Sedimentary Characteristics,Ages,and Environmental Significance of Gravel Deposits and Loess in Shandong,Eastern China:Regional Response to Global Change Since the Last Glacial Period

Investigation of rarely studied gravel layers found in the loess in Shandong Province,eastern China,reveals the fabric characteristics of two gravel layers(G1,G2)and the sedimentary characteristics of loess at the typical and well-preserved Heiyu section(HY),where,to determine the paleoclimatic changes during Marine Isotope Stage 3a.Optically stimulated luminescence dates of the HY formation range from 0.26±0.02 ka to 39.00±2.00 ka.In addition,the ages of G1 and G2 were estimated using the Bayesian model to be 39.60-40.50 and 29.00-29.50 ka.G1 and G2 are mainly composed of fine and medium gravel,both of which were subangular to subrounded limestone,with gravel directions to NE and E.The average flow velocity,average depth,and flood peak flow of G1 are 1.10 m/s,0.49 m,and 37.04 m^(3)/s,respectively,calculated using the flow energy method,whereas those of G2 are 0.98 m/s,0.38 m,and 18.38 m^(3)/s,respectively.Analysis of climate proxy indices show that the sedimentary environment of the gravel and loess in HY might be a regional response to global change.

Experimental and numerical investigation on alternatives to sandy gravel

The NATO agreement STANAG 4569 defines the protection levels for the occupants of logistic and light armored vehicle.The Allied Engineering Publication,AEP-55,Volume 2 document outlines the test conditions for underbelly improvised explosive device(IEDs),which must be buried in water-saturated sandy gravel.The use of sandy gravel has some drawbacks,for instance reproducibility,time consumption,and cost.This paper focuses on the investigation of four alternatives to sandy gravel,which could produce similar specific and cumulative impulses:a concrete pot filled with water,a concrete pot filled with quartz sand,a steel pot without filling and a concrete pot filled with glass spheres(diameter 200μm—300μm)and different water contents.The impulses are measured with a ring technology developed at the Fraunhofer EMI.A numerical soil model based on the work of Marrs,2014 and Fi serov a,2006 and considering the soil moisture was used to simulate the experiments with glass spheres at different water contents,showing much better agreement with the experiments than the classical Laine&Sandvik model,even for high saturation levels.These results can be used to create new test conditions at original scale that are more cost-effective,more reproducible and simpler to manage in comparison to the current tests carried out with STANAG sandy gravel.

Microscopic Analysis of Cementitious Sand and Gravel Damming Materia

The mechanical properties of cementitious sand and gravel damming material have been experimentally determined by means of microscopic SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy)image analysis.The results show that the combination of fly ash and water can fill the voids in cemented sand and gravel test blocks because of the presence of hydrated calcium silicate and other substances;thereby,the compactness and mechanical properties of these materials can be greatly improved.For every 10 kg/m^(3) increase in the amount of cementitious material,the density increases by about 2%,and the water content decreases by 0.2%.The amount of cementitious material used in the sand and gravel in these tests was 80-110 kg/m^(3),the water-binder ratio was 1-1.50.Moreover,the splitting tensile strength was 1/10 of the compressive strength,and the maximum strength was 7.42 MPa at 90 d.The optimal mix ratio has been found to be 50 kg of cement,60 kg of fly ash and 120 kg of water(C50F60W120).The related dry density was 2.6 g/cm^(3),the water content was 6%,and the water-binder ratio was 1.09.

Effects of gravel on the water absorption characteristics and hydraulic parameters of stony soil

The eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains in China are a typical mountainous region of soil and gravel,where gravel could affect the water movement process in the soil.This study focused on the effects of different gravel contents on the water absorption characteristics and hydraulic parameters of stony soil.The stony soil samples were collected from the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains in April 2023 and used as the experimental materials to conduct a one-dimensional horizontal soil column absorption experiment.Six experimental groups with gravel contents of 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,and 50%were established to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity(K_(s)),saturated water content(θ_(s)),initial water content(θ_(i)),and retention water content(θ_(r)),and explore the changes in the wetting front depth and cumulative absorption volume during the absorption experiment.The Philip model was used to fit the soil absorption process and determine the soil water absorption rate.Then the length of the characteristic wetting front depth,shape coefficient,empirical parameter,inverse intake suction and soil water suction were derived from the van Genuchten model.Finally,the hydraulic parameters mentioned above were used to fit the soil water characteristic curves,unsaturated hydraulic conductivity(K_(θ))and specific water capacity(C(h)).The results showed that the wetting front depth and cumulative absorption volume of each treatment gradually decreased with increasing gravel content.Compared with control check treatment with gravel content of 0%,soil water absorption rates in the treatments with gravel contents of 10%,20%,30%,40%,and 50%decreased by 11.47%,17.97%,25.24%,29.83%,and 42.45%,respectively.As the gravel content increased,inverse intake suction gradually increased,and shape coefficient,K_(s),θ_(s),andθ_(r)gradually decreased.For the same soil water content,soil water suction and K_(θ)gradually decreased with increasing gravel content.At the same soil water suction,C(h)decreased with increasing gravel content,and the water use efficiency worsened.Overall,the water holding capacity,hydraulic conductivity,and water use efficiency of stony soil in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains decreased with increasing gravel content.This study could provide data support for improving soil water use efficiency in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains and other similar rocky mountainous areas.

Characterization and Geotechnical Classification of Soils and Lateritic Gravelly Materials along the Songololo-Lufu Road Axis (Kongo Central Province, DR Congo)

This study aims to characterize from a geotechnical point of view, the soils as well as the lateritic gravels along the Songololo-Lufu road route in the Kongo Central Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Ten soil samples and eight lateritic gravel samples were analysed and tested in the laboratory. For each sample, identification parameters were determined such as particle size analysis, natural water content, Atterberg limits (plasticity index and consistency index), but also compaction and lift parameters such as optimal water content, maximum dry density and CBR lift index. All materials and soils have been classified according to the Congolese Road Standard (NRC) and according to the American HRB classification. The test results show us that clay soils almost always contain between 70% and 90% fine fraction;the grained fraction represents less than 30% in clay samples. For lateritic gravels soils, the percentage of fine elements varies between 35% and 15%;in sand around 20%;the gravelly fraction represents a little more than 50% of the soil. The majority of soil facies encountered define a plasticity index lower than 15. As for the consistency index, we obtained values greater than 1, both for clayey soils and for gravelly soils. The classification according to NRC defined for these soils the types Ae1 and Ae2 for the clayey facies and the types GL1 and GL2 for the gravelly soils, while that of the HRB identified the classes and subclasses A-6 and A-7-6 for clayey soils, and subclass A-2-6 for gravelly soils. The optimal water content values obtained range between 10.2% and 23.10%;the maximum dry densities are between 1.66 and 2.07 t/m3 and the CBR index is between 6 and 26. As for the lateritic gravels materials of the Songololo region, the percentage of fine elements generally remains between 12% and 31%;the plasticity index is between 8 and 18;the optimal dry density is around 2 t/m3;the optimal water content is between 9.8% and 14.5% and the CBR index is between 27 and 82. The Songololo-Lufu lateritic gravels are characteristic of laterites in the savannah region, with a high gravel fraction at the expense of the fine fraction, but low parameters such as the liquid limit and plasticity index.

Three-dimensional(3D)parametric measurements of individual gravels in the Gobi region using point cloud technique

Gobi spans a large area of China,surpassing the combined expanse of mobile dunes and semi-fixed dunes.Its presence significantly influences the movement of sand and dust.However,the complex origins and diverse materials constituting the Gobi result in notable differences in saltation processes across various Gobi surfaces.It is challenging to describe these processes according to a uniform morphology.Therefore,it becomes imperative to articulate surface characteristics through parameters such as the three-dimensional(3D)size and shape of gravel.Collecting morphology information for Gobi gravels is essential for studying its genesis and sand saltation.To enhance the efficiency and information yield of gravel parameter measurements,this study conducted field experiments in the Gobi region across Dunhuang City,Guazhou County,and Yumen City(administrated by Jiuquan City),Gansu Province,China in March 2023.A research framework and methodology for measuring 3D parameters of gravel using point cloud were developed,alongside improved calculation formulas for 3D parameters including gravel grain size,volume,flatness,roundness,sphericity,and equivalent grain size.Leveraging multi-view geometry technology for 3D reconstruction allowed for establishing an optimal data acquisition scheme characterized by high point cloud reconstruction efficiency and clear quality.Additionally,the proposed methodology incorporated point cloud clustering,segmentation,and filtering techniques to isolate individual gravel point clouds.Advanced point cloud algorithms,including the Oriented Bounding Box(OBB),point cloud slicing method,and point cloud triangulation,were then deployed to calculate the 3D parameters of individual gravels.These systematic processes allow precise and detailed characterization of individual gravels.For gravel grain size and volume,the correlation coefficients between point cloud and manual measurements all exceeded 0.9000,confirming the feasibility of the proposed methodology for measuring 3D parameters of individual gravels.The proposed workflow yields accurate calculations of relevant parameters for Gobi gravels,providing essential data support for subsequent studies on Gobi environments.

