Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this...Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.展开更多
Collapsing gully erosion is a specific form of soil erosion types in the hilly granitic region of tropical and subtropical South China, and can result in extremely rapid water and soil loss. Knowledge of the soil phys...Collapsing gully erosion is a specific form of soil erosion types in the hilly granitic region of tropical and subtropical South China, and can result in extremely rapid water and soil loss. Knowledge of the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland influenced by collapsing gully erosion is important in understanding the development of soil quality. This study was conducted at the Wuli Watershed of the Tongcheng County, south of Hubei Province, China. The aim is to investigate soil physical and chemical properties of three soil layers （0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm） for two farmland types （paddy field and upland field） in three regions influenced by collapsing gully erosion. The three regions are described as follows： strongly influenced region （SIR）, weakly influenced region （WIR） and non-influenced region （NIR）. The results show that collapsing gully erosion significantly increased the soil gravel and sand content in paddy and upland fields, especially the surface soil in the SIR and WIR. In the 0-20 cm layer of the paddy field, the highest gravel content （250.94 g kg-1） was in the SIR and the lowest （78.67 g kg-1） was in the NIR, but in the upland filed, the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the SIR and the 40-60 cm soil layer for the NIR had the highest （177.13 g kg-1） and the lowest （59.96 g kg-1） values of gravel content, respectively. The distribution of gravel and sand decreased with depth in the three influenced regions, but silt and clay showed the inverse change. In the paddy field, the average of sand content decreased from 58.6 （in the SIR） to 49.0% （in the NIR）, but the silt content was in a reverse order, increasing from 27.9 to 36.9%, and the average of the clay content of three regions showed no significant variation （P〈0.05）. But in the upland filed, the sand, silt and clay fluctuated in the NIR and the WIR. Soils in the paddy and upland field were highly acidic （pH〈5.2） in the SIR and WIR; moreover lower nutrient contents （soil organic matter （SOM）, total N and available N, P, K） existed in the SIR. In the 0-20 cm soil layer of the paddy field, compared with the NIR and the WIR, collapsing gully erosion caused a very sharp decrease in the SOM and total N of the SIR （5.23 and 0.56 g kg-1, respectively）. But in the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the upland field, the highest SOM, total N, available N, available P and available K occurred in the NIR, and the lowest ones were in the SIR. Compared with the NIR, the cation exchange capacity （CEC） in the SIR and WIR was found to be relatively lower. These results suggest that collapsing gully erosion seriously affect the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland, lead to coarse particles accumulation in the field and decrease pH and nutrient levels.展开更多
There are about 1.27 million ha of upland red soils derived from Quaternary red clay facing the degradation in the low-hilly region of the middle subtropical China. From the aspects of chemistry, physics and microbiol...There are about 1.27 million ha of upland red soils derived from Quaternary red clay facing the degradation in the low-hilly region of the middle subtropical China. From the aspects of chemistry, physics and microbiology, the processes of soil fertility restoration in the surface layer (0～20 cm) under three types of land use patterns (i.e. citrus orchard, tea garden and upland) in two provinces were studied in this work. Results showed that the reclamation of eroded waste land improved most of soil properties. Soil organic matter, total N and P, available P and K, and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, but soil total K and exchangeable Al decreased. Soil PH decreased by 0.5 unit in the pure tea plantation for 20 years. Soil reclamation increased the percentage of soil microaggregates (<0.25 mm), especially those with a diameter of 0.02～0.002 mm. Soil total porosity increased in the cultivated lands with the increase of soil aeration and capillary porosity. The number of soil microorganisms increased with reclamation caused mainly by the huge increase of the total amount of bacteria. With the cultivation, the activity of soil urease and acid phosphatase increased, but that of invertase dropped.展开更多
pH and base saturation percentage (BSP) are two basic indexes in identifying soil types in Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Some studies proved that there is significant correlation between BSP and pH, thus it could save the co...pH and base saturation percentage (BSP) are two basic indexes in identifying soil types in Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Some studies proved that there is significant correlation between BSP and pH, thus it could save the cost of laboratory work if we can infer BSP directly from pH. In this study, the measured values of BSP and pH of 162 and 232 horizon samples from 48 and 55 red soil series surveyed from 2009 to 2011 in Fujian and Guangdong respectively were adopted from Soil Series Database to set up the optimal correlation model between BSP and pH. The results showed that: 1) BSP ranged from 2.30% to 94.02% with a mean of 25.07%, while pH from 3.42 to 6.91 with a mean of 4.98 for the total soil samples. 2) There were significant differences in pH between different soil types (R2 were 0.624 for Ferralosols, 0.507 for Ferrosols, 0.515 for Argosols, and 0.456 for Cambosols, p 2 were 0.580 for Quaternary red clay, 0.434 for granite, 0.642 for sandstone, and 0.712 for basalt, p 2 were 0.623 for dryland, and 0.404 for forest land, p 0), their probability density curves were mainly in flat or normal curves (y = 6.84x2 −45.86x + 81.52, R2 = 0.494, p < 0.01).展开更多
