Effect of wall friction on oscillation of velocity at the head of the gravity current

Velocity oscillations at the head of the gravity current were investigated in experiments and numerical simulations of a locked-exchange flow.A comparison of the experimental and numerical simulations showed that the depth and volume of the released fluid affected the oscillations in the velocity of the gravity current.At the initial stage,the head moved forward at a constant velocity,and velocity oscillations occurred.The head maximum thickness increased at the same time as the head,which did not have a round,and accumulated buoyant fluid due to the buoyancy effect intrusion force.The period of accumulation and release of the buoyant fluid was almost the same as that observed for the head movement velocity;the head movement velocity was faster when the buoyant fluid accumulated and slower when it was released.At the viscous stage,the forward velocity decreased proportionally to the power of 1/2 of time,since the head was not disturbed from behind.As the mass concentration at the head decreased,the gravity current was slowed by the viscous stage in its effect.At the viscous stage,the mass concentration at the head was no longer present,and the velocity oscillations also decreased.

Preparation of electrolytic copper powders with high current efficiency enhanced by super gravity field and its mechanism

Super gravity field was employed to enhance electrolytic reaction for the preparation of copper powders.The morphology, microstructure and size of copper powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry and laser particle analysis.The results indicated that current efficiencies of electrolytic copper powders under super gravity field increased by more than 20% compared with that under normal gravity condition.Cell voltage under super gravity field was also much lower.The size of copper powders decreased with the increase of gravity coefficient(G).The increase of current efficiency can be contributed to the disturbance of electrode/electrolyte interface and enhanced mass transfer of Cu2+ in super gravity field.Meanwhile,the huge gravity acceleration would promote the detachment of copper powders from electrode surface during electrolytic process,which can prevent the growth of copper powders.

Capturing the baroclinic effect in non-Boussinesq gravity currents

Direct numerical simulations of two-dimensional gravity currents with small and medium density variations are performed using different non-Boussinesq buoyancy approximations. Taking the full low-Machnumber approximation as the reference, the accuracy of several buoyancy terms are examined. It is found that all considered buoyancy terms performed well in the cases with small density variation. In the cases with medium density variation, the classical gravitational Boussinesq’s buoyancy term showed the lack of accuracy, and a simple correction did not make any improvement. In contrast, the recently introduced second-order buoyancy term showed a significantly higher accuracy. The present results and our previous derivations indicate that simple algebraic buoyancy approximations extended from the Boussinesq’s gravitational buoyancy are unlikely to achieve an accuracy beyond first order. Instead, it seems necessary to solve at least one extra Poisson equation for buoyancy terms to capture the higher-order baroclinic effect. An approximate analysis is also provided to show the leading term of the non-Boussinesq effect corresponding to gravity.

The patterns of surface capillary-gravity short-crested waves with uniform current fields in coastal waters

A fully three-dimensional surface gravitycapillary short-crested wave system is studied as two progressive wave-trains of equal amplitude and frequency, which are collinear with uniform currents and doubly-periodic in the horizontal plane, are propagating at an angle to each other. The first- and second-order asymptotic analytical solutions of the short-crested wave system are obtained via a perturbation expansion in a small parameter associated with the wave steepness, therefore depicting a series of typical three-dimensional wave patterns involving currents, shallow and deep water, and surface capillary waves, and comparing them with each other.

Simulation of Gravity Currents Using VOF Model

By the Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model two-dimensional gravity currents with three phases including air are numerically simulated in this article. The necessity of consideration of turbulence effect for high Reynolds numbers is demonstrated quantitatively by LES (the Large Eddy Simulation) turbulence model. The gravity currents are simulated for h not equal H as well as h = H, where h is the depth of the gravity current before the release and H is the depth of the intruded fluid. Uprising of swell occurs when a current flows horizontally into another lighter one for h not equal H. The problems under what condition the uprising of swell occurs and how long it takes are considered in this article. All the simulated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results available.

Turbulent Evolution and Energetics of Lock-Release Gravity Currents

Turbulence modeling by use of the renormalization group （RNG） κ-ε model for Reynolds-stress closure is carried out to reveal the evolution dynamics for lock release gravity currents with the so-called slumping, inviscid and viscous phases. Field evolution of the turbulent current is investigated, and time transition of global energy balance is presented between the terms of potential energy, averaged kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent dissipation and viscous dissipation. It is well illustrated that turbulent dissipation and viscous force are respectively dominant in the inviscid and viscous phases, while inertia effect accounts for the slumping.

