The wheat sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 is a determinant of grain number per spike

Some haplotypes of the sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 are associated with thousand-grain weight(TGW)in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,no mutations have been identified within the gene to test this association.The effects of TaSus1 on grain number per spike(GNS)also are largely unknown.Our previous genome-wide association study identified TaSus-A1 as a candidate gene controlling fertile spikelet number per spike(FSN).In the present study,we generated two independent mutants for the three TaSus1 homoeologs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing.The triple mutants displayed lower FSN,GNS,grain number per spikelet(GNST),and TGW than wild-type plants.In 306 hexaploid wheat accessions,two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TaSus-A1 contributed differently to GNS.Introgression of the two alleles into a wheat genetic background confirmed their effects.The alleles differed in geographical distribution among the accessions.

Inheritance and Availability of High Grain Number Per Spike in Two Wheat Germplasm Lines

Grain number per spike （GNPS） is a major factor in wheat yield breeding. The development of high GNPS germplasm is widely emphasized in wheat-yield breeding. This paper reported two high GNPS wheat germplasm lines, Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504, which had a stable and wide adaptability to different ecological regions. By exploring a nested cross design with reciprocals using Pubing 3228 or Pubing 3504 as a common parent and investigating the GNPS phenotypes of F1 hybrids in 2007-2008 and F2 populations in 2008-2009 of different cross combinations, the narrow-sense GNPS heritability was up to 49.58 and 52.23%, respectively. Genetic model analysis predictions suggested that GNPS in Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 was mainly controlled by additive genetic effects. Correlation analysis results between GNPS and 1 000- kernel weight （TKW） of F2 populations showed that TKW was not influenced with the increase of GNPS. The good coordination among three yield components of spike number per plant （SNPP）, GNPS, and TKW in the F2 segregating population implied that selection of good candidate individuals in breeding programs would be relatively straightforward. Overall, our results indicated that Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 are two potential germplasm lines for yield improvement of GNPS in pedigree selection of wheat breeding.

Introgression of chromosome 6PL terminal segment from Agropyron cristatum to increase both grain number and grain weight in wheat

Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain number have become bottlenecks for increasing grain yield in wheat.In this study,a novel translocation line,WAT650l,was derived from the chromosome 6P addition line 4844–12,which can simultaneously increase both grain number per spike(GNS)and thousand-grain weight(TGW).Cytological analysis and molecular marker analysis revealed that WAT650l was a 5BL.5BS-6PL(bin 12–17)translocation line.Assessment of agronomic traits and analysis of the BC4F2 and BC5F2 populations suggested that the 6PL terminal chromosome segment in WAT650l resulted in increased grain number per spike(average increased by 14.07 grains),thousand-grain weight(average increased by 4.31 g),flag leaf length,plant height,spikelet number per spike and kernel number per spikelet during the two growing seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022.Additionally,the increased GNS locus and high-TGW locus of WAT650l were mapped to the bins 16–17 and 12–13,respectively,on chromosome 6PL by genetic population analysis of three translocation lines.In summary,we provide a valuable germplasm resource for broadening the genetic base of wheat and overcoming the negative relationship between GNS and TGW in wheat breeding.

