There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen （N） on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to stu...There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen （N） on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to study the effect of shading time and N level on the characteristics of rice panicle and grain filling as well as the corresponding yield and quality. At a low N level （150 kg N ha^-1, 150N）, grain yield decreased （by 21.07-26.07%） under the treatment of 20 days of shading before heading （BH） compared with the no shading （NS） treatment. These decreases occurred because of shortened panicle length, decreased number of primary and secondary branches, as well as the grain number and weight per panicle. At 150N, in the treatment of 20 days of shading after heading （AH）, grain yield also decreased （by 9.46-10.60%） due to the lower grain weight per panicle. The interaction of shading and N level had a significant effect on the number of primary and secondary branches. A high level of N （300 kg N ha^-1, 300N） could offset the negative effect of shading on the number of secondary branches and grain weight per panicle, and consequently increased the grain yield in both shading treatments. In superior grains, compared with 150N NS, the time to reach 99% of the grain weight （T99） was shortened by 1.6 to 1.7 days, and the grain weight was decreased by 4.18-5.91% in 150N BH. In 150N AH, the grain weight was 13.39-13.92% lower than that in 150N NS due to the slow mean and the maximum grain-filling rate （GRmean and GRmax）. In inferior grains, grain weight and GRmean had a tendency of 150N NS〉150N BH〉150N AH. Under shaded conditions, 300N decreased the grain weight due to lower GReen both in superior and inferior grains. Compared with 150N NS, the milling and appearance qualities as well as eating and cooking quality were all decreased in 150N BH and 150N AH. Shading with the high level of 300N improved the milling quality and decreased the number of chalky rice kernels, but the eating and cooking quality was reduced with increased chalky area and overall chalkiness. Therefore, in the case of short term shading, appropriate N fertilizer could be used to improve the yield and milling quality of rice, but limited application of N fertilizer is recommended to achieve good eating and cooking quality of rice.展开更多
对杭州湾北岸3处现代潮滩沉积物进行高精度粒度分析,查找研究区潮滩不同微相的粒度特征和差异,提取基于粒度分析的潮滩微相识别敏感指标,并将其应用到该区域的全新世钻孔潮滩沉积物中,识别钻孔潮滩沉积微相,据此建立研究区全新世早期的...对杭州湾北岸3处现代潮滩沉积物进行高精度粒度分析,查找研究区潮滩不同微相的粒度特征和差异,提取基于粒度分析的潮滩微相识别敏感指标,并将其应用到该区域的全新世钻孔潮滩沉积物中,识别钻孔潮滩沉积微相,据此建立研究区全新世早期的海平面曲线。研究表明:杭州湾北岸现代高潮滩盐沼沉积物粘土含量明显高于高潮滩下部和中潮滩,而砂含量与之相反;高潮滩盐沼平均粒径等粒度参数明显小于中、高潮滩的粒度参数;盐沼沉积物粒度频率曲线峰态宽缓,明显区别于高潮滩下部和中潮滩。上述现代潮滩微相粒度敏感指标可成功应用到钻孔潮滩沉积微相划分中,并建立了该区域全新世早期海平面曲线。曲线显示,9700~8700 cal a BP期间海平面上升约11.6 m,海平面上升速率可达1.2 cm/a。现代潮滩不同位置沉积物粒度参数的规律性差异可作为潮滩微相识别的有效指标,为古潮滩沉积微相识别和古海平面重建提供参考依据。展开更多
杭嘉湖平原位于海陆交互的长江三角洲地区,极易受到海平面升降和极端气候事件的影响,对全球环境变化十分敏感。应用非参数化粒度端元分析模型提取杭嘉湖平原ZK3岩芯沉积物的端元组分,分析其物质来源;并结合植物藻类和磁化率指标全面揭...杭嘉湖平原位于海陆交互的长江三角洲地区,极易受到海平面升降和极端气候事件的影响,对全球环境变化十分敏感。应用非参数化粒度端元分析模型提取杭嘉湖平原ZK3岩芯沉积物的端元组分,分析其物质来源;并结合植物藻类和磁化率指标全面揭示各端元组分对区域全新世气候-海平面变化响应。结果表明:(1)EM1(16.4 μm)主要为洪泛沉积物,EM2(35.3 μm)主要为湖相沉积物,EM3(58.9 μm)则为海相沉积物;(2)杭嘉湖平原8000 a BP以来的气候-海平面变化大致可分为四个阶段:约8000—6200 a BP,受东亚夏季风影响,气候温暖湿润,海平面上升并趋于稳定,区域内同时受到海洋和陆源输入影响,发育海陆过渡相沉积;约6200—4800 a BP,气候趋于干凉化,陆地面积扩大,沉积环境转变为河流为主的洪泛沉积;至4800—3100 a BP,气候回暖,海平面略有回升,发育为湖相沉积;3100—140 a BP,气候趋冷干化,海平面下降,广泛发育为泛滥平原沉积环境。展开更多
