Interrelation between Seasonal Grazing Behavior of Guizhou Black Goat and Grassland Productivity

In order to discover the relationship of the Guizhou black goat seasona grazing behavior traits and grassland productivity, the varieties of grazing behavior of Guizhou black goat and its relationship with the grassland productivity under different grazing intensity in all seasons on Guizhou karst artificial grassland were studied. Obvious differences for goat grazing behavior were found under differen grazing intensity in either the same season or different seasons. The grazing behav ior in the same season showed that it could significantly reduce the mouth eating grass within 5 minutes, each step number, feeding speed, each food intake, daily feed intake（P0.05） under high grazing intensity. In different seasons, it could in crease the feeding time within 5 min, marching step, standing time and intake（P0.05） in the spring; while in the summer, it could improve intake mouth number each mouth eating grass number and feeding rate（P0.05）. It had no obvious dif ference in ruminant behavior parameters in the same season under different grazing intensity, but in different seasons, it can obviously increase ruminant within 5 minutes, number of ruminant feed group（P0.05） in the spring, and it can obviously in crease the time and number of each food group chew（P0.05） in the summer. The correlation analysis of main goat grazing behavior parameter showed that it had good correlation among other parameters except within 5 min walk time, each feed intake and daily feed intake（P0.05）.The relationship between goat grazing behavio parameters and grassland productivity showed that, the foraging time and standing time within 5 min were lower in the medium level of grassland productivity, while number of food intake, every step to eat grass and daily feed intake were higher with increasing grassland productivity, goats feeding speed was reduced, but each intake was increased.

Forage and breed effects on behavior and temperament of pregnant beef heifers

Background： Integration of behavioral observations with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.Brahman-influenced（BR;n = 64） and Gelbvieh × Angus（GA;n = 64） heifers consumed either toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（E＋） or one of two nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（NT） cultivars during two yr.Heifers were weighed at midpoint and termination of grazing.Grazing behavior（grazing,resting in the shade,lying,or standing without grazing） was recorded（n = 13 visual observations per yr in June and July） for each pasture.During yr 2,exit velocity（EV） and serum prolactin（PRL） were determined.Results： Grazing behavior was influenced（P 0.05） by an interaction between fescue cultivar and breed type.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers assigned to E＋ pastures had the lowest percentage of animals grazing and the largest percentage of animals resting in the shade.Brahman-influenced heifers had faster EV（P 0.001） than GA heifers（0.52 vs.0.74 ± 0.04 s/m,respectively）.Body weight（BW） was affected（P 0.01） by an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and d,and an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and breed type.Heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than heifers grazing E＋ pastures at midpoint and termination.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than GA and BR heifers grazing E＋ and BR heifers grazing NT pastures.An interaction of forage cultivar and breed type occurred on serum PRL（P 0.01）.Conclusion： Collectively fescue cultivar,EV,and concentrations of serum PRL were associated with grazing behavior.Heifers grazing NT pastures were observed to be grazing more than heifers assigned to E＋ pastures,regardless of breed type,which may have contributed to changes in BW and average daily gain（ADG） in heifers.Integration of behavioral observations along with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.

Dynamic scaling behavior of iron nitride thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering and ion implantation

Under far from equilibrium conditions, the formation mechanism of solid can be studied in terms of the dynamic scaling theory. The roughness and dynamic scaling behavior of the Fe-N thin films were studied by atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray scattering. The results indicate that the roughness of the surface increases with increasing sputtering time during the course of magnetron sputtering, and the surface exhibits a fractal characteristic. While the Fe-N films prepared by compound technology—combining magnetron sputtering with plasma based ion implantation are not in agreement with the fractal theory.