Architectural Model of a Dryland Gravel Braided River,based on 3D UAV Oblique Photogrammetric Data:A Case Study of West Dalongkou River in Eastern Xinjiang,China

Three-dimensional unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)oblique photogrammetric data were used to infer mountainous gravel braided river lithofacies,lithofacies associations and architectural elements.Hierarchical architecture and lithofacies associations with detailed lithofacies characterizations were comprehensively described to document the architectural model,architectural element scale and gravel particle scale.(1)Nine lithofacies(i.e.,Gmm,Gcm,Gcc,Gci,Gcl,Ss,Sm,Fsm and Fl)were identified and classified as gravel,sand and fine matrix deposits.These are typical depositional features of a mountainous dryland gravel-braided river.(2)Three architectural elements were identified,including channel(CH),gravel bar(GB)and overbank(OB).CH can be further divided into flow channel and abandoned channel,while GB consists of Central Gravel bar(CGB)and Margin Gravel bar(MGB).(3)The gravel bar is the key architectural element of the gravel braided river,with its geological attributes.The dimensions of GBs and their particles are various,but exhibit good relationships with each other.The grain size of GB decreases downstream,but the dimensions of GB do not.The bank erosion affects the GB dimensions,whereas channel incision and water flow velocity influence the grain size of GB.The conclusions can be applied to the dryland gravel braided river studies in tectonically active areas.

Numerical simulation on the impact characteristics between rockfalls of different shapes and gravel cushions

The shape of rockfalls significantly affects the performance of the impact cushion,which is manifested by the difference in the impact force and the penetration depth of the rockfall during the collision.In this study,we built the collision numerical model between rockfalls and cushions based on the results from previous studies,and simulated the collision process of rockfalls with four different shapes(cylindrical,cuboid,spherical,and cubic)and different cushions.Essential parameters when rockfalls impact cushions are calculated,including the maximum impact forces on the surface and bottom of the cushions and the maximum penetration depth of the rockfall.The results showed that the maximum impact force on the surface and the bottom of the cushions varies with the rockfall shapes.The maximum impact force on the cushion surface caused by cylindrical rockfall is the smallest,followed by the cuboid rockfall,the cube rockfall,and the spherical rockfall.The maximum impact force at the cushion bottom also follows this trend.However,the penetration depth of cuboid rockfall is the smallest,followed by the cylindrical rockfall,the cubic rockfall,and the spherical rockfall.The results of this study provide more extensive theoretical support for rockfall disaster prevention using gravel cushions.

Influence law of modified glutinous rice-based materials on gravel soil reinforcement and water erosion process

A large number of loose piles formed by mountain hazards are highly susceptible to hydraulic erosion under rainfall conditions.The use of ecological substrate materials for erosion control and ecological restoration of gravel soil slopes has become a current research hotspot and the study difficulty.The post-earthquake slump accumulation gravel soil in Jiuzhaigou was selected as the research object,and the self-developed modified glutinous rice-based material was used to reinforce the gravel soil.The variable slope flume erosion test and rainfall simulation test were carried out to study the water erosion resistance of the material reconstructed soil under the influence of runoff erosion and raindrop splash erosion.The results show that:As the material content reached 12.5%,the reconstructed soil did not disintegrate after 24 hours of immersion,the internal friction angle was increased by 42.26%,and the cohesion was increased by 235.5%,which played a significant reinforcement effect.In the process of slope erosion,the soil rill erodibility parameter Kr was only 3‰ of the gravel soil control group,the critical shear force τ increased by 272%,and the soil erosion resistance was significantly improved.In the process of rainfall and rainfall on the slope,the runoff intensity of the reconstructed soil was stable,and the ability to resist runoff erosion and raindrop splash erosion was enhanced.The maximum value of soil loss rate on different slope slopes is 0.02-0.10 g·m^(-2)s^(-1),which is significantly lower than that of the control group and has better erosion reduction effect.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Particle Migration and Patterning Behavior in a Gravel Pack

