(VI)-TU, Mn(VII)-TU redox systems were compared in the presence of sulfuric acid of different concentrations. It was shown that the grafting capability of Mn(VII)-TU is the highest in these initiating systems. Using Mn (VII-TU as initiator, the effects of various acids (HClO4, H2SO4, HNO3, HCl) on the graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto starch were discussed, and the capabilities of graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA) onto starch were investigated. The experimental results show that the order of the influences of different acids is HClO4 > H2SO4 > HNO3 > HCl, and the order of grafting capabilities of different monomers grafted onto starch is MMA > AN > AM > AA. The structure and morphology of graft, copolymers were studied with infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The size, shape and roughness of surface of the grafted starch granules are changed after grafting.

Study on PVC Grafted with Acrylic Rare Earths

The copolymers were formed by the graft copolymerization of PVC with acrylic rare earth. The principle and method of the graft copolymerization of PVC and acrylic rare earth were discussed. The graft copolymers were characterized by FT-IR spectra and scanning electron microscope (SEM).The thermal stability of the graft-copolymers was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The experiment results show that the thermal resistance and toughness of the graft copolymers are obviously enhanced.

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable amphiphilic PEG-grafted poly(DTC-co-CL)

A novel biodegradable copolymer, poly（5,5-dibromomethyltrimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone） （poly（DBTC-co-CL）） with pendant bromine groups, was synthesized via ring-opening polymerization （ROP） of ε-caprolactone （CL） and 5,5- dibromomethyltrimethylene carbonate （DBTC） using stannous octoate （Sn（Oct）2） as catalyst. Then the pendant bromine groups were completely converted into azide form, which permitted ＂click＂ reaction with alkyne-terminated polyethylene （A-PEG） by Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions preparing biodegradable amphiphilic poly（DTC-co-CL）-g-PEG graft copolymer. The graft copolymer was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and size-exclusion chromatography （SEC）.

Graft Copolymerization of Ethyl Acrylate onto Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Using Potassium Persulfate as Initiator

With potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator, graft copolymerization of ethyl acrylate (EA) onto water-soluble hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was investigated in aqueous medium. Effects of monomer concentration, initiator concentration, matrix concentration, and reaction temperature on the percentage of grafting (G) and grafting efficiency (G_E) were studied. The results show that G and G_E values both increase with the the increase of EA concentration and KPS concentration; when raising HPMC concentration from 0.12 mmol/L to 0.47 mmol/L, G decreases, while G_E increases;and when raising reaction temperature from 50 ℃ to 65 ℃,G increases, but G_E decreases. In addition, the graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods.

MODIFICATION OF SILK FIBER via EMULSION GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION WITH FLUOROACRYLATE

2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoropentyl acrylate was grafted onto silk fiber in a two-step heterogeneous system through the vinyl bonds of acryloyloxyethyl isocyanate modified on the silk.The grafted copolylner was analyzed by FTIR and WAXD,and the results revealed that the fluoroacrylate was successfully grafted onto silk fiber and the crystalline structure of silk fibroin withβ-sheet structure was not changed after graft copolymerization.The FT-IR corrected method was used to simulate the grafting yield onto sil...

Studies on Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid onto Ramie Fibers with Chromic Acid Initiation System

The graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) with unswollen and swollen ramie fibers using chromic acid (H 2CrO 4) as the initiator has been studied in the presence of air. The effects of initiator concentration, monomer concentration, perchloric acid (HClO 4) concentration, time of polymerization, reaction temperature, and amount of ramie fibers on the graft percentage have been found out. The graft copolymer was characterized by IR spectra, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermogravimertric analysis (TGA).

Graft copolymerization of cellulose and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate in an ionic liquid

Dissolution and homogeneous graft copolymerization of cellulose were performed in an ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride （AmimCl） with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The synthesized AmimCl and cellulose graft copolymers were characterized by FTIR, ^1 H-NMR and XRD spectroscopy. The results show that AmimCl dissolved cellulose directly by destroying intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds in cellulose and the crystalline form of cellulose was transformed from cellulose Ⅰ to cellulose Ⅱ after regeneration from AmimCl. The best synthetic condition of the cellulose-graft-P （2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate） was that cellulose 0.5 g, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 3.00 g and initiator ammonium persulfate 0.05 g reacted for 180 min at 60℃; the rate of grafting reached 77.3%.