Intake, Energy Expenditure and Methane Emissions of Grazing Dairy Cows at Two Pre-Grazing Herbage Masses

A grazing experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of two levels of herbage mass (HM) on herbage DM intake (DMI), fat and protein corrected milk yield (FPCM), grazing behaviour, energy expenditure (HP), and methane emissions (CH4) of grazing dairy cows in spring. Treatments were a low HM (1447 kg DM/ha;LHM) or a high HM (1859 kg DM/ha;HHM). Pasture was composed mainly of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and lucerne (Medicago sativa), offered at a daily herbage allowance of 30 kg DM/cow, above 5 cm. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 2 × 2 Latin Square design in two 10-day periods. Despite the differences in pre-grazing HM between treatments, OM digestibility was not different (P = 0.28). Herbage mass did not affect DMI or FPCM. Grazing time was not different between treatments, but cows had a greater bite rate when grazing on LHM swards. However, HP did not differ between treatments. Daily methane emission (per cow), methane emission intensity (per kg FPCM) and methane yield (as percentage of gross energy intake) were not different. The lack of effect of the amount of pre-grazing HM on energy intake, confirms that the difference between HM treatments was beyond the limits that impose extra energy expenditure during grazing.

Pasture Production and Sheep Behavior in Mixed or Adjacent Monocultures Swards in Different Seasons of the Year

Traditionally,forage is grown in mixed(Mi)or monoculture(Mo)pastures.However,there is currently no evaluation of the advantages of these production systems under tropical conditions.The aim of this study was to evaluate forage production and animal behavior in Mi and Mo pastures containing white clover(Trifolium repens L.),African star(Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst)and Taiwan Napier(Pennisetum purpureum Schumach),using a completely randomized design with two treatments(Mo and Mi)and three repetitions during the four seasons of the year.For each repetition and season,three sheep were evaluated for 8 h/d during three consecutive days.The forage produced in Mo and Mi pastures was similar(p>0.05)during the four seasons of the year.Sheep displayed higher(p<0.01)average daily weight gains(ADG)when grazed on Mi than Mo pastures,particularly during summer,autumn and winter,seasons that corresponded to the higher dry matter intake(DMI)(p<0.05),even though sheep spent more time(p<0.01)grazing on Mo pastures,when compared with spring.It was concluded that there is no advantage in forage production when associations of white clover and two tropical grasses are grown in Mo or Mi pastures.However,heavier sheep are obtained from the later as a result of an increase in forage consumption.

The Space Dissimilation of Stakeholders' Environment Cognitive and Behavior Preference Response in the Area from Returning Fazing Land to Grasslands

The cognition and attitudes of resources environment affect environmental behavior of behavior subject,the changes of attitude and behavior become one of the key factors of influencing harmonious and healthy development of ecological environment. With PRA survey method for obtaining questionnaire data and based on behavior geography and social psychology theory,farming-pastoral,dry grassland,desert grassland, typical project village alpine grassland of returning fazing land to grasslands as an example,with main body cognitive perspective of the aid of resources,the article analyzed space dissimilation of stakeholders environmental cognitive and behavior preference response in the area of returning grazing land to grasslands from ecological environment from policy environment,ecological environment and family economic environment aspects. The results showed that： stakeholders judgment of Grassland degradation in different ecological function area had obvious regularity,the cognitive proportion of Grassland degradation gradually increase from farming-pastora to alpine savanes. The satisfaction from returning grazing land to grasslands showed a changing tendency of reversed U. stakeholders had more strongly negative cognition in the area of dry steppe and desertsteppe. From farming-pastoral to alpine savanes,the economic environment tend to worse situation. Negative environmental behaviors tend to increase,Positive behavior on the contrary.

退牧还草政策下退牧户违规放牧与地方政府监管的演化博弈分析

退牧户违规放牧行为不利于退牧还草政策的可持续实施。违规放牧行为与地方政府监管之间的动态博弈分析能定量化理解二者行为的成本效益边界,有助于制定合理有效的监管对策。从微观主体的收益函数出发,构建地方政府监管与退牧户违规放牧的演化博弈模型,根据复制动态方程分析参与方的行为演化规律及稳定策略,利用Python仿真工具探讨草地有效治理的影响因素。研究发现:(1)在特定条件下,可实现地方政府监管、退牧户不违规放牧的动态均衡;(2)提高违规放牧罚款、增加工程补贴、加大政府监管压力、提高退牧户其他收入,均能有效减少违规放牧;(3)监管成本增加会延缓均衡达成;(4)违规放牧收益增加会延长退牧户达到均衡的时间,但缩短政府达到均衡的时间。基于此,本研究提出加大处罚力度、优化补贴政策、完善监督机制、提供就业培训等建议,为制定遏制违规放牧的政策提供科学依据,促进生态保护与民生福祉协调发展。