Base saturation percentage (BSP) is an important soil chemical index in soil fertility and soil taxonomy. However, it is still unclear what exchangeable cation dominates BSP of soil in south China. Therefore, in this ...Base saturation percentage (BSP) is an important soil chemical index in soil fertility and soil taxonomy. However, it is still unclear what exchangeable cation dominates BSP of soil in south China. Therefore, in this study, the data of BSPs and exchangeable H+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ of 109 and 45 horizon samples of 50 and 28 soil species in red soil and yellow soil groups in the Database of Chinese Soil Species were used to explore further the characteristics of BSPs and exchangeable cations as well as the correlation between BSPs and exchangeable cations. The results showed that the concentrations of exchangeable cations in both red soil and yellow soil groups were in an order of Al3+ (4.55 ± 1.47 and 4.22 ± 1.2 cmol(+)/kg) > Ca2+ (0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.36 ± 0.24 cmol(+)/kg) > H+ (0.23 ± 0.13 and 0.19 ± 0.10 cmol(+)/kg) > K+ (0.16 ± 0.09 and 0.16 ± 0.11 cmol(+)/kg) > Mg2+ (0.13 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.08 cmol(+)/kg) > Na+ (0.08 ± 0.06 and 0.11 ± 0.06 cmol(+)/kg). For red soil group, Al3+ concentration was significantly higher than those of other exchangeable cations, Ca2+ and H+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of K+, Mg2+ and Na+;while for yellow soil group, Ca2+, H+ and K+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of Mg2+ and K+. BSP of red soil group was codetermined by Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+ and Na+, with the contributions of 33.81%, 19.82% and 14.49%, respectively;while BSP of yellow soil group was codetermined by Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+, with the contributions of 24.91%, 21.55%, 19.91% and 14.21%, respectively. A higher concentration of exchangeable cation does not mean the higher importance of the cation to soil BSP.展开更多
Objective] This study almed to investigate the characteristics of soiI total porosity （STP） and various factors affecting soiI water content （SWC） in eucalyptus pIantation （EP）, thereby providing references for ...Objective] This study almed to investigate the characteristics of soiI total porosity （STP） and various factors affecting soiI water content （SWC） in eucalyptus pIantation （EP）, thereby providing references for soiI water utiIization in eucalyptus pIanting in the red soiI hiI y region of South China. [Method] In the same cIimatic region, soiI sampIes were coI ected from surface soiI Iayer （A）, iI uvial horizon （B） and parent material horizon （C） in the upper sIope, middIe sIope and Iower sIope of eucalyptus pIantation, native forest and pine forest, respectiveIy, to determine the soiI porosity and soiI water content and analyze changes and various infIuencing factors of soiI water content in horizontal and vertical direction. [Result] Average soiI porosity in eucalyptus pIantation, native forest and pine forest was 45.9%, 41.4%and 55.3%, respectiveIy; soiI water content in these three forest stands was 13.3%, 13.4% and 15.5%, respectiveIy. In addition, soiI water content in these three forest stands exhibited no significant differences （P＆gt;0.05） among different soiI profiIes and sIope positions, but soiI water content in surface soiI Iayer varied significantIy （P＆lt;0.05） among different forest stands; in the horizontal direction, soiI water content exerted an extremeIy significant positive correIation with total coverage. [Conclusion] Total coverage of canopy Iayer, herb and Iitter Iayer is one of the most critical fac-tors affecting the changes of soiI water content in surface soiI Iayer of forest stands.展开更多
Landscape and quality attributes are major ecosystem characteristics closely associated with soil conservation service(SCS).However,the intrinsic mechanisms by which these two attributes influence SCS are still unclea...Landscape and quality attributes are major ecosystem characteristics closely associated with soil conservation service(SCS).However,the intrinsic mechanisms by which these two attributes influence SCS are still unclear.Therefore,this study quantitatively analyzed the landscape pattern,ecological quality,and SCS in the Lianshui River watershed(a typical soil and water loss area of red soil in southern China)and its sub-watersheds in 2019.The boosted regression tree model was used to explore the influence of 15 factors(i.e.,landscape and quality attributes)on SCS at the sub-watershed scale.According to the results,compared with the landscape attribute,the quality attribute of the watershed