Photo-Grafting Copolymerization of PP Nonwoven Fabric and Its Application for Acidic Dye Adsorption and Filtration

The monomer methacrylamido propyl trimethy ammonium chloride( MAPTAC) was copolymerized onto the fiber surface of polypropylene( PP) nonwoven fabric under ultroviole radiation. The weak acid red GN dye adsorption and adsorptive filtration performance of the resulted PP fabrics were investigated.The results showed that the grafting copolymerization preferred to happen in the inner layer of the fabrics. The water flux of the grafted fabrics decreases with the increase of grafting yield. The collapse of the grafted polymer chains causes the flux increase in acidic condition,or vice versa at alkaline version. The coiling of the polyelectrolyte chains upon the dye adsorption seems to violate the routine assumption of the rigid substrate, and this gets the adsorption energy constant negative. The static adsorption process follows the Lagergren's pseudo-second order kinetic equation. The removals of circa( ca.) 100% of the total permeation volume3 500 mL simulated dye wastewater was reached during permeation.The dye adsorbed fabrics were regenerated by the mixed media of the cationic surfactant / ethanol /water. The grafted fabric assumes stable fabric integrity and stability during permeation,and presents excellent dye adsorption capacity,easy desorption, and repeatable utilization.

Synthesis of Poly(acrylic acid)-Grafted Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Efficient Removal of Copper Ions

Biocompatible and high content grafted carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid)powder was successfully synthesized in an aqueous system,and used as adsorbents for the removal of Cu(II)in aqueous solution.The copolymer was characterized by FT-IR and SEM techniques.Graft copolymerization introduced a large number of carboxyl groups in the polymer and caused the micro-surface of the material to be porous.The fundamental adsorption behaviors of the material were studied.The adsorption kinetics was well fitted with pseudo-second order equation,while the adsorption isotherm preferred to be described the Langmuir equation.The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir model was 154.32 mg/g,indicating that the adsorption capacity of carboxymethyl cellulose was improved remarkably after grafting poly(acrylic acid).Moreover,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)has been used to investigate the adsorption mechanisms at molecular levels,which revealed that carboxyl groups are facile to form bidentate carboxylates with metal ions.Thus,this environment friendly copolymer will be a promising candidate for application in removal of heavy metal ions.

THE EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE ONTO POLYVINYL ALCOHOL IN THE PRESENCE OF BENZOPHENONE DURING UV IRRADIATION

The effects of magnetic field on the graft ratio and stereoregularity of grafts of PVA-g-MMA in the presence ofbenzophenone during UV irradiation are discussed. By means of IR, it was found that the graft ratio was increased with the increment of magnetic field strength. Furthermore, application of relative weak magnetic field of 0.4 Tesla had been shown to substantially enhance the stereo-regularity of graft copolymer. The maximum stereo-regularity appeared when the graft ratio approached to 85% with the magnetic field of 1.2 Tesla (T). The resistance to moisture and heat resistance of the grafted copolymer in the presence of magnetic field were also improved.

Graft Copolymerization of Modified Oxidized Starch and Its ER Effect

To enhance the polarization of starch, the oxidized starch-BA-MAA-Gd copolymer was synthesized by radical graft copolymerization. The structure of the graft copolymer was determined by IR, scanning electron microscopy, state thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The electrorheological properties of the graft copolymer were also investigated. The results show that shear stress increases with the increase of the graft copolymer loadings and the electric field intensity.

Preparation of superabsorbent by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto corn starch using K_2S_2O_8 and rare earths as initiators

K2 S2 O8 and rare earths （RE） were used as initiators to prepare superabsorbents by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid （ AA ） onto corn starch. The effects of monomer concentration, initiator K2 S2 O8 concentration, cross-linker concentration, reaction temperature and the concentration ratio of RE and K2 S2O8 on the graft copolymerization were studied in terms of the water absorption capacity of superabsorbents. Results indicate that the optimum conditions obtained for the grafting of AA onto 5g starch are as follows： AA of 75. 773 g/L, K2S20s of 0. 437 g/L, RE of 0. 874 g/L, cross-linker of 0. 381 g/L and temperature of 70 ℃. The maximum water absorption capacity obtained is 740 g/g. The new method of graft polymerization is easily proceeded and controlled. The graft copolymers were characterized by infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and TG. Results characterized by IR and SEM give strong evidence for grafting of AA onto corn starch, and those characterized by TG reveal that the grafting of AA improves the theimostability of corn starch.

Modification of Natural Rubber Latex by Graft Copolymerization of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate and Methacrylic Acid

Natural rubber(NR)grafted with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate(2-EHA)and methacrylic acid(MAA,collectively NR-g-PEHA/MAA)was synthesized by emulsion polymerization.Tetraethylenepentamine and cumene hydroperoxide were used as redox initiators.The successful grafting of 2-EHA and MAA onto NR was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The morphology of the NR latex particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy.The effects of reaction temperature,initiator dosage,feeding mode,and hard monomer content on the mechanical properties of the modified NR film were investigated.Grafted polymer chains were unevenly wrapped on the outside of NR particles,and smaller particles were more easily grafted.Crosslinking was characterized using a toluene swelling method.Thermal stability and glass transition temperature were examined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.The results showed that the thermal stability of NR-g-PEHA/MAA had been improved,and the glass transition temperature(Tg)was unchanged.