减重代谢手术后病人放牧饮食潜在类别的影响因素分析

目的探究减重代谢手术(metabolic and bariatric surgery,MBS)后病人放牧饮食的潜在类别特征,分析不同类别的影响因素。方法采用便利抽样法,选取2024年1月至2024年6月南京医科大学第一附属医院减重代谢外科随访门诊接诊的MBS术后病人作为研究对象。采用基线资料调查表、中文版放牧饮食量表[Rep(eat)-Q]、三因素饮食量表-R21(TFEQ-R21)、中文版抑郁-焦虑-压力量表-21(DASS-21)进行调查。对MBS术后病人的放牧饮食进行潜在类别分析,通过单因素分析和多元logistic回归分析探讨其影响因素。结果共发放236份问卷,回收有效问卷230份,有效回收率为97.5%。其中178例(77.4%)病人存在放牧饮食。MBS术后病人的放牧饮食可分为3个潜在类别,分别为“放牧饮食低风险——均衡型”(48.3%)、“放牧饮食中风险——强迫型”(37.4%)、“放牧饮食高风险——非强迫型”(14.3%)。相比于“放牧饮食中风险——强迫型”,术后时间<12个月、术后时间12~<24个月、失控性进食得分越低的病人归属于“放牧饮食低风险——均衡型”的概率更大(OR=0.256,P=0.003;OR=0.311,P=0.020;OR=1.195,P<0.001);相比于“放牧饮食高风险——非强迫型”,无抑郁、限制性进食得分越高、失控性进食得分越低者归属于“放牧饮食低风险——均衡型”类别的概率更大(OR=0.184,P<0.001;OR=0.670,P<0.001;OR=1.261,P=0.001)。结论MBS术后病人的放牧饮食发生率处于较高水平,并且具有明显的分类特征,医护人员可根据其分类特征及影响因素设计个性化的干预策略。

放牧强度对山羊采食行为的影响

南方地区水热条件好,草地资源丰富且放牧家畜种类和数量较多,为充分利用当地草地资源,促进草畜平衡,本试验研究了我国西南地区人工草地不同牧压下山羊放牧行为的变化。试验采用野外群体观察法对2种牧压(重牧H和轻牧L)下山羊放牧行为及其参数进行观测记录。结果表明,2种牧压下放牧山羊采食时间都极显著(P<0.01)大于其他行为时间;鸭茅、黑麦草、白三叶的采食时间分别占总采食时间的29.2%,29.0%,25.4%,3种牧草的采食时间之和极显著(P<0.01)大于杂草的采食时间,但3种牧草之间无显著差异(P>0.05);随牧压增加与时间推移,山羊采食速度逐渐降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);山羊采食速度与口食量呈现负相关的关系。本研究表明,放牧载畜量作为草地管理手段之一,可用来调控草地组成,增加家畜有效采食量,提高山羊放牧系统的经济效益与当地农民收入。

农户对禁牧政策的行为响应及其影响因素研究——以新疆策勒县为例

以新疆策勒县为例,对当地农牧民在封育禁牧影响下的经济行为响应及其影响因素利用对数线性模型进行定量分析,以研究不同背景条件的农牧民在进行行为选择时的规律性因素。研究表明,农户所属区域及其拥有的资本水平是农户对禁牧行为响应的显著影响因素;农户所属区域及当地的技术服务培训等政策配套水平是农户对禁牧态度的显著影响因素;农牧民畜牧生产观念的转变和草场承包责任制的落实是实施禁牧政策的先决条件。建议政府针对区域及农户的资本差异进行分类补偿;当地政府可整合利用各相关部门的项目资源和资金进行禁牧的政策前期和推广工作。