不同季秸秆还田对冬小麦不同穗粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响

为探讨安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土区长期秸秆连续全量还田对冬小麦穗部结实特性的影响,2021-2022年基于农业农村部华东地区作物栽培科学观测站13年的长期定位试验,比较分析了小麦单季秸秆全量粉碎覆盖还田(T1)、小麦玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田(T2)、玉米秸秆全量粉碎翻埋还田(T3)、小麦玉米秸秆全年不还田(CK)4个不同还田模式下小麦不同小穗位结实粒数及粒重的差异。结果表明,T1、T2、T3处理的主茎穗小穗结实总粒数较CK分别提高了21.21%、7.50%和12.55%;第2粒位(G2)结实粒数分别提高了7.71%、7.71%和5.79%;上部小穗结实粒数分别提高了51.41%、22.79%和31.36%,其G2结实粒数分别提高了30.95%、30.95%和23.09%,其中T1处理对小麦粒数的提升效果最好。不同季秸秆还田处理下小麦主茎穗及其G2粒重、分蘖穗及其第三粒位(G3)粒重均高于CK,T1、T2和T3处理的主茎穗粒重增幅分别为16.06%、4.14%和16.06%,分蘖穗增幅分别为9.86%、0.71%和8.87%;T1、T2和T3处理下主茎穗G2粒重增幅分别为20.69%、10.34%和17.24%,分蘖穗G3粒重4.55%、2.27%和6.82%,其中T1处理对粒重提升效果最好,其次是T3。综合来看,在安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土区长期秸秆还田能够提高小麦穗粒数和粒重,进而促进产量提升,其中T1处理对小麦结实粒数和粒重的提升效果最好,是适宜在该地区推广的秸秆还田模式。

秸秆覆盖与施磷对旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响

中国西南丘陵旱地气候冬干春旱且速效磷缺乏,是冬小麦生产的主要限制因素。为明确秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南丘陵旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响,以川麦104为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区为玉米秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM),裂区为0、75和120 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)3个施磷水平,比较分析了不同处理下小麦小花分化及结实特性的差异。结果表明,秸秆覆盖与施磷均可提高小麦小花分化数和可孕小花数,且磷素效应大于秸秆覆盖效应。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下最大分化小花数分别增加了17.4%和78.0%,可孕小花数分别增加27.0%和94.1%,小花存活率提高了16.5个百分点。施磷后穗基部可孕小花数和结实粒数增幅较大,穗中部和顶部增幅较小。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下,穗基部可孕小花数均极显著增加,增幅分别为100.0%和127.2%;结实粒数显著增加,增幅分别为186.4%和193.2%。秸秆覆盖后产量较不覆盖提高20.5%;施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)下产量较不施磷分别提高62.5%和78.1%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖配施磷肥可减少小花退化,增加可孕小花数和穗粒数有利于产量形成。

Gene and protein expression profiling analysis of young spike development in large spike wheat germplasms

The wheat grain number per spike （GNPS） is a major yield-limiting factor in wheat-breeding programs. Germplasms with a high GNPS are therefore valuable for increasing wheat yield potential. To investigate the molecular characteristics of young spike development in large-spike wheat germplasms with high GNPS, we performed gene and protein expression profiling analysis with three high-GNPS wheat lines （Pubing 3228, Pubing 3504 and 4844-12） and one Iow-GNPS control variety （Fukuho）. The phenotypic data for the spikes in two growth seasons showed that the GNPS of the three large-spike wheat lines were significantly higher than that of the Fukuho control line. The Affymetrix wheat chip and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-tandam mass spectrometry （iTRAQ-MS/MS） technology were employed for gene and protein expression profiling analyses of young spike development, respectively, at the floret primordia differentiation stage. A total of 598 differentially expressed transcripts （270 up-regulated and 328 down-regulated） and 280 proteins （122 up- regulated and 158 down-regulated） were identified in the three high-GNPS lines compared with the control line. We found that the expression of some floral development-related genes, including Wknoxlb, the AP2 domain protein kinase and the transcription factor HUA2, were up-regulated in the high-GNPS lines. The expression of the SHEPHERD （SHD） gene was up-regulated at both the transcript and protein levels. Overall, these results suggest that multiple regulatory pathways, including the CLAVATA pathway and the meristem-maintaining KNOX protein pathway, take part in the development of the high-GNPS phenotype in our wheat germplasms.

