GRAIN BOUNDARY CHARACTER DISTRIBUTION, TEXTURE AND SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF AN Al-Li ALLOY

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Improving Intergranular Corrosion Resistance in Inconel 625 via Grain Boundary Character Distribution Optimization

The feasibility of applying the grain boundary character distribution(GBCD)optimization to Inconel 625 for improving the intergranular corrosion(IGC)resistance was studied.The GBCD was obtained and characterized by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis,and its optimization was mainly attributed to annealing twins(Σ3)and twins related to boundaries formed during thermal-mechanical processing(TMP).Through TMP of 5%cold rolling and subsequent annealing at 1150℃for 5 min,the proportion of lowΣcoincidence site lattice(CSL)grain boundaries of the Inconel 625 can be enhanced to about 35.8%which mainly were ofΣ3^(n)(n=1,2,3)type.There is an increase of 24.8%compared with the solution-treated sample,and simultaneously the large-size highly-twinned grain-cluster microstructure is formed.The grain-cluster is mainly composed ofΣ3-Σ3-Σ9 orΣ3-Σ9-Σ27 triple junctions,which is mainly caused by boundary reactions during grain growth.Among them,the IGC resistance ofΣ3 grain boundaries,Σ9 grain boundaries and random grain boundaries is sequentially weakened.With the increase of the lowΣCSL grain boundary fraction,the IGC resistance of Inconel 625 improves.The essential reason is the amount ofΣ3 boundaries interrupting the random boundary network increases and the large grain-cluster arrests the penetration of IGC.

Grain boundary engineering for enhancing intergranular damage resistance of ferritic/martensitic steel P92

Ferritic/martensitic(F/M)steel is widely used as a structural material in thermal and nuclear power plants.However,it is susceptible to intergranular damage,which is a critical issue,under service conditions.In this study,to improve the resistance to intergranular damage of F/M steel,a thermomechanical process(TMP)was employed to achieve a grain boundary engineering(GBE)microstructure in F/M steel P92.The TMP,including cold-rolling thickness reduction of 6%,9%,and 12%,followed by austenitization at 1323 K for 40 min and tempering at 1053 K for 45 min,was applied to the as-received(AR)P92 steel.The prior austenite grain(PAG)size,prior austenite grain boundary character distribution(GBCD),and connectivity of prior austenite grain boundaries(PAGBs)were investigated.Compared to the AR specimen,the PAG size did not change significantly.The fraction of coincident site lattice boundaries(CSLBs,3≤Σ≤29)and Σ3^(n) boundaries along PAGBs decreased with increasing reduction ratio because the recrystallization fraction increased with increasing reduction ratio.The PAGB connectivity of the 6%deformed specimen slightly deteriorated compared with that of the AR specimen.Moreover,potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that the intergranular damage resistance of the studied steel could be improved by increasing the fraction of CSLBs along the PAGBs,indicating that the TMP,which involves low deformation,could enhance the intergranular damage resistance.

Effects of initial grain size and strain on grain boundary engineering of high-nitrogen CrMn austenitic stainless steel

18 Mn18 Cr0.5 N steel with an initial grain size of 28–177 μm was processed by 2.5%–20% cold rolling and annealing at 1000°C for 24 h,and the grain boundary character distribution was examined via electron backscatter diffraction.Low strain(2.5%) favored the formation of low-Σ boundaries.At this strain,the fraction of low-Σ boundaries was insensitive to the initial grain size.However,specimens with fine initial grains showed decreasing grain size after grain boundary engineering processing.The fraction of low-Σ boundaries and the(Σ9 + Σ27)/Σ3 value decreased with increasing strain; furthermore,the specimens with fine initial grain size were sensitive to the strain.Finally,the effects of the initial grain size and strain on the grain boundary engineering were discussed in detail.

Microtexture Evolution and Grain Boundary Character Distribution of Interstitial-Free Steels With Moderate Levels of Cold Rolling Reductions

High-strength interstitial-free steel sheets have very good deep drawability when processed to have { 111 } recrystallization texture. The microtexture evolution and grain boundary character distribution of interstitial-free steels as a function of moderate levels of cold rolling reductions were investigated by the metallographic microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The results showed that there was a close relationship between micro- texture and grain boundary character distribution for interstitial-free steel, especially the distribution and features of some specific types of coincident-site lattice boundaries. In addition, a-fiber texture was weakened to vanish while 7- fiber texture strengthened gradually as cold rolling reduction was increased from 20% to 75 % for cold rolled and an- nealed samples. Accordingly, increasing the rolling reduction from 20 % to 750% would lead to a significant increase in the proportion of ∑3 boundaries. Also, it was found that the microtexture of 20% cold rolled sample would induce a high frequency of ∑11 grain boundaries, but the microtexture of 75% cold rolled sample would produce more ∑7 and ∑17 grain boundaries. It was suggested that texture played a significant role in the formation of grain boundary character distribution.