放牧绵羊牧食行为及采食量研究

在锡林郭勒草原对三种放牧绵羊(蒙古羊、引种羊、杂种羊)进行不同月份的牧食行为观察及采食量测定,结果表明:放牧绵羊9月份的采食时间比例均高于8月份;沙质草地放牧绵羊的采食和游走时间比例低于高平原草地;蒙古羊、引种羊和杂种羊沙质草地的平均采食量分别为1.15kg/d、1.60kg/d和1.35kg/d,高平原草地为1.56kg/d、1.82kg/d和1.71kg/d,分别相差0.41kg/d、0.22kg/d和0.36kg/d。

科尔沁草地不同放牧制度牧食行为研究

2006年7-10月在科尔沁草地研究了不同放牧制度下科尔沁牛的牧食行为。结果表明：科尔沁牛的采食选择性很强,不仅表现在牧草的种类上,还表现在牧草的生长季节上,主要选择那些易消化的植物种类或部位,在两种放牧制度的食谱中狗尾草所占的比例均高于45%。植物种群采食后的平均留茬高度在不同放牧制度和不同月份具有不同的表现,轮牧条件下表现为10月份〉7月份〉8月份〉9月份;自由放牧条件下表现为10月份〉9月份〉8月份〉7月份。不同放牧制度下的采食速率、采食习性、排泄行为不同,轮牧条件下采食时间和采食路线短,采食速率和采食量高,反刍？卧息和站立时间均较长,排粪和排尿次数少。

巴什拜羊春季牧食行为研究

对巴什拜羊春季牧食行为进行24 h的连续观测表明,巴什拜羊昼夜牧食行为活动节律:采食时间263.3±11.2 min,反刍时间298.7±56.0 min,睡眠时间255.6±37.1 min,运动时间391.4±4.6 min,静立时间231±17.0 min。巴什拜羊的日反刍周期数7.22±0.56次,每周期持续时间35.52±5.98 min,全天总食团数265.62±7.40个,每食团咀嚼时间31.31±2.17 min,采食前进速度3.8±1.0 m/s,采食速度60.9±6.3口/s。全天总食团数265.62±7.40个,每食团咀嚼时间31.31±2.17 min,每个食团咀嚼次数42.69±5.67次,与一般绵羊全天逆呕食团及每个食团咀嚼次数差异很大,这可能与巴什拜羊消化机能强有关。巴什拜羊的前进中的采食速度较快。说明草场退化严重以及巴什拜羊的牧食能力较强。

不同放牧强度对牦牛夏季放牧行为的影响

2005-2006年7,8月份在甘肃天祝永丰滩草原研究了不同放牧强度下牦牛的夏季放牧行为.调查发现:采食和饮水时间随放牧强度加重而延长,反刍和游走时间随放牧强度加重而减少,卧息时间变化不大,这是牦牛应对草场放牧强度变化的基本策略.采食时间与放牧强度呈极显著的正相关关系(R>R_(0.01)),回归方程为y=0.92x+7.31;反刍持续时间与放牧强度呈极显著的负相关关系(R>R_(0.01)),回归模型为y=-0.405x+10.31;卧息时间与放牧强度呈极显著的负相关关系(R>R_(0.01)),回归模型为y=-0.08x+2.48;饮水时间与放牧强度呈正相关关系,回归模型为y=0.0925x-0.123;游走和站立时间与放牧强度呈负相关关系,回归模型为y=-0.53x+4.04.

大型溞对栅藻摄食行为及影响因素的研究

了解浮游动物与周围浮游植物的相互关系,对探讨富营养化的生态调控机制,促进水域生态环境的改善具有理论上的指导意义。为此,利用显微镜直接计数法研究了大型溞对栅藻的摄食率及一些影响因素?峁砻鳎?在全暗条件下,大型溞的摄食率要高于全光照条件。不同时刻,大型溞的摄食率也不同,在最初的4h内,大型溞对栅藻的摄食率和滤水速度明显较高,随后的时间内摄食率和滤水速度将显著降低并趋于稳定。随栅藻藻液密度增大,大型溞摄食率增大,但滤水速度减慢。盐度对大型溞的摄食率有一定的影响,在水体盐度为0.1%～0.2%时,大型溞摄食率增加,盐度进一步增大,则对大型溞的摄食产生抑制作用。