领域研究在干旱带研究院被进行二年， Dera Ismail 中亚细亚，巴基斯坦，在蜀黍(蜀黍二色的 L.) 的生产决定氮和有效申请方法的最佳水平。用氮的四个层次，即， 0 ， 60 ， 90 ，和 120 kg 哈? 1 ，和二个不同申请方法(土壤申请和叶的...领域研究在干旱带研究院被进行二年， Dera Ismail 中亚细亚，巴基斯坦，在蜀黍(蜀黍二色的 L.) 的生产决定氮和有效申请方法的最佳水平。用氮的四个层次，即， 0 ， 60 ， 90 ，和 120 kg 哈? 1 ，和二个不同申请方法(土壤申请和叶的水花)，实验在一个裂口阴谋图案被利用，在著被用来决定的地方，申请和次要情节的有效方法被用来在谷物收益上检测 N 层次的影响。不管 N 申请使用的方法，在二年学习在谷物显示了增加以后，获得的平均数据随 N 层次的增加让步。谷物收益从 2.92 ～ 5.61 t 增加了哈 ? 1 在阴谋，那与 90 kg N 被对待哈 ? 1 与对照小区相比。二次的回归分析证明收益的增加与成功的高水平相比在 N 的底层是更高的。土壤申请方法，生产 4.79 t 的平均谷物收益哈 ? 1，被发现比有平均谷物 yieldof4.56tha 的叶的水花方法优异 ? 1。谷物的蛋白质内容用 N 申请显示出线性增加，达到在 120 kg N 的最大值哈 ? 1 在两个 N 申请的方法。与土壤申请的方法相比，另外，更高的粗蛋白内容根本用叶的水花的方法被观察 N 层次。展开更多
基金grants from the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2016YFD0300503)the Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province, China (BE2016344)+3 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-01-27)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (31701350)the Program for Scientific Elitists of Yangzhou University, Chinafunded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen （N） on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to study the effect of shading time and N level on the characteristics of rice panicle and grain filling as well as the corresponding yield and quality. At a low N level （150 kg N ha^-1, 150N）, grain yield decreased （by 21.07-26.07%） under the treatment of 20 days of shading before heading （BH） compared with the no shading （NS） treatment. These decreases occurred because of shortened panicle length, decreased number of primary and secondary branches, as well as the grain number and weight per panicle. At 150N, in the treatment of 20 days of shading after heading （AH）, grain yield also decreased （by 9.46-10.60%） due to the lower grain weight per panicle. The interaction of shading and N level had a significant effect on the number of primary and secondary branches. A high level of N （300 kg N ha^-1, 300N） could offset the negative effect of shading on the number of secondary branches and grain weight per panicle, and consequently increased the grain yield in both shading treatments. In superior grains, compared with 150N NS, the time to reach 99% of the grain weight （T99） was shortened by 1.6 to 1.7 days, and the grain weight was decreased by 4.18-5.91% in 150N BH. In 150N AH, the grain weight was 13.39-13.92% lower than that in 150N NS due to the slow mean and the maximum grain-filling rate （GRmean and GRmax）. In inferior grains, grain weight and GRmean had a tendency of 150N NS〉150N BH〉150N AH. Under shaded conditions, 300N decreased the grain weight due to lower GReen both in superior and inferior grains. Compared with 150N NS, the milling and appearance qualities as well as eating and cooking quality were all decreased in 150N BH and 150N AH. Shading with the high level of 300N improved the milling quality and decreased the number of chalky rice kernels, but the eating and cooking quality was reduced with increased chalky area and overall chalkiness. Therefore, in the case of short term shading, appropriate N fertilizer could be used to improve the yield and milling quality of rice, but limited application of N fertilizer is recommended to achieve good eating and cooking quality of rice.