Studies on the Graft Copolymerization of Methyl Acrylate and Ethyl Acrylate onto Corn Starch Using Potassium Persulfate-Sodium Thiosulphatc as Initiation System

Grafting copolymerizations of methyl acrylate(MA) and ethyl acrylate(EA) onto corn starch, respectively, initiated by potassium persulfate-sodium thiosulphate (KPS-STS) redox system, were studied. The structures of poly(MA)-g-starch and poly(EA)-g-starch were characterized by IR, SEM and X-ray diffraction. Experimental results show that KPS-STS is an efficient initiation system for grafting of MA and EA onto corn starch. The maximum percent grafting was obtained at [KPS] of 6.0× 10~3 mol/L, [STS] of 1.8× 10 5 mol/L, [M] of 6. 0× 101 mol/L, S:L=4:100 at 40℃ for 6 h. The reactivity order is MA>EA.

Starch Modification by Graft Copolymerization of Acrylonitrile

The graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto starch under the initiation of potassium permanganate was investigated. The effect of various reaction conditions on the graft copolymerization was studied. The relationships between the grafting rate and the initiator concentration of potassium permanganate, monomer acrylonitrile and backbone starch, as well as reaction temperature were established. The oxidation reaction of starch with manganic ions and valence changes of manganic ions during the graft copolymerization were discussed. The results show that manganic ion Mn 7+ underwent a series of valence changes during the graft copolymerization: Mn(Ⅶ) → Mn(Ⅳ) → Mn(Ⅲ) → Mn(Ⅱ). The grafting rate of the graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto starch is also given.

STUDIES ON GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF DL-LACTIDE ON CORN STARCH AND BIODEGRADABILITY OF THE COPOLYMERS

The starch/D,L-lactide graft copolymers were synthesized by reacting D,L-lactide with corn starch in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAM) in the presence of triethylamine (NEt3) and anhydrous lithium chloride. The effect of reaction time and the molar ratio of D,L-lactide to glucose structural unit of starch on monomer conversion(C%), graft (G%) and graft efficiency (GE%) were studied. The C%, G% and GE% could approach 37.3%,179.7% and 68.0%, respectively when the molar ratio of D,L-lactide to glucose structural unit of starch is 10:1 and the graft copolymerization was carried out at 80-85℃ for 4 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. The Fourier transforms infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy were used in order to characterize the graft copolymers. FTIR spectra show that absorption band at 1740 cm-1 confirmed the formation of ester bond, indicating the starch /D,L-lactide graft copolymers were produced, the DSC characteristic results show the melting temperature of the graft copolymer were elevated slightly as the molar ratio of D,L-lactide to glucose structural units of starch increased and the X-ray diffraction spectra show the synthesized graft copolymers were amorphous. The degradability of graft copolymer was tested with the aid of acid, alkali and microbe such as bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus. The results of water resistance show the graft copolymer produced can be used as a component of impermeable coating for cardboard.

Study on Structure and Performance of Starch and Styrene Graft Copolymer

[Objective] The paper was to study the structure and performance of starch and styrene graft copolymer. [Method] The microscopic structure of corn starch and styrene graft copolymer was analyzed by using infrared spectrum and scanning electron microscope, and the property of starch and styrene graft copoly- mer was confirmed through grinding experiment, tensile strength, water absorption rate, hot water resistance properties and enzymatic properties analysis. [Result] The starch and styrene graft copolymer had the properties of thermoplastic and microbial degradation. IConclusion] The starch and styrene graft copolymer is expected to be developed as a biodegradable material.

Studies on a Cationically Modified Quaternary Ammonium Salt of Lignin

A new quaternary ammonium salt monomer was synthesized and a quaternary amination of lignin（ noted as QL）, with the monomer was carried out by grafting copolymerization. The products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy（ FTIR）. The experimental results indicate that the yield of the monomer was 99.06%, and the conversion of the monomer and the grafting yield of QL were 93.69% and 185.78%, respectively. The feasibility of QL as the flocculant to be applied in color removal of five artificial dyes, erioehrome black T（dye A）, gongo red（dye B ）, direct fast black G （dye C ）, cuprofix blue green B （dye D ）, and acid black ATT （dye E ） was examined. Results show that OL exhihits the favorable flocculation nerformance and high stability.