Due to its long lifespan and high sand-removal efficiency,gravel packing is one of the most applied sand control methods during the recovery of reservoirs with sanding problems.The blockage and retention of injected sand in a gravel pack is a complex process affected by multiple mechanisms.The majority of existing studies based on the phenomenological deep bed filtration(DBF)theory focused on the gravel pack’s overall permeability damage and failed to obtain the inner-pore particle distribution pattern.In this work,experiments and simulations were carried out to reveal the particle distribution in a gravel pack during flooding.In particular,through real-time monitoring of particle migration,the penetration depth and distribution pattern of invaded particles with different gravel-sand particle ratios,fluid viscosities and injection rates could be determined.By simplifying each unit bed element(UBE)into a pore-throat structure with four tunnels(two horizontals for discharge and two verticals for sedimentation),a new network simulation method,which combines deep bed filtration with a particle trajectory model,was implemented.Cross comparison of experimental and numerical results demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the model.

A study on impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata

Purpose–This paper aims to study the impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata,the temperature field characteristics of the strata,and the strata process,closure time and thickness evolution mechanism of the frozen wall.Design/methodology/approach–In this paper several laboratory model tests were conducted,considering different groundwater seepage rate.Findings–The results show that there is a significant coupling effect between the cold diffusion of artificial freezing pipes and groundwater seepage;when there is no seepage,temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata are symmetrically distributed,and the thickness of the frozen soil column/frozen wall is consistent during artificial freezing;groundwater seepage causes significant asymmetry in the temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata,and the greater the seepage rate,the more obvious the asymmetry;the frozen wall closure time increases linearly with the increase in the groundwater seepage rate,and specifically,the time length under seepage rate of 5.00 m d
1 is 3.2 times longer than that under no seepage;due to the erosion from groundwater seepage,the thickness of the upstream frozen wall decreases linearly with the seepage velocity,while that of the downstream frozen wall increases linearly,resulting in a saddle-shaped frozen wall.Originality/value–The research results are beneficial to the optimum design and risk control of artificial freezing process in gravel strata.

海上油田井下放气阀冲蚀机理

针对南海西部高温高压井中砂砾对放气阀内部冲蚀导致的失效问题,利用Fluent软件对放气阀内部流场进行了仿真分析。结果表明:放气阀内部的密封头端部、外侧以及下接头端部存在严重的冲蚀磨损,且如其他条件控制不变,密封间隙的减小与上返排量的增大均会导致冲蚀速率的增大;随着含砂量的增大,砂粒撞击工具内部的概率上升,导致冲蚀加剧。建议放气阀材料选用防腐蚀材料以避免产生密封间隙,同时增加放气阀开启的频率以及加强防砂措施的实施。

颗粒形状对碎石基层力学性能影响的离散元模拟研究

高速公路的碎石基层性能受碎石颗粒的性质影响,颗粒的形状是影响碎石基层压载性能的一个重要特征,用角度指标和球度指标来表示。通过离散元模拟采用重叠刚性簇方法研究了颗粒角度和颗粒球度对碎石土宏观和微观力学特性的影响。建立了相同孔隙比条件下不同颗粒形状的碎石土三轴试验数值模型,探讨了内摩擦角、体应变、力学配位数、组构及接触力链的演化。结果表明:内摩擦角随角度A I的增大而增大,随球度SPH的增大而减小;大应变下的剪胀率随着A I的增加而显著增加,剪胀率随球度SPH的增加而先增大后减小;微观方面,力学配位数随角度A I的增大而增大,随球度SPH的增大而减小;接触偏组构随着A I的增加和SPH的降低而增加;颗粒形状影响微观接触力链的分布进而影响试样宏观抗剪强度。