Improving Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance in a Fe–18Cr–17Mn–2Mo–0.85N Austenitic Stainless Steel Through Grain Boundary Character Distribution Optimization

The grain boundary character distribution(GBCD) optimization and its effect on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking(IGSCC) resistance in a cold-rolled and subsequently annealed Fe-18 Cr-17 Mn-2 Mo-0.85 N high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel were systematically explored.The results show that stacking faults and planar slip bands appearing at the right amount of deformation(lower than 10%) are beneficial cold-rolled microstructures to the GBCD optimization.The proportion of special boundaries gradually increases in the subsequent stages of recrystallization and grain growth,accompanying with the growth of twin-related domain in the experimental steel.In this way,the fraction of low ∑ coincidence site lattice(CSL) boundaries can reach as high as 82.85% for the specimen cold-rolled by 5% and then annealed at 1423 K for 72 h.After GBCD optimization,low ∑ CSL boundaries and the special triple junctions(J2,J3) of high proportion can greatly hinder the nitride precipitation along grain boundaries and enhance the capability for intergranular crack arrest,thus improving the IGSCC resistance of the experimental steel.

金属材料晶界特征分布(GBCD)优化研究进展

总结了基于退火孪晶的金属材料晶界特征分布(GBCD)优化研究进展,并重点讨论了退火孪晶诱发GBCD优化的"∑3再激发"模型、"高∑-CSL晶界分解反应"模型和"非共格∑3晶界迁移与反应"模型。指出"非共格∑3晶界的迁移与反应"应是基于退火孪晶的中低层错能金属材料GBCD优化的微观机制;进一步研究非共格∑3晶界的成因及其在GBCD优化过程中的行为是十分必要的。

WC/Co硬质合金界面特征分布

利用电子背散射衍射、五参数分析、重叠极图迹线分析和近重位点阵分析等方法研究不同热处理状态WC/Co硬质合金中的WC/WC晶界与WC/Co相界等界面特征分布。结果表明:经高温烧结后油淬的样品,生成了比例为4.5%的WC/WCΣ2晶界,具有{10-10}/{10-10}界面匹配特征的Σ2晶界的比例约为2.6%;该样品中的Co主要为面心立方结构,具有{10-10}_(WC)/{001}_(Co),{10-10}_(WC)/{110}_(Co)和{11-20}_(WC)/{110}_(Co)等界面匹配特征的界面是WC/Co相界的主要部分。经800℃回火后气氛保护随炉缓冷的样品,其WC/WCΣ2晶界比例及特征与油淬样品十分接近;该样品中的Co主要为六方结构,具有{10-10}_(WC)/{10-10}_(Co)和{11-20}_(WC)/{11-20}_(Co)等界面匹配特征的界面是WC/Co相界的主要部分。

退火处理对拉拔态B10白铜管材组织和腐蚀行为的影响

对取自工程试制的大口径B10白铜管坯进行晶界工程处理:经21%冷扩径拉拔变形后进行成品退火,随后空冷。采用EBSD、SEM、EDS、XPS和失重法研究不同退火温度对拉拔态B10白铜管材晶界特征分布和腐蚀行为的影响。研究结果表明:高温再结晶退火有助于优化拉拔态B10白铜管材的晶界特征分布和提高耐蚀性能。B10白铜管冷拔变形21%,在720℃退火10 min时,低ΣCSL晶界的比例达到73.25%,形成了大尺寸的“互有Σ3n取向关系”的晶粒团簇,具有最优的晶界特征分布。海水浸泡腐蚀52 d后,B10白铜表面主要形成保护性的Cu_(2)O膜;基体的腐蚀形式随退火温度的升高由剥蚀转变为晶间腐蚀。其中在720℃退火10 min的B10白铜管材具有最高比例的低ΣCSL晶界、最大的晶粒团簇平均尺寸和较少的接近<111>取向的晶粒,同时腐蚀表面易形成较厚且愈致密的Cu_(2)O膜,表现出较佳的耐蚀性能,其浸泡腐蚀速率相比于拉拔态B10白铜管材降低了24.33%。