Numerical Solution of Lock-Release Gravity Current with Viscous Self-Similar Regime

Lock-release gravity currents with a viscous self-similar regime are simulated by use of the renormalization group (RNG) k-ε model for Reynolds-stress closure. Besides the turbulent regime with initially a slumping phase of a constant current front speed and later an inviscid self-similar phase of front speed decreasing as t -1/3 (where t is the time measured from release), the viscous self-similar regime is satisfactorily reproduced with front speed decreasing as t -4/5, consistent with well known experimental observations.

Applied the Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry Technique for Measurement the Velocity of Gravity Currents in the Laboratory

This study includes a series of laboratory experiments for investigated the gravity current of fresh water with density ρ-?ρ, and initial speed u0 upon the free surface of an ambient liquid (salty water) with density ρ at rest in a basin. It’s have been presented to illuminate the dominant flow and transport phenomena in the presence of river, stream and wetland ecology, stream corridor restoration, in the case of accidental pollution spills. The characterized of the local kinematic field, i.e. the local velocity and vorticity fields, the measurement methods include particle image velocimetry (PIV) at the water surface using a technique similar to large scale of particle image velocimetry (LSPIV).

The construction of high precision geostrophic currents based on new gravity models of GOCE and satellite altimetry data

The new gravity field models of gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer(GOCE),TIM_R6 and DIR_R6,were released by the European Space Agency(ESA)in June 2019.The sixth generation of gravity models have the highest possible signal and lowest error levels compared with other GOCE-only gravity models,and the accuracy is significantly improved.This is an opportunity to build high precision geostrophic currents.The mean dynamic topography and geostrophic currents have been calculated by the 5th(TIM_R5 and DIR_R5),6th(TIM_R6 and DIR_R6)release of GOCE gravity field models and ITSG-Grace2018 of GRACE gravity field model in this study.By comparison with the drifter results,the optimal filtering lengths of them have been obtained(for DIR_R5,DIR_R6,TIM_R5 and TIM_R6 models are 1°and for ITSG-Grace2018 model is 1.1°).The filtered results show that the geostrophic currents obtained by the GOCE gravity field models can better reflect detailed characteristics of ocean currents.The total geostrophic speed based on the TIM_R6 model is similar to the result of the DIR_R6 model with standard deviation(STD)of 0.320 m/s and 0.321 m/s,respectively.The STD of the total velocities are 0.333 m/s and 0.325 m/s for DIR_R5 and TIM_R5.When compared with ITSG-Grace2018 results,the STD(0.344 m/s)of total geostrophic speeds is larger than GOCE results,and the accuracy of geostrophic currents obtained by ITSG-Grace2018 is lower.And the absolute errors are mainly distributed in the areas with faster speeds,such as the Antarctic circumpolar circulation,equatorial region,Kuroshio and Gulf Stream areas.After the remove-restore technique was applied to TIM_R6 MDT,the STD of total geostrophic speeds dropped to 0.162 m/s.

深海重力流与底流交互作用的沉积响应及其勘探意义

顺坡而下的重力流(浊流)与沿坡流动的底流(等深流)之间的交互作用是当前国际沉积学研究的前沿领域与薄弱环节,交互作用沉积体系及其沉积特征相较于重力流或等深流沉积体系仍“知之甚少”。本文总结了论文作者所识别的两种典型交互作用沉积体系的形态特征、沉积特征与沉积样式,查明了交互作用成因优质储层的识别标志与分布模式。深水单向迁移水道具有不对称的剖面形态与持续稳定向陡岸一侧迁移叠加的沉积样式,可进一步分为迁移方向与参与其建造底流流向相同(顺向迁移)和相反(反向迁移)两种类型;深水单向迁移朵叶具有长轴方向与区域等深线平行的形态特征以及侧向迁移延伸方向与区域等深线一致的沉积样式。重力流(浊流)与底流(等深流)交互作用所形成的底流改造砂/交互作用砂具有与浊积砂迥异的沉积特征,如富含有孔虫和生物骨骼,无年龄倒序现象出现,突变非侵蚀接触顶界面,含有大洋水团所伴生的底栖有孔虫,可见牵引流沉积特征(如两到三段式累积概率分布特征、单峰正态的频率分布特征和位于C-M图牵引流沉积区等),这些沉积特征可作为底流改造砂的识别相标志。在剖面上,底流改造砂总是向水道迁移一侧不断迁移叠加,具有“单向叠加、有序展布”的分布模式;在平面上,底流改造砂总是沿区域等深线侧向迁移,具有“单向偏移、侧向叠置”的分布模式;时空上形成连续性好、分布范围广、面积大的超大型优质深水油气储集体。