内河中游区大型沉管隧道建造关键新技术——以襄阳鱼梁洲隧道为例

为解决内河中游区沉管隧道建造面临的河床冲刷强、强透水地层深厚、防洪要求高等问题,依托襄阳鱼梁洲沉管隧道工程,通过工程调研、理论分析、物模试验、数值模拟、现场测试等手段,对内河沉管隧道建造关键技术进行创新及应用,首次形成如下创新成果:1)提出沉管隧道冲刷安全量化评价方法,给出沉管结构横向稳定性安全系数等5项评价指标及其评价标准体系,填补了沉管隧道防冲安全量化评价方法的空白;2)研发利用管周摩擦力抵抗止水带回弹力的摩擦止推型最终接头,解决常规陆域接头需设置大型圬工结构的问题;3)研发并量产可满足0.3 MPa外水压水密性、100年设计使用寿命的沉管接头外侧止水带国产化产品,其百年应力松弛衰减率仅25.5%,预测使用寿命144年,使中国实现沉管隧道全产业链技术的国产化;4)提出整体式管节不设后浇带全断面顺浇预制工法,实现沉管结构预制工效提高52%、结构接缝减少61%、浇筑裂缝减少60%;5)在内河沉管隧道中采用先铺卵石垫层基础,并研发出全浮式高精度先铺卵石基床整平船;6)研发应用沉管无焊接装配式端封门和柔性水袋压载水系统,可实现舾装设施的便捷循环使用和施工效率的提升。

玄武岩纤维遏制作用下的砾类土管涌试验研究

管涌如果无法及时得到遏制,会导致大量土体流失以致堤防溃决。为研究管涌发生环节时使用玄武岩纤维的遏制作用,拟通过室内管涌试验,从孔压、水力梯度、渗透系数、流速、颗粒流失等方面,研究不同纤维含量和纤维长度的玄武岩纤维对管涌发生发展的遏制效应。结果表明,玄武岩纤维的加入使得缺级配砾类土体的迁移通道变得更加曲折和狭窄,从而遏制整个土体的管涌发展。同等玄武岩纤维含量下玄武岩纤维缺级配砾类土存在最佳的纤维长度遏制管涌发展。纤维长度过长,增大了土体的迁移路径同时也使迁移通道相对变宽;纤维长度越短使得细颗粒的迁移通道变得更加狭窄,更加容易造成局部堵塞,进一步使得管涌继续从其他方向发展,造成颗粒的进一步流失。

单双向循环荷载作用下砂砾料动模量和阻尼比试验研究

通过大型振动三轴试验,研究了单双向循环荷载作用下砂砾料动弹性模量和阻尼比的变化规律,分析围压和径向循环动应力对砂砾料动力参数的影响。研究结果表明:在双向振动三轴试验中,砂砾料的轴向动应变受径向动应力的影响较小,动应变主要与施加的轴向动应力大小有关;单双向振动下砂砾料的动弹性模量均随着动应变的增大而逐渐降低,双向振动时砂砾料动弹性模量随动应变的衰减速率基本不变,在相同动应变下双向振动的动模量均低于单向振动;砂砾料在双向振动时的阻尼比大于单向振动,双向振动时消耗的动应变能更大。通过对两种试验条件下的最大动弹性模量、动模量比进行分析,建立了表述单双向试验条件下最大动弹性模量的换算关系式和双向振动试验中动模量比和动应变的修正模型。

砾石覆盖下的农田土壤环境效应:研究进展与展望

砾石覆盖是旱区特有的一种保护性耕作模式。长期的农业生产实践已经证明,地表覆砂能够很好地适应旱区严酷、恶劣的自然环境,并为当地农业发展和效益提升带来极大助力。然而,砾石覆盖农田退化所带来的一系列负面效应愈加凸显,成为当地农业发展的障碍因子。文章以砾石覆盖的土壤环境效应为脉络,归纳总结了砾石覆盖对土壤水热环境、土壤盐分、土壤有机质、土壤微生物和酶活性,以及水土保持等方面的影响效应和相关机制。同时,进一步指明旱区砂田当前所面临的问题与挑战,并提出该领域未来可持续深化和拓展的方向,主要包括:(1)砾石覆盖农田退化过程中土壤环境的综合演变机制;(2)“砾石-土壤-作物”系统间的协同作用机制;(3)应对砂田退化的农业修复模式及可持续发展路径;(4)砾石覆盖对局部区域气候的影响机制。