晶界界面匹配表征方法及其在晶界工程中的应用

晶界界面匹配是指相邻两个晶粒终止于其晶界平面处的晶体学晶面之间的匹配。晶界界面匹配决定着晶界的位错结构、自由体积、原子键合状态和小面化行为等,是晶界结构的本征参量。本文重点介绍了基于电子背散射衍射和体视学的晶界界面匹配表征方法,主要包括晶界重构和晶界提取、晶界过滤、五参数晶界面取向分布统计以及晶界界面匹配定性和定量表征等,总结了近年来晶界界面匹配表征方法在高层错能面心立方金属、体心立方金属以及六方WC/Co硬质合金和Si3N4先进陶瓷材料晶界工程研究中的应用,强调了晶界界面匹配表征方法的普遍适用性及其在材料的基于晶界结构与特性的创新性组织设计和性能优化研究领域的潜在价值。

冷轧变形Pb-Ca-Sn-Al合金在回复和再结晶过程中的晶界特征分布

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术研究了冷轧变形Pb-0．1％Ca-1．5％Sn-0．026％Al合金在回复和再结晶过程中的晶界特征分布(GBCD)．结果表明:在回复过程中,合金内形成了比例接近50％的平直∑3晶界,这类晶界不处在由一般大角度晶界构成的晶界网络上,不能使合金的GBCD得到优化;相反,在再结晶过程中,除了生成比例超过50％的∑3晶界外, 还出现了较多的∑9和∑27等低∑重位点阵晶界(CSL),并且这些晶界和相当多的弯曲的∑3晶界均处在由一般大角度晶界构成的晶界网络上,可以使合金的GBCD得到优化．进一步的分析指出:回复过程中所形成的平直的∑3晶界是共格孪晶界, 它们能量很低,很难迁移;在再结晶过程中,除了生成不可迁移的共格的∑3孪晶界外,还可形成大量可迁移的弯曲的非共格∑3 晶界,这类晶界的迁移和彼此会合可形成∑9和∑27等∑3n(n为正的整数)晶界,这是合金GBCD得到优化的根源．

不同温度轧制Pb-Ca-Sn-Al合金高温退火后的晶界特征分布

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术研究了不同温度轧制的Pb-0.09Ca-1.5Sn-0.026Al(质量分数,%)合金经后续270℃/10 min退火后的晶界特征分布(GBCD),结果表明:经室温和液氮(-196℃)轧制的样品中出现了比较多的∑3,∑9和∑27特殊晶界,∑3品界比例超过了60%,(Σ9+∑27)晶界比例超过了12%,并且特殊晶界有效地阻断了一般大角度晶界的网络连通性,表明合金的GBCD破优化;在100℃轧制的样品中特殊晶界比例较少,Σ3品界比例在30%左右,(∑9+∑27)晶界比例在3%左右,特殊晶界不能有效地阻断一般大角度晶界的网络连通性,合金的GBCD没有被优化,通过基于EBSD的单一截面迹线法对共格和非共格Σ3品界进行了区分测定,显示被优化的晶界特征分布中,非共格Σ3品界是主要部分。

固溶和预时效Pb合金冷轧退火后的晶界特征分布

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术研究了不同固溶及预时效状态下Pb-0．05Ca-1．5Sn-0．026Al(质量分数,％)合金冷轧退火后的晶界特征分布(GBCD)．结果表明,290℃固溶处理后冷轧退火的合金样品中出现了较多的特殊晶界,∑3和(∑9+∑27)晶界的比例分别达到49．6％和7．2％,并且特殊晶界能较好地阻断一般大角度晶界网络的连通性;固溶后先进行100及200℃预时效处理,然后再进行冷轧退火的合金样品中形成了较少的特殊晶界,∑3和(∑9+∑27)晶界的比例分别低于35．9％和2．5％,特殊晶界几乎不能阻断一般大角度晶界网络的连通性．

不同温度轧制H68黄铜样品退火后的晶界特征分布

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术研究了不同温度轧制黄铜H68样品退火后的晶界特征分布(GBCD)。黄铜H68再结晶样品在不同温度下(-20℃、室温、100℃)进行6%轧制,随后进行650℃×10 min退火处理。结果表明:在室温下轧制退火比在100℃轧制退火和-20℃轧制退火生成更高比例的特殊晶界,其值达到78.7%;较大尺寸(400μm)的∑3n(n=1,2,3)特殊晶粒团使外围的一般大角晶界网络连通性被阻断,实现了合金的GBCD优化。分析指出:在室温下轧制,合金的层错能有利于后续退火中形成退火孪晶,并发生Σ3n(n=1,2,3)晶界迁移与交互反应;在100℃下轧制,合金的层错能较高,有利于后续退火中生成一般大角度晶界包围的新生晶粒;在-20℃下轧制,合金的层错能较低,后续退火中晶界迁移的驱动力不足,不能实现GBCD优化。