底流与重力流交互作用下的朵体沉积特征:以东非鲁伍马盆地中新统为例

底流与重力流的交互作用是重要的深水沉积作用类型,对海底沉积物再分配及海底地貌改造具有重要控制作用。目前对底流与水道中重力流的交互作用研究较成熟,但对底流影响下朵体的沉积特征研究较少。本研究以东非鲁伍马盆地古近系中新统朵体为目标,综合利用三维地震和测井资料,通过地震相和地震属性分析,确定朵体分布及内部岩性特征。在定量恢复重力流流速基础上,结合区域洋流资料,揭示底流与重力流交互作用对朵体沉积的控制作用。结果表明受向北流动的底流影响,早期水道向南迁移,北侧天然堤发育,在水道南侧形成负向地形,导致后期朵体沉积于水道南侧。底流作用下的朵体沉积特征受底流和朵体内重力流流向的影响。当底流与朵体延伸方向相反且斜交时,由于重力流流速远大于底流,朵体在逆底流流向一翼(南侧),重力流与底流流向几乎相反,底流影响被抑制,朵体从轴部向末端逐渐变薄,泥质含量增加;在顺底流流向一翼(北侧),重力流方向与底流斜交,重力流顶部泥质被底流淘洗出去,朵体以砂质沉积为主。当底流与重力流流向接近正交时,朵体受底流影响整体上一致,重力流顶部泥质被淘洗,逆底流流向一翼朵体以厚层砂质沉积为主,向顺底流流向一翼砂体厚度减小、泥质含量增加。

合水地区长6_(3)深水重力流沉积特征研究

合水地区是鄂尔多斯盆地近年来原油勘探的重点区块,在系统分析沉积构造、岩石学特征、结构粒度特征等沉积相识别标志的基础上,结合区域沉积背景,开展了合水地区长6_(3)重力流沉积类型及展布特征研究。结果表明,合水地区长6_(3)油层亚组为湖泊-重力流沉积体系,发育半深湖-深湖沉积亚相,可进一步划分为浊流沉积、砂质碎屑流、滑塌沉积三种重力流沉积类型;其中砂质碎屑流及浊流为主要控砂微相,主要分布在研究区的中部、南部区域,为区内有利储集相带。

开闸式异重流与双圆柱相互作用的数值研究

基于三维大涡模拟(LES)方法,使用FLUENT软件模拟开闸式异重流与水平双圆柱的相互作用。首先将异重流头部位置的数值仿真结果与实验数据进行了对比,验证所采用数值方法的准确性。在此基础上,对开闸式异重流的时空演化过程进行了分析。保持圆柱中心距不变,分析了圆柱底部间隙变化对结构荷载的影响。研究表明:圆柱结构的存在使得异重流的流动变得更加复杂,圆柱迎流一侧产生了大量的涡旋结构。圆柱上的阻力对底部间隙变化更为敏感,间隙变化对升力的影响主要体现在异重流冲击结构过后升力的波动阶段。

Research on Characteristics of Density Current Under the Action of Waves

In this paper, the characteristics of density current under the action of waves are described with the help of flume experiment and theoretical analysis. The study shows that turbid water under the action of the waves can present three types of motion, i. e. significant stratification, fragile stratification and strong mixing. The motion gf turbid;,ater presents significant stratification when (H/D)/root Delta rho/rho less than or equal to 4.5, generally this state is known as density current. The formulas of motion velocity, thickness, and discharge of density current moving on horizontal bottom are derived by use of basic equations such as momemtum equation, equation of energy conservation and continuity equation of fluid. The time-average velocity and the thickness of density current under the action of waves have a relationship with such parameters as relative density (Delta rho/rho), wave height (H), and water depth (D). When these parameters are determined, the time-average thickness and motion velocity of density current are also determined. The relative thickness of density current (D-t/D) decreases with the increase of Delta rho/rho and increases with the increase of H/D. On the other hand, the motion velocity of density current increases with the increase of Delta rho/rho and decreases with the increase of the relative thickness (D-t/D) of density current. It is shown that the calculated results are in agreement with those of the flume experiment.