Identification and validation of stable quantitative trait loci for yield component traits in wheat

Grain weight and grain number are important yield component traits in wheat and identification of underlying genetic loci is helpful for improving yield.Here,we identified eight stable quantitative trait loci(QTL)for yield component traits,including five loci for thousand grain weight(TGW)and three for grain number per spike(GNS)in a recombinant inbred line population derived from cross Yangxiaomai/Zhongyou 9507 across four environments.Since grain size is a major determinant of grain weight,we also mapped QTL for grain length(GL)and grain width(GW).QTGW.caas-2D,QTGW.caas-3B,QTGW.caas-5A and QTGW.caas-7A.2 for TGW co-located with those for grain size.QTGW.caas-2D also had a consistent genetic position with QGNS.caas-2D,suggesting that the pleiotropic locus is a modulator of trade-off effect between TGW and GNS.Sequencing and linkage mapping showed that TaGL3-5A and WAPO-A1 were candidate genes of QTGW.caas-5A and QTGW.caas-7A.2,respectively.We developed Kompetitive allele specific PCR(KASP)markers linked with the stable QTL for yield component traits and validated their genetic effects in a diverse panel of wheat cultivars from the Huang-Huai River Valley region.KASP-based genotyping analysis further revealed that the superior alleles of all stable QTL for TGW but not GNS were subject to positive selection,indicating that yield improvement in the region largely depends on increased TGW.Comparative analyses with previous studies showed that most of the QTL could be detected in different genetic backgrounds,and QTGW.caas-7A.1 is likely a new QTL.These findings provide not only valuable genetic information for yield improvement but also useful tools for marker-assisted selection.

不同燕麦基因型源库关系对穗粒数形成过程的影响

为了解燕麦穗粒数形成过程与源、库特征之间的关系,连续两年以10个不同来源、熟期、穗型、株型、小穗数的燕麦品种为试验材料,测定三叶期至拔节期的幼穗分化阶段及抽穗期源库特征,采用方差分析、聚类分析、逐步回归分析等方法,分析不同燕麦基因型源库特征及对穗粒数形成过程的影响。结果表明,燕麦穗粒数形成过程存在基因型差异,幼穗分化较好品种的穗粒数较全部品种平均值高11.22%~65.43%;幼穗分化较好品种的光合势、干物质量、粒数叶比、收获指数显著高于幼穗分化较差品种,其中粒数叶比和收获指数是影响穗粒数形成的主要因素,粒数叶比和收获指数较全部品种平均值分别高0.99%~68.74%和0.85%~13.80%。综上所述,源库协调是燕麦幼穗分化良好的生理基础,可通过提高光合势和干物质量达到增源的目的,进而提高穗粒数。

全生物降解渗水地膜覆盖冬播谷子产量结构关系分析

全生物降解渗水地膜覆盖冬播谷子是一项有机旱作新技术,可以实现“秋雨冬储春用”,缓解长城沿线半干旱生态区常年易发生春夏连旱难播种的问题。采用1300 mm×0.007 mm全生物降解渗水地膜覆盖穴播技术进行冬播谷子多点对比试验,用回归系数法计算各产量结构因子的贡献率。结果表明,各产量结构因子的贡献率为成穗数31.65%,穗均饱满谷籽粒数32.40%,水选后的千粒重35.95%,三者贡献率无明显差异。冬播谷子获得高产采取的技术措施是追施穗肥促进籽粒饱满、加强生育期管理增加穗均饱满谷粒数、加大播种密度增加成穗数。以上结果对提高冬播谷子产量具有指导意义。

小麦田间测产和实际产量转换系数实证研究

小麦田间测产与实际产量的折算系数长期以来一直采用0.85,但是在近些年的实践中,发现实打验收和实收产量往往高于这一系数折算后的理论产量,导致在测产系数是否需要调整及调整幅度上颇存争议。为了深入探讨这一问题,利用连续7年的田间小区试验取样测产和实收产量结果,结合大田取样测产和实打收获案例,对田间取样测产和实收产量之间的转换系数(即测产系数)进行了系统计算和统计分析。结果表明,在使用实测千粒重进行产量估算时,测产系数平均为0.85,而使用常年千粒重时平均为0.92。由于千粒重不同年份间波动较大,因此建议在田间理论测产中使用当年实测千粒重时,折算系数采用0.85;使用常年千粒重时,测产系数采用0.90。