ecosystem could better explain the spatial heterogeneity of SCS across 66 sub-watersheds.The overall degree of influence of five quality factors on SCS reached 57.81%,with the highest being the normalized differential build-up and bare soil index(NDBSI),at 25.11%.Among 10 landscape factors,aggregation had the greatest influence on SCS,at 28.64%.The relationships between key influencing factors and SCS were nonmonotonic and non-linear,with threshold effects.For example,NDBSI values of 0.18e0.41 had a positive influence on SCS,while NDBSI values of 0.41e0.65 had a negative influence on SCS.The findings broaden our understanding of the response of SCS to changes in landscape and quality attributes at the sub-watershed scale,and could offer comprehensive support for soil erosion management in the watershed ecosystem.展开更多
High accuracy surface modeling （HASM） is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation. In this paper, we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation （HAS...High accuracy surface modeling （HASM） is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation. In this paper, we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation （HASM-SP） to improve the accuracy. Based on soil types, land use types and parent rocks, HASM-SP was applied to interpolate soil available P, Li, pH, alkali-hydrolyzable N, total K and Cr in a typical red soil hilly region. To evaluate the performance of HASM-SP, we compared its performance with that of ordinary kriging （OK）, ordinary kriging combined geographic information （OK-Geo） and stratified kriging （SK）. The results showed that the methods combined with geographic information including HASM-SP and OK-Geo obtained a lower estimation bias. HASM-SP also showed less MAEs and RMSEs when it was compared with the other three methods （OK-Geo, OK and SK）. Much more details were presented in the HASM-SP maps for soil properties due to the combination of different types of geographic information which gave abrupt boundary for the spatial varia- tion of soil properties. Therefore, HASM-SP can not only reduce prediction errors but also can be accordant with the distribution of geographic information, which make the spatial simula- tion of soil property more reasonable. HASM-SP has not only enriched the theory of high accuracy surface modeling of soil property, but also provided a scientific method for the ap- plication in resource management and environment planning.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49631010).
文摘Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41630858)
文摘Collapsing gully erosion is a specific form of soil erosion types in the hilly granitic region of tropical and subtropical South China, and can result in extremely rapid water and soil loss. Knowledge of the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland influenced by collapsing gully erosion is important in understanding the development of soil quality. This study was conducted at the Wuli Watershed of the Tongcheng County, south of Hubei Province, China. The aim is to investigate soil physical and chemical properties of three soil layers （0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm） for two farmland types （paddy field and upland field） in three regions influenced by collapsing gully erosion. The three regions are described as follows： strongly influenced region （SIR）, weakly influenced region （WIR） and non-influenced region （NIR）. The results show that collapsing gully erosion significantly increased the soil gravel and sand content in paddy and upland fields, especially the surface soil in the SIR and WIR. In the 0-20 cm layer of the paddy field, the highest gravel content （250.94 g kg-1） was in the SIR and the lowest （78.67 g kg-1） was in the NIR, but in the upland filed, the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the SIR and the 40-60 cm soil layer for the NIR had the highest （177.13 g kg-1） and the lowest （59.96 g kg-1） values of gravel content, respectively. The distribution of gravel and sand decreased with depth in the three influenced regions, but silt and clay showed the inverse change. In the paddy field, the average of sand content decreased from 58.6 （in the SIR） to 49.0% （in the NIR）, but the silt content was in a reverse order, increasing from 27.9 to 36.9%, and the average of the clay content of three regions showed no significant variation （P〈0.05）. But in the upland filed, the sand, silt and clay fluctuated in the NIR and the WIR. Soils in the paddy and upland field were highly acidic （pH〈5.2） in the SIR and WIR; moreover lower nutrient contents （soil organic matter （SOM）, total N and available N, P, K） existed in the SIR. In the 0-20 cm soil layer of the paddy field, compared with the NIR and the WIR, collapsing gully erosion caused a very sharp decrease in the SOM and total N of the SIR （5.23 and 0.56 g kg-1, respectively）. But in the surface soil （0-20 cm） of the upland field, the highest SOM, total N, available N, available P and available K occurred in the NIR, and the lowest ones were in the SIR. Compared with the NIR, the cation exchange capacity （CEC） in the SIR and WIR was found to be relatively lower. These results suggest that collapsing gully erosion seriously affect the soil physical and chemical properties of farmland, lead to coarse particles accumulation in the field and decrease pH and nutrient levels.