富水砂卵石地层盆形冻结止水技术研究

为解决全断面砂卵石地层地下工程的地下水控制问题,提出盆形冻结止水技术。首先,采用三轴力学试验研究冻结砂卵石的压缩力学特性和蠕变力学特性;然后,采用大尺度物理模型试验和数值模拟方法研究盆形冻结的温度场扩展规律,并根据研究结果进一步提出盆形冻结积极冻结期的群孔布置技术和维护冻结期的精细化控制技术。结果表明:1)低围压(小于3 MPa)条件下,三轴抗压强度与围压呈正线性相关,然后围压继续增大时,强度基本不变;基于损伤理论建立冻结砂卵石全过程蠕变模型。2)荷载对冻胀率及融沉系数影响最大,细粒土质量分数次之,原状饱和砂卵石是不冻胀材料,并由此建立饱和砂卵石冻胀率及融沉系数三维预测模型。3)基于大型物理模型试验及数值模拟结果,盆形冻结可以在地下水渗流条件下形成完整的盆形结构,起到有效止水的效果。4)盆底冻结管在冻结过程中表现出与单管冻结迥异的“群孔效应”,根据试验结果提出包含冻结管间距、土体导热系数、渗流速度3因素的积极冻结期冻结管合理间距的确定与布置技术。5)为节约维护冻结期的能源,提出隔排切割冻结管、仅保留盆壁冻结管2种维护形式以对冻结区域进行精细化控制,经过分析,2种方式均可以有效满足盆形结构维护期的冷量供给,保持完整的盆形形态。

废弃橡胶粉对水泥稳定碎石抗疲劳性能的影响

为了消除水泥稳定碎石基层因疲劳损伤产生的裂缝,采用三分点加载方法系统研究了不同废弃橡胶粉掺量下水泥稳定碎石的疲劳性能,运用三点弯曲梁法表征了掺加废弃橡胶粉的水泥稳定碎石抗疲劳机理.结果表明:掺加10、20 kg/m^(3)废弃橡胶粉的水泥稳定碎石疲劳寿命优于基准组水泥稳定碎石;当废弃橡胶粉掺量为10、20 kg/m^(3)时水泥稳定碎石的起裂韧度是基准组的1.49、2.58倍,失稳韧度是基准组的1.30、2.21倍,断裂能也较大,抗疲劳性能显著;当废弃橡胶粉掺量为30 kg/m^(3)时,水泥稳定碎石的抗疲劳性能并没有提高,这可能与废弃橡胶粉掺量过大导致弯拉强度降低有关.

准噶尔盆地二叠系上乌尔禾组退覆式扇(辫状河)三角洲前缘-滩坝复合砂砾岩沉积特征及控制因素

近年来准噶尔盆地的油气勘探从源外常规圈闭逐渐走向源内岩性圈闭,二叠系上乌尔禾组是该盆地增储上产的主力层系,沉积体系展布对上乌尔禾组岩性油气藏分布具有控制作用。利用岩心数据、薄片资料等,并结合地震数据和钻测井资料,对准噶尔盆地二叠系上乌尔禾组的沉积相类型及沉积体系分布特征进行了识别和刻画,总结了大型退覆式扇(辫状河)三角洲-滩坝复合砂砾岩体的沉积模式,并分析了其控制因素。研究表明:(1)研究区发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、滨浅湖滩坝等沉积相类型,扇三角洲平原亚相和扇三角洲前缘亚相主要发育在盆地西部,辫状河三角洲平原亚相和辫状河三角洲前缘亚相主要发育在盆地东部和北部,滩坝相叠置在扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲前缘之上或在其前端独立分布;(2)准噶尔盆地上乌尔禾组各段沉积体系是在整体湖侵的背景下发育的,乌一段沉积时期湖盆面积较小,沉积的砂体较厚,延伸距离近,靠近凹陷的中央;乌二段沉积时期物源持续供应,湖盆水体加深,湖盆面积增加,沉积砂体厚度薄,分布广;乌三段沉积时期湖侵作用增强,湖盆面积进一步扩大,湖盆内广泛发育湖泛泥岩;(3)扇三角洲与辫状河三角洲前缘在湖平面不断变化与湖浪的改造下,形成了扇(辫状河)三角洲前缘-滩坝复合砂砾岩体;(4)准噶尔盆地上乌尔禾组沉积时期,沉积体系的主要控制因素为气候、物源供给、湖平面变化和沉积时的古地形坡度和古地貌。该研究为上乌尔禾组油气勘探提供了地质依据。