小麦穗光合对不同花位籽粒及颖壳的影响

为明确小麦穗光合对产量形成的贡献,充分发挥穗光合在提高产量中的作用,以小麦新品种百农矮抗58为材料,采用铝铂纸包穗的方法,研究了高群体小麦穗部光合对籽粒和颖壳的影响。结果表明,穗光合对小麦产量的贡献率为14.43%;穗光合对千粒重的贡献大于对穗粒数的贡献;对不同花位籽粒的贡献存在较大的差异,对第1、2、3花位籽粒千粒重均有贡献,但是影响第4花位籽粒的发育;穗光合也是维持颖壳正常生理代谢所必需的。说明选育深绿穗品种也是提高小麦产量的一个重要途径。

气候条件对冬小麦穗粒数的影响研究

长期定位试验研究气候条件对冬小麦穗粒数的影响结果表明 ,冬小麦穗粒数主要受返青后 5日滑动平均气温首次≥ 4℃之日～雌雄蕊原基分化时 (即拔节开始天数 )的影响 ,并受其至挑旗期平均最低气温和至抽穗期日照时数的制约。各因素对冬小麦穗粒数的影响大小依次为天数 >日照时数 >平均最低气温。冬小麦高产栽培还应协调好穗数。

安徽沿淮和淮北地区小麦穗粒重研究

为给重穗型小麦新品种选育及高产育种提供参考依据,以24个小麦品种(系)为材料,对穗粒重与产量、产量三要素及其他18个性状间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,供试品种间穗粒重、收获指数、产量及产量三要素存在着极显著差异;穗粒重与产量呈显著正相关,与穗粒数、收获指数、单茎生物产量、单茎草重呈极显著正相关,与倒三叶的面积呈显著正相关,与穗数、籽粒容重呈极显著负相关。根据穗粒重把小麦品种划分为三大类:重穗型,穗粒重≥1.8g;中穗型,穗粒重为1.4～1.8g;轻穗型,穗粒重≤1.4g。沿淮和淮北地区可通过着重提高穗粒数、同步提高单茎生物产量与收获指数的途径提高穗粒重。

孕穗前期叶面喷赛苗旺对冬小麦穗粒数和粒质量的影响

为探讨孕穗前期叶面喷施赛苗旺对小麦穗粒数和粒质量的调控效应,以半冬性小麦品种郑麦379为供试材料,在冬小麦孕穗前14 d,以叶面喷清水为对照,研究叶面喷赛苗旺对冬小麦穗粒数和粒质量的影响。结果表明,在孕穗前14 d,喷施赛苗旺可抑制冬小麦败育阶段基部和中部穗位的小花败育速率,显著提高该部位的小花数,对顶部穗位小花的败育速率和小花数影响不大。与对照相比,在基部穗位,两试验点喷赛苗旺处理的小花败育速率分别显著降低23.30%、21.96%,小花数分别显著增加1.60、1.31个;在中部穗位,两试验点喷赛苗旺处理的小花败育速率分别降低31.65%、33.72%,小花数分别显著增加3.80、4.07个。对产量及其构成因素进一步分析发现,与对照相比,两试验点喷施赛苗旺处理穗数、千粒质量均有所提高,但不显著,穗粒数和产量分别显著提高11.85%、13.13%和7.50%、7.08%。综上说明,在冬小麦发育中后期,叶面喷施赛苗旺主要通过提高冬小麦基部和中部穗位的穗粒数来提高产量,且效果显著。

有芒小麦芒与穗粒重的关系研究

为了探索有芒小麦穗间芒长与粒重的关系,选取66个小麦品种,对不同基因型小麦芒长,芒黄速率与穗粒数、穗重以及千粒重之间关系进行了研究。结果表明,芒长与穗粒数、穗重呈正相关,与千粒重呈负相关,线性关系不显著。芒黄速率与穗粒数呈负相关,与穗重、千粒重呈正相关,线性关系不显著。