基金国家自然科学基金项目《杭州湾北岸全新世早期(10-9 cal ka BP)高精度海平面重建及沉积环境响应》(批准号:41706098)《基于微体化石识别全新世高海面阶段长江口外水团相互作用及调控机制》(批准号:42076081)。
文摘对杭州湾北岸3处现代潮滩沉积物进行高精度粒度分析,查找研究区潮滩不同微相的粒度特征和差异,提取基于粒度分析的潮滩微相识别敏感指标,并将其应用到该区域的全新世钻孔潮滩沉积物中,识别钻孔潮滩沉积微相,据此建立研究区全新世早期的海平面曲线。研究表明:杭州湾北岸现代高潮滩盐沼沉积物粘土含量明显高于高潮滩下部和中潮滩,而砂含量与之相反;高潮滩盐沼平均粒径等粒度参数明显小于中、高潮滩的粒度参数;盐沼沉积物粒度频率曲线峰态宽缓,明显区别于高潮滩下部和中潮滩。上述现代潮滩微相粒度敏感指标可成功应用到钻孔潮滩沉积微相划分中,并建立了该区域全新世早期海平面曲线。曲线显示,9700~8700 cal a BP期间海平面上升约11.6 m,海平面上升速率可达1.2 cm/a。现代潮滩不同位置沉积物粒度参数的规律性差异可作为潮滩微相识别的有效指标,为古潮滩沉积微相识别和古海平面重建提供参考依据。
文摘杭嘉湖平原位于海陆交互的长江三角洲地区,极易受到海平面升降和极端气候事件的影响,对全球环境变化十分敏感。应用非参数化粒度端元分析模型提取杭嘉湖平原ZK3岩芯沉积物的端元组分,分析其物质来源;并结合植物藻类和磁化率指标全面揭示各端元组分对区域全新世气候-海平面变化响应。结果表明:(1)EM1(16.4 μm)主要为洪泛沉积物,EM2(35.3 μm)主要为湖相沉积物,EM3(58.9 μm)则为海相沉积物;(2)杭嘉湖平原8000 a BP以来的气候-海平面变化大致可分为四个阶段:约8000—6200 a BP,受东亚夏季风影响,气候温暖湿润,海平面上升并趋于稳定,区域内同时受到海洋和陆源输入影响,发育海陆过渡相沉积;约6200—4800 a BP,气候趋于干凉化,陆地面积扩大,沉积环境转变为河流为主的洪泛沉积;至4800—3100 a BP,气候回暖,海平面略有回升,发育为湖相沉积;3100—140 a BP,气候趋冷干化,海平面下降,广泛发育为泛滥平原沉积环境。
文摘领域研究在干旱带研究院被进行二年， Dera Ismail 中亚细亚，巴基斯坦，在蜀黍(蜀黍二色的 L.) 的生产决定氮和有效申请方法的最佳水平。用氮的四个层次，即， 0 ， 60 ， 90 ，和 120 kg 哈? 1 ，和二个不同申请方法(土壤申请和叶的水花)，实验在一个裂口阴谋图案被利用，在著被用来决定的地方，申请和次要情节的有效方法被用来在谷物收益上检测 N 层次的影响。不管 N 申请使用的方法，在二年学习在谷物显示了增加以后，获得的平均数据随 N 层次的增加让步。谷物收益从 2.92 ～ 5.61 t 增加了哈 ? 1 在阴谋，那与 90 kg N 被对待哈 ? 1 与对照小区相比。二次的回归分析证明收益的增加与成功的高水平相比在 N 的底层是更高的。土壤申请方法，生产 4.79 t 的平均谷物收益哈 ? 1，被发现比有平均谷物 yieldof4.56tha 的叶的水花方法优异 ? 1。谷物的蛋白质内容用 N 申请显示出线性增加，达到在 120 kg N 的最大值哈 ? 1 在两个 N 申请的方法。与土壤申请的方法相比，另外，更高的粗蛋白内容根本用叶的水花的方法被观察 N 层次。
