Cropland Contribution Index Based on the Regional Cropland-Grain-Population Relationship

In order to reveal the attribute clearly and to understand the situation of the regional cropland-grain-population relationship,this paper presents the "cropland contribution index" model,and divides the cropland contribution land index into four levels,that is below subsistence,subsistence,well-off,and richness.Then,it analyzes the whole China,13 main producing regions,11 grain balancing regions,and 7 main sales regions.Results show that the overall cropland contribution index presented a rising trend in 1949 to 2010,it once reached well-off level in 1996 to 1999,and it reached the well-off level again in 2010,but there is still a long way to reach the level of richness.The cropland contribution index is relatively high in main producing regions.In 2010,all main producing regions reached the well-off level,and some provinces even reached the richness level.However,the cropland contribution index of main sales regions is lower and takes on a downtrend,especially in Guangdong,Zhejiang,and Fujian provinces.The cropland contribution index in grain balancing regions is not high,and most provinces are still at subsistence level.Researches have indicated that the cropland contribution index can simply and rapidly reflect the relation between regional cropland,grain and population.

Microstructure evolution and grain growth behavior of Ti14 alloy during semi-solid isothermal process

Microstructure evolution of Ti14 （α＋Ti2Cu） alloy during semi-solid isothermal process at different temperatures was investigated. The results reveal that both the temperature and holding time have effect on the grain growth behavior. The grains grow obviously and the degree of globularity increases with the increase of holding time. According to the statistic analysis of experimental data, the grain growth indices are 0.88 and 0.97 at 1 000 ℃ and 1 050 ℃, respectively, which indicates that increasing isothermal temperature would accelerate microstructural evolution.

Use of Selection Indices Based on Multivariate Analysis for Improving Grain Yield in Rice

In order to study selection indices for improving rice grain yield, a cross was made between an Iranian traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety, Tarommahalli and an improved indica rice variety, Khazar in 2006. The traits of the parents (30 plants), F1 (30 plants) and F2 generations (492 individuals) were evaluated at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) during 2007. Heritabilities of the number of panicles per plant, plant height, days to heading and panicle exsertion were greater than that of grain yield. The selection indices were developed using the results of multivariate analysis. To evaluate selection strategies to maximize grain yield, 14 selection indices were calculated based on two methods (optimum and base) and combinations of 12 traits with various economic weights. Results of selection indices showed that selection for grain weight, number of panicles per plant and panicle length by using their phenotypic and/or genotypic direct effects (path coefficient) as economic weights should serve as an effective selection criterion for using either the optimum or base index.

Monitoring Protein and Starch Accumulation in Wheat Grains with Leaf SPAD and Canopy Spectral Reflectance

The research was conducted to determine the relationships of protein and starch accumulation dynamics in grains of wheat to post-heading leaf SPAD values and canopy spectral reflectance. The results showed that leaf nitrogen accumulation was exponentially related to leaf SPAD values and linearly related to canopy spectral reflectance, and that there was negative linear relationship between leaf nitrogen accumulation and grain protein accumulation, but positive linear relationship between post-heading leaf nitrogen transloca-tion and grain protein accumulation at maturity. In addition, leaf SPAD values were parabolically related with and ratio indices R(l 500,610)and R(l 220,560)were exponentially related with protein and starch accumulation in grains. These results indicate that leaf SPAD values and canopy spectral reflectance should be good indicators of quality formation dynamics in wheat grains.

Relationship Between Plant Type and Grain Quality of Japonica Hybrid Rice in Northern China

Plant type and grain quality are two major aspects in rice breeding. Using canonical correlation analysis and canonical redundancy analysis, the relationship between plant type traits and rice grain quality traits was studied with 100 crosses derived from 10 sterile lines × 10 restorer lines. There was a complex relationship between parts of the traits of the two aspects. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top and single panicle weight played important roles in plant type system and amylose content and grain length in grain quality system. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top, plant height and single panicle weight had a great effect on grain quality traits, and amylose content, brown rice rate and translucency were easily influenced by plant type traits. Selection index model indicated that japonica hybrid rice in Northern China with good quality was characterized by broad flag leaf and 2nd leaf from the top, narrow and short 3rd leaf from the top, low plant height, short culm, long and more panicles and low single panicle weight.