LY12铝合金的再结晶织构、晶界特征分布及抗腐蚀性能

利用 Ｘ射线定量织构分析术（ＯＤＦ）和背散射电子衍射花样术（ＥＢＳＰ），对冷轧 ＬＹ１２铝合金的再结晶织构、晶界特征分布及其与抗腐蚀性能的关系进行了研究结果表明，高温退火样品的再结晶织构与冷轧样品的织构相似；预回复＋低温退火 样品具有较强的再结晶立方织构，重位晶界（尤其∑７）具有较高的出现频度重位晶界出现的频度愈高。

IF钢织构与晶界特征分布的研究

对IF钢板的罩式退火(BA)和连续退火(CA)工艺进行了模拟实验,并运用EBSD技术对两种IF钢板的织构、晶界特征分布及其与二次加工脆性之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明,两种不同退火工艺的IF钢板在织构和晶界特征分布上存在很大的差异:(1)连续退火IF钢板呈现强烈的{111}再结晶织构,它由{111}(110)和{111}(112)两类取向晶粒组成;罩式退火IF钢板的{111}再结晶织构相对较弱,且主要由{111}(110)组成;(2)连续退火IF钢板中含有较多的∑3,∑13,∑9和∑11重位晶界,而罩式退火的IF钢板中只含有∑3和∑13重位晶界;(3)连续退火IF钢板中低能晶界与高能随机晶界均匀分布,而罩式退火IF钢板中低能晶界成团集中分布,高能晶界分布在团簇周围构成粗大的网状,这是IF钢板产生二次加工脆性的重要原因.

高温退火过程中铅合金晶界特征分布的演化

应用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和取向成像显微(OIM)技术,对经过不同形变及热处理的铅合金样品晶界特征分布(GBCD)进行了分析,研究结果表明：进行合适的冷轧后在高温(0．9T_m)短时间退火,可将铅合金的低∑(∑≤29)重位点阵(CSL)晶界比例提高到70％以上,回复过程中形成∑1晶界的同时,也出现了∑3晶界,∑3晶界在再结晶的初期过程中得到发展,这是提高低∑CSL晶界比例的主要原因,在低∑CSL晶界比例较高时,从OIM中很容易找到由三条CSL晶界构成的界角,该界角的三个晶粒之间存在特定的取向关系。

形变及热处理对白铜B10合金晶界特征分布的影响

研究晶界工程处理过程中的冷轧变形量和再结晶退火对白铜B10合金晶界特征分布的影响,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术表征分析晶界网络的变化。结果表明:白铜B10合金经冷轧7%后在800℃退火10 min可使低ΣCSL(Coincidence site lattice,Σ≤29)晶界比例提高到75%以上,同时形成尺寸较大的"互有Σ3n取向关系晶粒的团簇"显微组织。当变形量小于7%时,经800℃退火后没有完全再结晶;当变形量大于7%时,低ΣCSL晶界比例和平均晶粒团簇的尺寸随冷轧变形量的增加而下降。

不同形变量轧制黄铜H80低温退火后的晶界特征分布

采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术研究了黄铜H80经6%～50%冷轧变形后在633 K下进行长时间(24～72 h)退火后的晶界特征分布(GBCD)。结果表明:小变形(6%～10%)冷轧后较比中等变形(25%～50%)冷轧后的H80样品在随后的退火中更容易诱发高比例的∑3、∑9和∑27等特殊晶界,其总值最高达76%;而且∑3n(n=1,2,3)特殊晶粒团的尺寸较大(100μm),一般大角晶界网络连通性的阻断效果明显优于后者。通过对特殊晶界的分布、形态和数量的对比分析,指出小变形低温退火可诱发某些晶界优先迁移,在迁移中生成非共格的∑3晶界并发生这些晶界的交互反应,这可能是黄铜H80实现GBCD优化的主要微观机制。

形变及热处理对690合金晶界特征分布的影响

应用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和取向成像显微技术(OIM)研究了材料初始状态、冷轧压下量和1100℃退火对690合金晶界特征分布(GBCD)的影响。低层错能面心立方金属镍基690合金,冷轧5%后在1100℃退火5min可使低ΣCSL(coincidence site lattice,Σ≤29)晶界比例提高到70%以上(Palumbo-Aust标准),同时形成大尺寸的晶粒团簇。低ΣCSL晶界比例和这种晶粒团簇的尺寸随冷轧压下量的增加而下降。初始状态的固溶或时效对690合金在1100℃再结晶退火后的晶界特征分布无明显影响。