深水等深流与重力流交互作用沉积(2000—2022年)研究进展

等深流与重力流在深水环境中较为常见,两者在地质历史时期中可存在相互作用进而形成交互作用沉积。结合近20年研究成果,对深水等深流与重力流交互作用的沉积类型、鉴别标志、形成机理及地质意义进行了总结。1)等深流与重力流交互作用沉积可分为等深流与重力流沉积互层、等深流改造重力流及等深流与重力流同时作用沉积。2)等深流沉积和重力流沉积的有效鉴别是等深流与重力流沉积互层沉积研究的前提。3)等深流改造重力流沉积发育重力流和牵引流沉积构造,双向交错层理最为典型;常具顺斜坡向下及大致平行斜坡的两个水流方向;概率累积曲线呈1~3段式等特征。4)等深流与重力流同时作用沉积主要发育单向迁移水道、不对称的水道—堤岸体系及偏转型朵叶。5)交互作用形成过程主要受等深流与重力流相对能量大小的影响。当重力流活跃时,发育重力流沉积,在重力流末期及间歇期,等深流沉积发育,进而形成重力流与等深流沉积互层。等深流能量较强时,可改造重力流沉积,形成等深流改造重力流沉积。高能等深流在重力流能量较弱时,可对重力流沉积物进行横向搬运,形成迁移水道、不对称水道—堤岸体系及偏转型朵叶。6)主要问题及下一步的主攻方向主要包括四个方面:①重视综合研究,增加实例分析;②完善鉴别标志,推广研究成果;③多方法、多尺度、多条件、多维度综合探讨交互作用沉积过程及主控因素;④加强油气勘探潜力、古环境演化及地质灾害预防等方面的研究。

东非鲁伍马盆地深水X气藏海底扇储层构型研究:重力流—底流交互作用的指示意义

底流在陆缘深水环境下广泛存在,可对深水沉积过程及砂体分布产生重要影响。前人对重力流与底流的交互作用机制及沉积产物开展了大量研究,但目前有关底流改造型的海底扇储层构型模式仍然研究不够深入。东非鲁伍马盆地是当前重力流—底流交互作用研究的热点地区,文中以其代表性的下始新统海底扇水道体系为例,综合岩心、测井及三维地震资料开展储层构型精细表征,建立重力流—底流交互作用下的海底扇水道体系构型模式。研究表明,目标水道体系内部发育水道、溢岸及朵叶3种构型要素,其中水道可分为水道复合体、单一水道及其内部不同级次的构型单元。底流对细粒物质的搬运可形成非对称的溢岸沉积,导致水道复合体之间呈逆底流侧向迁移叠置样式,其间泥岩隔层容易保存;单一水道之间呈顺水道纵向迁移或逆底流侧向迁移样式,其中纵向迁移部位水道切叠连通,而侧向迁移部位容易保存泥质侧向隔挡体。受重力流沉积演化的影响,单一水道内部充填由砂泥交互型逐渐演化为富砂型,且在水道弯曲段的轴部砂体最为发育。

南堡凹陷东北部东二段重力流砂岩储层发育规律

随着勘探程度的提高,深水重力流成因的浊积岩储层已成为我国东部断陷湖盆油气勘探开发的重要目标之一。因为沉积分异不足和成岩破坏,重力流砂岩的储层质量通常整体较差,优质储层的预测成为制约其有效油气勘探的关键地质因素。利用岩心、测井资料及储层物性、岩石薄片分析结果,研究了南堡凹陷东北部东营组二段重力流砂岩的岩相特征、成因类型、储层特征,以探索优质储层的控制因素和发育规律。研究表明,区内重力流沉积可细分为8种岩相,解释为滑动滑塌、砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流4类成因。储层物性参数统计分析证实,本区重力流砂岩储层非均质性强,储层质量受控于砂岩成因、砂-泥结构及其影响的溶蚀强度。从成因看,砂质碎屑流和浊流对重力流砂岩优质储层的发育贡献最大。砂质碎屑流成因的块状砂岩厚度较大、泥岩夹层较少、钙质胶结物的溶蚀程度高,储层质量最好;而浊流成因的砂岩厚度较薄,与泥岩呈互层或夹层产出,成岩环境封闭、钙质胶结物溶蚀程度低,储层质量较差。本研究为湖盆深水重力流砂岩油气的高效勘探开发提供了一种基于成因和结构的储层预测思路。