Grain-size features of aeolian sand on the east coast of Hainan Island and the revealed evolutionary processes of the sedimentary environment

The Mudui stratigraphic section represents the typical records of sedimentation processes of sand dunes and interdune depressions on the east coast of Hainan Island.Based on high-density sampling and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating of the strata of the section,the grain-size composition,grain-size parameters,cumulative distribution probability curve,and grain-size-sensitivity indexes(SC/D) were analyzed.The analyzed results show that the grain-size features of aeolian sand,weakly developed sandy paleosol,two-facies(aeolian and aqueous) deposits,and lagoon deposits are all different.This indicates four evolutionary phases of the sedimentary environment of the east coast of Hainan Island since 38 ka B.P.Phase I:38-22 ka B.P.;phase II:22-17 ka B.P.;phase III:17-10 ka B.P.;phase IV:10 ka B.P.-present.The climate experienced the hot-wet/hot-dry,hot-wet/hot-dry,and warm-wet/hot-wet fluctuations,and the sedimentary environment also underwent lagoon deposition,dune and interdune depression deposition,dune stabilization and soil development,shifting sand deposition,and evolutionary processes.

Impacts of Drought and Human Activity on Vegetation Growth in the Grain for Green Program Region,China

The Chinese government adopted six ecological restoration programs to improve its natural environments. Although these programs have proven successful in improving local environments, some studies have questioned their performance when regions suffer from drought. Whether we should consider the effects of drought on vegetation change in assessments of the benefits of ecological restoration programs is unclear. Therefore, taking the Grain for Green Program(GGP) region as a study area, we estimated vegetation growth in the region from 2000–2010 to clarify the trends in vegetation and their driving forces. Results showed that: 1) vegetation growth increased in the GGP region during 2000–2010, with 59.4% of the area showing an increase in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI). This confirmed the benefits of the ecological restoration program. 2) Drought can affect the vegetation change trend, but human activity plays a significant role in altering vegetation growth, and the slight downward trend in the NDVI was not consistent with the severity of the drought. Positive human activity led to increased NDVI in 89.13% of areas. Of these, 22.52% suffered drought, but positive human activity offset the damage in part. 3) Results of this research suggest that appropriate human activity can maximize the benefits of ecological restoration programs and minimize the effects of extreme weather. We therefore recommend incorporating eco-risk assessment and scientific management mechanisms in the design and management of ecosystem restoration programs.

Comparison of Grain Quality Characteristics Between F_1 Hybrids and Their Parents in Indica Hybrid Rice

Sixteen widespread elite indica parents including seven CMS lines and nine restorer lines, and their 63 F_1 hybrids were chosen to compare the eleven traits of grain quality. Overall results showed that the frequency of negative over-dominance, dominance and partial dominance was much higher than that of positive ones and heterosis, indicating that the values of F_1 hybrids were generally lower than the means of their parents in quality characteristics. There existed apparent disparity in grain quality performance among F_1 hybrids varied with the traits. The characteristics of chalky area percentage, chalky grain percentage, gel consistency and head rice recovery had a great variation in all kinds of tested heterosis indices including the mid-parent heterosis index, over high-value parent heterosis index and over low-value parent heterosis index, which suggested that special attention should be paid to the selection of F_1 hybrids in these traits in breeding. The mean values of F_1 hybrids were significantly lower than those of their higher parents in all the traits but close to or significantly lower than those of their mid-parent values except for kernel length and amylose content; and significantly higher than those of their lower parents except for brown rice recovery, milled rice recovery and gel consistency.

Wholegrains: Emerging Concepts, Controversies and Alternatives

Intake of wholegrain foods has been associated in large prospective cohort studies with decreased rates of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, ischaemic heart disease and hypertension. Multiple mechanisms for the protectiveness of wholegrain foods have been reported. Health authorities in western countries recommend wholegrains as one of the major food sources in a healthy diet, otherwise rich in vegetables, legumes and low-fat dairy. However, the existing evidence for the intake of wholegrains is highly subject to confounding. Many of the results seen in the prospective cohort studies have not been borne out in randomised controlled trials or good-quality meta-analyses. The recommended intake of wholegrains suggested in some countries is well above what there is evidence for. Products labelled wholegrain have variable quantities of the intact grain and differ widely in their effect on blood glucose. Excessive quantities may add to glycaemic load, and anti-nutrients in wholegrains may have adverse health consequences. With the rate of diabetes and obesity increasing, some researchers have questioned the role of grains as part of a healthy diet. Palaeolithic diets, those that are more in keeping with our evolutionary legacy, contain no grains or dairy, but are rich in vegetables, meat, fish and eggs, with the inclusion of some tubers. Smaller trials in animals and humans comparing a palaeolithic diet to a grain-based diet show improved metabolic profiles in the former.