文摘There are about 1.27 million ha of upland red soils derived from Quaternary red clay facing the degradation in the low-hilly region of the middle subtropical China. From the aspects of chemistry, physics and microbiology, the processes of soil fertility restoration in the surface layer (0～20 cm) under three types of land use patterns (i.e. citrus orchard, tea garden and upland) in two provinces were studied in this work. Results showed that the reclamation of eroded waste land improved most of soil properties. Soil organic matter, total N and P, available P and K, and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, but soil total K and exchangeable Al decreased. Soil PH decreased by 0.5 unit in the pure tea plantation for 20 years. Soil reclamation increased the percentage of soil microaggregates (<0.25 mm), especially those with a diameter of 0.02～0.002 mm. Soil total porosity increased in the cultivated lands with the increase of soil aeration and capillary porosity. The number of soil microorganisms increased with reclamation caused mainly by the huge increase of the total amount of bacteria. With the cultivation, the activity of soil urease and acid phosphatase increased, but that of invertase dropped.
文摘pH and base saturation percentage (BSP) are two basic indexes in identifying soil types in Chinese Soil Taxonomy. Some studies proved that there is significant correlation between BSP and pH, thus it could save the cost of laboratory work if we can infer BSP directly from pH. In this study, the measured values of BSP and pH of 162 and 232 horizon samples from 48 and 55 red soil series surveyed from 2009 to 2011 in Fujian and Guangdong respectively were adopted from Soil Series Database to set up the optimal correlation model between BSP and pH. The results showed that: 1) BSP ranged from 2.30% to 94.02% with a mean of 25.07%, while pH from 3.42 to 6.91 with a mean of 4.98 for the total soil samples. 2) There were significant differences in pH between different soil types (R2 were 0.624 for Ferralosols, 0.507 for Ferrosols, 0.515 for Argosols, and 0.456 for Cambosols, p 2 were 0.580 for Quaternary red clay, 0.434 for granite, 0.642 for sandstone, and 0.712 for basalt, p 2 were 0.623 for dryland, and 0.404 for forest land, p 0), their probability density curves were mainly in flat or normal curves (y = 6.84x2 −45.86x + 81.52, R2 = 0.494, p < 0.01).
文摘Base saturation percentage (BSP) is an important soil chemical index in soil fertility and soil taxonomy. However, it is still unclear what exchangeable cation dominates BSP of soil in south China. Therefore, in this study, the data of BSPs and exchangeable H+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ of 109 and 45 horizon samples of 50 and 28 soil species in red soil and yellow soil groups in the Database of Chinese Soil Species were used to explore further the characteristics of BSPs and exchangeable cations as well as the correlation between BSPs and exchangeable cations. The results showed that the concentrations of exchangeable cations in both red soil and yellow soil groups were in an order of Al3+ (4.55 ± 1.47 and 4.22 ± 1.2 cmol(+)/kg) > Ca2+ (0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.36 ± 0.24 cmol(+)/kg) > H+ (0.23 ± 0.13 and 0.19 ± 0.10 cmol(+)/kg) > K+ (0.16 ± 0.09 and 0.16 ± 0.11 cmol(+)/kg) > Mg2+ (0.13 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.08 cmol(+)/kg) > Na+ (0.08 ± 0.06 and 0.11 ± 0.06 cmol(+)/kg). For red soil group, Al3+ concentration was significantly higher than those of other exchangeable cations, Ca2+ and H+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of K+, Mg2+ and Na+;while for yellow soil group, Ca2+, H+ and K+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of Mg2+ and K+. BSP of red soil group was codetermined by Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+ and Na+, with the contributions of 33.81%, 19.82% and 14.49%, respectively;while BSP of yellow soil group was codetermined by Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+, with the contributions of 24.91%, 21.55%, 19.91% and 14.21%, respectively. A higher concentration of exchangeable cation does not mean the higher importance of the cation to soil BSP.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1033004)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Ministry of Agriculture(2012-03)+3 种基金Major Science and Technology Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(GKZ1347001)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(2012GXNSFAA053066)Special Fund for the Basic Research and Operating Expenses of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(GNK2013YM11,GNK2015YM11)Open Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation(13B0201)~~