普通小麦小穗粒数性状全基因组关联分析

为发掘小麦小穗粒数相关基因位点,以384个重要小麦品种(系)组成的自然群体为材料,利用3个环境获得的表型和55K SNP芯片分型数据进行全基因组关联分析。结果发现,142个SNP和小穗粒数显著关联,解释的表型变异范围为3.27%~6.09%。有8个SNP在2或3个环境下与小穗粒数显著关联,其中AX-109986855、AX-109875224和AX-109843323位于2D染色体523.12~526.25 Mb区段,AX-111054388和AX-110671159在2B染色体上物理距离仅0.62 Mb。这8个SNP位点中,每个SNP的2个等位变异在3个环境的小穗粒数均达到显著水平(P<0.01),例如,2D染色体上AX-109843323位点G/G等位变异在3个环境的平均小穗粒数分别比C/C等位变异增加0.32、0.37和0.39粒。8个SNP位点的优异等位变异在供试材料的分布比例为5.20%~76.80%,其中7个优异等位变异的分布频率低于45.00%。进一步分析小穗粒数优异等位变异对穗粒数的影响,发现8个SNP位点具有优异等位变异的材料穗粒数(48.45~53.61粒)明显高于具有非优异等位变异材料的穗粒数(45.04~47.37粒),而且材料聚合的优异等位变异数与其小穗粒数和穗粒数呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.97和0.94,P<0.0002),表明这些小穗粒数相关位点可用于小麦穗粒数的遗传改良。

寒地粳稻产量及其主要构成性状间的关系

对138份寒地粳稻材料的产量及其主要构成性状间关联性进行分析。结果表明,产量非直接构成因素株高和穗长与产量呈显著正相关(0.32**和0.25**),株高和穗长均与穗粒数呈显著正相关(0.49**和0.45**),而穗长与结实率呈显著负相关(-0.20*)。在产量直接构成因素互作分析中,除穗数×穗粒数×千粒重三者互作与产量呈显著负相关外(-0.71**),其余任意两者或三者互作与产量均呈显著正相关。其中,穗数×穗粒数×结实率三者互作对产量影响最大(0.87**),穗数×穗粒数×千粒重三者互作对产量的影响次之(-0.71**),在各因素对产量性状的互作影响中穗数和穗粒数两者发挥出的作用最大,其次是结实率,千粒重影响作用最小。通径分析也表明穗数和穗粒数对产量的通径系数数值明显高于结实率和千粒重对产量的通径系数数值(分别为3.3929、3.5379和1.8900、2.5511,以高产型品种为例),说明穗数和穗粒数是寒地粳稻产量高低的决定性因素。综合所述,充分协调好穗数和穗粒数的矛盾关系是寒地粳稻获得高产的基础,同时应兼顾结实率和千粒重对产量的影响作用,尤其是在高产类型品种中,千粒重对产量的影响作用有明显的提升趋势。