杭州湾北岸现代潮滩沉积物粒度特征及其对古海平面的指示意义

对杭州湾北岸3处现代潮滩沉积物进行高精度粒度分析,查找研究区潮滩不同微相的粒度特征和差异,提取基于粒度分析的潮滩微相识别敏感指标,并将其应用到该区域的全新世钻孔潮滩沉积物中,识别钻孔潮滩沉积微相,据此建立研究区全新世早期的海平面曲线。研究表明:杭州湾北岸现代高潮滩盐沼沉积物粘土含量明显高于高潮滩下部和中潮滩,而砂含量与之相反;高潮滩盐沼平均粒径等粒度参数明显小于中、高潮滩的粒度参数;盐沼沉积物粒度频率曲线峰态宽缓,明显区别于高潮滩下部和中潮滩。上述现代潮滩微相粒度敏感指标可成功应用到钻孔潮滩沉积微相划分中,并建立了该区域全新世早期海平面曲线。曲线显示,9700~8700 cal a BP期间海平面上升约11.6 m,海平面上升速率可达1.2 cm/a。现代潮滩不同位置沉积物粒度参数的规律性差异可作为潮滩微相识别的有效指标,为古潮滩沉积微相识别和古海平面重建提供参考依据。

Cultivar,Nitrogen and Irrigation Influence on Grain Quality and Its Forecasting Methods by In situ Reflected Spectrum of Winter Wheat

Field experiments were conducted to examine the influence factors of cultivar, nitrogen application and irrigation on grain protein content, gluten content and grain hardness in three winter wheat cultivars under four levels of nitrogen and irrigation treatments. Firstly, the influence of cultivars and environment factors on grain quality were studied, the effective factors were cultivars, irrigation, fertilization, etc. Secondly, total nitrogen content around winter wheat anthesis stage was proved to be significantly correlative with grain protein content, and spectral vegetation index significantly correlated to total nitrogen content around anthesis stage were the potential indicators for grain protein content. Accumulation of total nitrogen content and its transfer to grain is the physical link to produce the final grain protein, and total nitrogen content at anthesis stage was proved to be an indicator of final grain protein content. The selected normalized photochemical reflectance index (NPRI) was proved to be able to predict grain protein content on the close correlation between the ratio of total carotenoid to chlorophyll a and total nitrogen content. The method contributes towards developing optimal procedures for predicting wheat grain quality through analysis of their canopy reflected spectrum at anthesis stage. Regression equations were established to forecast grain protein and dry gluten content by total nitrogen content at anthesis stage, so it is feasible for forecasting grain quality by establishing correlation equations between biochemical constitutes and canopy reflected spectrum.

Characteristics and Advantages of Regional Grain Production in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China

According to the latest Land Use Planning of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi is divided into five regions, which are eastern Guangxi, western Guangxi, southern Guangxi, northern Guangxi, and central Guangxi. Regional variation characteristics of grain production are introduced from two aspects of the decline of grain sowing area and the increase of grain output. According to the data in Guangxi Statistical Yearbook, comparative advantages of regional grain production in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are analyzed by the method of Comprehensive Comparative Dominance Index. Result shows that eastern Guangxi and northern Guangxi have the maximum comprehensive dominance indices with the minimum increasing amount of dominance indices. Their advantages in grain production are gradually diminished; and the grain production center is moving to central Guangxi and southern Guangxi. In order to solve the problems in grain production, Guangxi should make full use of the comparative advantage in agricultural production, carry out structural adjustment of agricultural production, and try to realize the rational distribution and specialization of agricultural production.

产销平衡区粮食安全测度与时空特征研究——以云南省为例

[目的]衡量与评估粮食产销平衡区云南省的粮食安全状况,为云南省乃至全国的粮食安全科学探索与地方政府决策提供参考依据。[方法]采用质量系数优化后的耕地压力指数模型对2003—2018年云南省的粮食安全进行定量分析。[结果]从时间上看,云南省粮食安全水平总体上呈上升趋势。从数量上看,16个州(市)中,10个州(市)粮食处于安全状态,占62.50%;6个州(市)粮食安全处于不安全状态,占37.50%。从空间上看,曲靖、大理、保山、红河、文山5州(市)为中度安全,德宏、普洱、临沧、昭通、楚雄5州(市)为低度安全,丽江、昆明2市为低度不安全,西双版纳、玉溪2州(市)为中度不安全,迪庆、怒江为高度不安全,无高度安全地区;粮食安全区域主要集中在云南省东部,其次为西部,粮食不安全区域按不安全程度从高到低依次为东北部、南部及部分中部。[结论]云南省粮食安全形势整体处于不安全状态,但不安全程度较低,属于低度不安全。