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系平凉组深水沉积特征

奥陶系平凉组是鄂尔多斯盆地早古生代深水沉积最发育的地层,研究平凉组沉积体系类型和特征,不仅有助于深入理解平凉组沉积时期的古地理格局和构造特征,而且对于油气勘探也具有重要的价值。基于对盆地西南缘平凉组及其相同时代地层的野外调查和室内综合研究,从地层的空间分布、岩石类型、结构构造、沉积相、有机地化特征等方面,对鄂尔多斯盆地平凉组进行了系统研究。研究表明,平凉组发育深水原地沉积、牵引流沉积、重力流沉积、火山碎屑岩及震积岩,形成一套台地前缘斜坡和深水盆地沉积组合。结合构造背景和沉积组合,建立了平凉组的深水沉积模式:平凉组沉积初期水体较浅,等深流沉积不发育,以重力流沉积为主;到中晚期,随着水体的加深,重力流减弱,先存沉积普遍受到等深流的改造。平凉组的深水沉积同样也有利于油气成藏。综合考虑地层厚度、岩石类型、沉积相、有机质类型和含量及热演化程度,优选出了平凉组的有利油气勘探区,主要分布于乌海以南、石嘴山—贺兰以东、鄂托克前旗以西之间,呈南北向条带状展布,面积约1×10^(4)km^(2)。勘探核心区位于贺兰以东、天环坳陷内的部分区域。

南海西北部莺琼陆坡重力流和等深流的时空关联

南海西北部的莺琼陆坡深水区近些年获取了大量油气发现,展示了广阔的勘探前景。深水沉积往往受控于重力流、等深流等多种机制,它们在时空中如何分布、如何相互作用,又在多大程度上影响或控制着沉积格局,对水动力方面的认识的差异会导致沉积相展布方面的不同认识,进而影响对砂体类型和展布的分析,制约了石油勘探开发。论文基于地震数据所呈现的地震相和地层叠置样式,确认莺琼陆坡在中新世以来发育两类沉积体系:重力(流)和等深流沉积体系。二者在时空上存在毗邻而居、有序进退的关系,重力流沉积呈“台阶状”逐层上超于等深流沉积之上,呈进积形态,而等深流沉积体系则呈退积样式;二者之间构成了特殊成因的、跨时的“相变”面;进而相应恢复了两种不同方向的沉积作用(重力流和等深流)的时空关联。它们这种“台阶状”进退关系根源于中中新世以来莺琼陆坡所经历的多方向物源体系充沛的碎屑供应和由此导致的活跃的重力流活动;南海深水循环导致的等深流机制作用的强度也有相当的作用;总体上,等深流沉积体系的分布范围受重力流作用强弱的控制,形成了二者彼进此退的时空关系。

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组复合水道沉积特征及演化

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组发育一套砂泥互层的深水重力流沉积,其下部重力流复合水道发育。综合野外实测、薄片和粒度分析等,探讨复合水道沉积特征、形成过程及主控因素,最终建立其沉积模式。结果表明:(1)研究区发育5种岩相和3种岩相组合,即块状层理砾屑灰岩相(Cm)、粒序层理细—粉砂岩相(Sg)、平行层理砂岩相(Sp)、交错层理粉砂岩相(Sc)、水平层理(泥)页岩相(Sh),分别代表碎屑流沉积(Cm)、浊流沉积(Sg, Sp, Sc)及深水原地沉积(Sh);(2)根据复合水道内部单一水道形态、岩相组合及粒度等将复合水道分为4个期次,反映重力流能量由强到弱的变化过程;(3)复合水道多期次发育与相对海平面升降、沉积物供给、构造运动和重力流规模及能量变化密切相关;(4)重力流沉积为斜坡—盆地环境中复合水道沉积模式。该研究可补充对研究区重力流水道认识,为油气勘探提供借鉴。