冬小麦穗粒数和粒质量对喷施生物微肥的响应

初步探讨孕穗前喷施生物微肥对小麦穗粒数和粒质量的调控效应,以期为增加小麦穗粒数、粒质量,提高产量调控技术的研究提供参考。试验以半冬性品种郑麦379为供试材料,利用赛土丰和赛苗旺复合营养剂于小麦孕穗前分别进行根部和叶面喷施处理,对不同喷施条件下的小花数、小花败育速率、成熟后小麦穗部性状进行观察和分析。结果表明,叶面喷施赛苗旺、土壤喷施赛土丰+叶面喷施赛苗旺处理可降低小麦败育阶段基部和中部穗位的小花败育速率,并显著提高其部位的小花数,与喷施清水相比,2个处理基部小穗位的小花败育速率分别降低18.9%,20.5%,中部小穗位小花的败育速率分别降低14.7%,23.6%。综合产量各因素进一步分析发现,在基部穗位,土壤喷施赛土丰、叶面喷施赛苗旺和土壤喷施赛土丰+叶面喷施赛苗旺处理的粒质量分别较清水对照高7.7%,0.2%,12.2%,穗粒数分别较清水对照多0.1,1.7,1.9个;在中部穗位,土壤喷施赛土丰、叶面喷施赛苗旺和土壤喷施赛土丰+叶面喷施赛苗旺处理的粒质量分别较清水对照高13.5%,-3.6%,14.6%,穗粒数分别较清水对照多0.5,3.55,4.85个。综上说明,在小花发育后期,土壤喷施赛土丰处理主要是通过提高小麦基部、中部穗位的粒质量来提高产量,叶面喷施赛苗旺处理主要是通过提高小麦基部、中部穗位的穗粒数来提高产量,土壤喷施赛土丰+叶面喷施赛苗旺处理则可通过同时提高小麦籽粒质量和穗粒数来提高产量,且效果显著。生物微肥营养剂赛土丰和赛苗旺结合施用,在增加小麦穗粒数、提高最终粒质量方面有较大的调控潜力。

外源激素与蔗糖对冬小麦穗粒数和粒重的调控效应

为阐明外源激素和蔗糖调控冬小麦穗粒数和粒重的机理,以冬小麦农大211为材料,设置不同浓度蔗糖和激素,通过离体穗培养及盆栽不同水分条件下喷施激素处理,考察了冬小麦穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重以及穗部糖含量对外源蔗糖和激素的响应。离体穗培养试验表明,蔗糖浓度为40g·L^(-1),IAA、GA、6-BA和ABA浓度分别为10-4 mol·L^(-1)、10-5 mol·L^(-1)、10-5 mol·L^(-1)和10-6 mol·L^(-1)时取得了较高的穗粒数,且穗粒数以穗上部强势粒数与穗中部弱势粒数增幅较大;适当增加培养基GA和ABA浓度也能提高粒重,从而提升穗粒重。盆栽试验表明,与水分适宜处理相比,干旱使成熟期穗粒数、穗粒重和单株生物量显著下降,千粒重无显著变化,干旱处理的幼穗中CTK和ABA含量显著增加。干旱条件下,喷施IAA较其对照显著增加了穗粒重和单株生物量以及幼穗中可溶性糖和IAA含量,显著降低了幼穗ABA含量;喷施GA较其对照显著增加了单株生物量和幼穗GA含量,显著降低了幼穗ABA含量;喷施6-BA较其对照显著增加了单株生物量和幼穗CTK含量,显著降低了幼穗可溶性糖和ABA含量;喷施ABA较其对照显著增加了穗粒重和单株生物量,显著降低了幼穗蔗糖和可溶性糖含量。水分适宜条件下,喷施IAA较其对照显著降低了穗粒数、穗粒重和单株生物量,但显著增加了千粒重和幼穗可溶性糖、CTK和ABA含量;喷施GA较其对照显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、GA、CTK和ABA含量,但显著降低了幼穗蔗糖含量;喷施6-BA较其对照显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、CTK和ABA含量;喷施ABA较其对照显著降低了穗粒数,显著增加了幼穗可溶性糖、IAA、CTK和ABA含量。总之,外源蔗糖与激素对冬小麦穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重都有显著影响,适宜蔗糖和激素处理提高穗粒数,主要由于增加了穗上部强势粒和穗中部弱势粒数。外源喷施激素可缓解干旱胁迫对冬小麦穗粒数和穗粒重的影响,以喷施IAA效果最好,主要通过调控幼穗糖含量和激素含量来调控穗粒数和粒重。

不同追氮时期对高产小麦产量性状的影响

高产小麦追氮时期由冬前至返青 ,推迟到拔节至孕穗 ,尽管单位面积穗数有所减少 ,但穗粒数、千粒重均增加 ,抗倒性增强 。