文摘Objective] This study almed to investigate the characteristics of soiI total porosity （STP） and various factors affecting soiI water content （SWC） in eucalyptus pIantation （EP）, thereby providing references for soiI water utiIization in eucalyptus pIanting in the red soiI hiI y region of South China. [Method] In the same cIimatic region, soiI sampIes were coI ected from surface soiI Iayer （A）, iI uvial horizon （B） and parent material horizon （C） in the upper sIope, middIe sIope and Iower sIope of eucalyptus pIantation, native forest and pine forest, respectiveIy, to determine the soiI porosity and soiI water content and analyze changes and various infIuencing factors of soiI water content in horizontal and vertical direction. [Result] Average soiI porosity in eucalyptus pIantation, native forest and pine forest was 45.9%, 41.4%and 55.3%, respectiveIy; soiI water content in these three forest stands was 13.3%, 13.4% and 15.5%, respectiveIy. In addition, soiI water content in these three forest stands exhibited no significant differences （P＆gt;0.05） among different soiI profiIes and sIope positions, but soiI water content in surface soiI Iayer varied significantIy （P＆lt;0.05） among different forest stands; in the horizontal direction, soiI water content exerted an extremeIy significant positive correIation with total coverage. [Conclusion] Total coverage of canopy Iayer, herb and Iitter Iayer is one of the most critical fac-tors affecting the changes of soiI water content in surface soiI Iayer of forest stands.
基金This work was supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation Program[grant number 31960331].
文摘Landscape and quality attributes are major ecosystem characteristics closely associated with soil conservation service(SCS).However,the intrinsic mechanisms by which these two attributes influence SCS are still unclear.Therefore,this study quantitatively analyzed the landscape pattern,ecological quality,and SCS in the Lianshui River watershed(a typical soil and water loss area of red soil in southern China)and its sub-watersheds in 2019.The boosted regression tree model was used to explore the influence of 15 factors(i.e.,landscape and quality attributes)on SCS at the sub-watershed scale.According to the results,compared with the landscape attribute,the quality attribute of the watershed ecosystem could better explain the spatial heterogeneity of SCS across 66 sub-watersheds.The overall degree of influence of five quality factors on SCS reached 57.81%,with the highest being the normalized differential build-up and bare soil index(NDBSI),at 25.11%.Among 10 landscape factors,aggregation had the greatest influence on SCS,at 28.64%.The relationships between key influencing factors and SCS were nonmonotonic and non-linear,with threshold effects.For example,NDBSI values of 0.18e0.41 had a positive influence on SCS,while NDBSI values of 0.41e0.65 had a negative influence on SCS.The findings broaden our understanding of the response of SCS to changes in landscape and quality attributes at the sub-watershed scale,and could offer comprehensive support for soil erosion management in the watershed ecosystem.
基金Foundation： National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41001057 China National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, No.40825003 Project Supported by State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, No.2011-KF-06
文摘High accuracy surface modeling （HASM） is a method which can be applied to soil property interpolation. In this paper, we present a method of HASM combined geographic information for soil property interpolation （HASM-SP） to improve the accuracy. Based on soil types, land use types and parent rocks, HASM-SP was applied to interpolate soil available P, Li, pH, alkali-hydrolyzable N, total K and Cr in a typical red soil hilly region. To evaluate the performance of HASM-SP, we compared its performance with that of ordinary kriging （OK）, ordinary kriging combined geographic information （OK-Geo） and stratified kriging （SK）. The results showed that the methods combined with geographic information including HASM-SP and OK-Geo obtained a lower estimation bias. HASM-SP also showed less MAEs and RMSEs when it was compared with the other three methods （OK-Geo, OK and SK）. Much more details were presented in the HASM-SP maps for soil properties due to the combination of different types of geographic information which gave abrupt boundary for the spatial varia- tion of soil properties. Therefore, HASM-SP can not only reduce prediction errors but also can be accordant with the distribution of geographic information, which make the spatial simula- tion of soil property more reasonable. HASM-SP has not only enriched the theory of high accuracy surface modeling of soil property, but also provided a scientific method for the ap- plication in resource management and environment planning.