冬小麦不完善粒气象条件危险性指数研究

为探明气象条件对河南省冬小麦籽粒不完善粒的影响,利用2008—2021年河南省不同地市冬小麦收获期大田测定的不完善粒资料和对应气象资料,利用最小显著性差异法、Person相关分析、权重系数等方法,分析出气象条件影响不完善粒的关键时段和主导气象因子,并构建了气象条件危险性指数I。结果表明:冬小麦成熟前20天内的气象条件对籽粒不完善粒有重要影响,其中豫南麦区主要受成熟前10天内的气象条件影响。不同地区不完善粒受不同气象因子的组合作用,总降水量R和总降水日数D为共性主导因子,豫东麦区还受成熟前平均气温T主导,北中西部麦区还受成熟前日照时数S和气温日较差Td主导。豫南麦区成熟前10天内连续降水日数超过3天、总降水量超过70 mm、总降水日数大于6天时,籽粒不完善粒>8%的可能性较高;各麦区I>5.8时,冬小麦不完善粒气象条件危险性高。

微生物复合菌剂添加对白酒酒糟堆肥腐熟速度的影响

为提高白酒酒糟堆肥的腐熟速度,以酱香型白酒酒糟为主要原料,添加曲草和钙镁磷肥调节通气性和pH值,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺进行36 d的堆肥试验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、pH值、电导率值、氮含量和种子发芽指数,探究由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)组成的复合菌剂的添加对堆肥过程及腐熟速度的影响。结果表明,未接种菌剂的对照组和复合菌剂组各自经历30 d的高温期后进入降温期,达到了高温堆肥的无害化要求。与对照组相比,添加复合菌剂使堆肥1~19 d的堆体升温速度增加0.16℃/d,1~9 d的pH值增速提高0.04/d,18~24、30~36 d的电导率值降低0.15~0.30 mS/cm,同时12~36 d铵态氮的积累减少20.81%~33.23%。添加复合菌剂后,种子发芽指数于第30天升高至70.85%,达到有机肥腐熟标准,而对照组仅为47.21%。综上,复合菌剂通过加快有机物降解、快速改善酸性环境、降低盐含量和铵态氮含量,促进种子发芽指数快速提高,加快了白酒酒糟堆肥进程,提高了堆肥腐熟速度。

陇东旱塬区宜机收玉米品种的性状指标综合评价

目前玉米生产机械化程度越来越高,玉米籽粒机收将是大势所趋,因此人们对玉米品种的选择也趋向于耐密植、抗倒伏和籽粒脱水快等优良性状。为了筛选出陇东旱塬区适宜的籽粒机收玉米品种,通过灰色关联度分析法对引进的17个玉米品种表型性状和籽粒机收适宜性进行综合评价。结果表明,和恒5266产量高,但是机收表现不理想;迪卡159、先丰9号、先玉1483、五谷737和新农育6003等5个品种综合表现良好,可以作为陇东旱塬区籽粒机收玉米品种贮备品种加以推广,尤其是五谷737产量高、抗性好、机收表现好,宜大力推广种植。

灌浆期干旱胁迫对小麦西农106部分生理指标、产量及品质的影响

为了解小麦品种‘西农106’灌浆期的抗旱性,以小麦品种‘周麦18’为对照,通过盆栽称重控水模拟干旱环境,比较分析正常供水、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫处理下小麦的旗叶面积、SPAD值、荧光、抗氧化酶活性等抗旱生理指标及产量和品质的差异。结果表明,与正常供水处理相比,在重度干旱处理下两个品种的旗叶面积、SPAD值、荧光参数(F_(v)/F_(m)、Φ_(PSⅡ)和qP)均显著降低,其中‘西农106’的Φ_(PSⅡ)和qP降低幅度更小;在重度干旱处理下,两个品种旗叶MDA含量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量均显著升高。重度干旱胁迫后,‘周麦18’和‘西农106’的千粒质量和产量均显著下降,其中千粒质量降幅分别为41.96%和35.33%,产量降幅分别为40.43%和42.53%。重度干旱胁迫显著降低小麦籽粒淀粉含量和吸水率,显著提高籽粒蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、体积质量、稳定时间和沉降值。中度干旱胁迫对两个品种生理、产量和品质的影响较小,以上指标变化基本上表现不显著。综合来看,在荧光特性和产量性状方面‘西农106’品种表现出较好的抗旱性。

基于无人机多源影像数据的灌浆期人工合成小麦抗旱性评价

【目的】基于无人机多源影像及产量数据评价人工合成小麦种质的抗旱性,优选高通量抗旱性鉴定指标,发掘抗旱人工合成小麦种质资源,为加快拓展小麦抗旱遗传资源、提升旱地小麦育种水平提供技术支撑和种质材料。【方法】以80份人工合成小麦种质及对照小麦品种新春37为试验材料,在田间进行小区播种,设置干旱和灌溉2种水分处理;利用无人机搭载多光谱及热红外相机采集试验材料灌浆期多源影像进行拼接处理,通过阈值分割等方法提取各试验材料的光谱指数;利用相关性分析和主成分分析鉴选抗旱相关光谱指标,结合单指标及综合评价方法鉴定人工合成小麦种质的抗旱性。【结果】基于无人机多源影像数据提取了80份人工合成小麦种质的19种光谱指数。不同光谱指数抗旱系数与小区产量抗旱指数的相关性分析结果表明,OSAVI的抗旱系数与抗旱指数的关联度最高,NDVI、CIre和NDRE的抗旱系数与抗旱指数的关联度较高。部分光谱指数的抗旱系数间相关性较高,存在冗余信息,通过主成分分析,将19个光谱指数的抗旱系数转换为3个相互独立的综合指标,3个综合指标的贡献度分别为59.6%、12.0%和9.6%。利用加权隶属函数法聚合综合指标,通过公式计算获得各人工合成小麦种质的综合抗旱性度量值。基于抗旱指数鉴定出6份强抗旱人工合成小麦种质,基于综合抗旱性度量值鉴定出5份强抗旱种质,其中,SW004和SW009在2种方法的评价结果中均被评为强抗旱种质。基于OSAVI的抗旱系数对80份人工合成小麦种质进行抗旱性分级,分级结果与基于综合抗旱性度量值的分级结果基本一致。根据OSAVI的抗旱系数鉴定出的6份强抗旱种质中,有5份在基于综合抗旱性度量值分级中也被鉴定为强抗旱种质。【结论】基于无人机多源影像提取的光谱指数NDVI、OSAVI、CIre和NDRE,以及基于光谱指数的综合抗旱性度量值均可用于辅助鉴定小麦种质抗旱性。

低GI枸杞杂粮代餐粉的配方优化及其降血糖作用研究

为探究低血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)枸杞杂粮代餐粉的最佳配方及降血糖作用,该研究以黄豆、绿豆、黑豆、燕麦、苦荞和藜麦6种杂粮作为主要原料,再辅以药食同源的宁夏枸杞制备一种低GI枸杞杂粮代餐粉。以感官评分为指标,采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验及Box-Behnken试验,优化低GI枸杞杂粮代餐粉配方,并通过建立Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠模型,评价低GI枸杞杂粮代餐粉的降血糖效果。结果表明,枸杞杂粮代餐粉最佳配方为:黄豆粉添加量15.1%,绿豆粉添加量15.1%,黑豆粉添加量14%,燕麦粉添加量15.6%,苦荞粉添加量12.1%,藜麦粉添加量12.1%,枸杞粉添加量16%(均为质量分数)。低GI枸杞杂粮代餐粉可下调小鼠餐后血糖值并能够改善小鼠基本生长状况,但使小鼠的空腹血糖值缓慢上升且整体趋于平稳状态(P> 0.05)。

粮食收购智能检验系统设计与研究

针对粮食收购检验环节存在的劳动强度大、效率低、人为自由裁量权大、检测设备自动化和智能化程度低等问题,研发出一种能用于稻谷、玉米、大豆、小麦的质量指标智能检验系统。系统以机器人技术为核心,结合自动控制技术、图像识别技术、信息技术等,并对检验仪器改造升级和研发,能够自动规划检验路径,完成样品处理、转运,经各检测模块快速检测,实现稻谷、玉米、大豆、小麦全部质量指标智能化检验。系统连续检测时,稻谷检验时间约12min/次,小麦、玉米和大豆检验时间约10min/次,比人工检验速度提高了近3倍,消除了粮食收购质量检验环节人为因素干扰,实现检验结果客观、公平、公正。