松嫩平原人工羊草草地放牧绒山羊牧食行为

选取6只2.5岁体重相近而且健康的内蒙古白绒山羊(羯羊、母羊各3只),置于1hm2人工羊草草地围栏内放牧以观察春、夏、秋、冬四季放牧山羊的行为节律、牧食行为,并计算每天干物质采食量。结果表明:抽穗期羊优先采食草穗,春季过后穗的残余率仅有4.4%;采食速度表现为夏季>秋季>春、冬季(P<0.05);采食时间占方面时间的比例表现为春、秋>冬、夏季。每口采食量的季节变化趋势大体为春、夏、冬>秋季(P<0.05);夏季羊的日采食量最高,其次为春、秋,冬季采食量最低(P<0.05);同一季节内羯羊的日采食量始终高于母羊(P<0.05);春、夏、秋季放牧山羊均有3个进食高峰,分别发生在出牧后约0.5h、午后约0.5h、归牧前2h左右,上午采食量低于下午(P<0.05)。冬季一般上午、下午各一个采食高峰;本试验未发现放牧绒山羊扒食草根的现象,但在卧倒休息或反刍前有扒草、扒土整理休息地的习性,未发现放牧山羊行为节律和采食速度的性别差异。

山地牧道与植被空间异质性研究评述

山地牧道和沿牧道放牧改变植被空间异质性。综合国内外研究进展,将山地牧道的涵义扩展为家畜在山地垂直空间移动的固定路线、放牧往返小道、相对固定的采食路径以及践踏小径等,并总结了山地牧道的形成与分布规律,重点评述了山地牧道与植被空间异质性相互作用机制。山地牧道作为一种线状廊道,为物种扩散提供通道、生境,分割斑块景观,影响植被边界动态,在不同尺度上影响植被空间异质性;家畜沿牧道的选择采食与植被空间异质性相互影响,家畜还通过践踏和排泄改变植被空间异质性;家畜采食、践踏和排泄综合作用于土壤,通过影响土壤异质性间接影响植被的空间分布。山地牧道在动物行为学、放牧生态学研究中具有理论和实践价值,可以为监测植被退化、控制载畜量提供依据。

基于3S技术的绵羊牧食行为与草地环境相互作用研究

研究绵羊牧食的时空分布特征可为草畜管理及合理利用草地资源提供科学依据。本文以内蒙古典型荒漠化草原区的主要牲畜细毛绵羊为研究对象,通过GPS项圈获取不同载畜率条件下绵羊的时空分布信息和遥感获取的植被数据,利用空间分析技术和选择性指数方法,研究绵羊牧食行为的时空分布特征及其与草地环境间的关系。研究结果表明:绵羊行走距离夏季大于秋季,且不同载畜率条件下行走距离呈现轻度放牧<中度放牧<重度放牧的特征。地形对绵羊牧食的影响表现为,选择性指数平地>斜缓坡>斜坡,不同地形选择性指数之间的差异夏季小于秋季。在上午5:30—8:30和下午16:00—17:30时间段内,绵羊的活动区域有差异,上午集中在样地北半部活动,而下午在南半部即归牧地附近活动。植被盖度对绵羊行为没有显著影响,只有在植被盖度非常低、地表裸露的区域,绵羊才会有避食行为产生。在长期不同载畜率绵羊放牧影响下,荒漠草原植被盖度随着载畜率的增加呈递减趋势。因此,在放牧管理时,可以考虑因地形和季节的不同调整饮水及收牧管理,这可以改变绵羊的时空分布,减少在退化草地的牧食频率。

草场禁牧政策下的农民放牧行为研究——以宁夏盐池县的调查为例

在政府全面禁牧的政策措施下,农民从其经济利益出发,开辟了违规放牧的新途径并取得了收入增加的效果,从而导致了政府干预的无效。所以要改变农民的行为,达到草场保护,就必须对其行为的动机进行分析,从其需要出发进行探讨。

基于三轴加速度传感器的放牧羊只牧食行为研究

内蒙古自治区草地资源丰富,养羊业为自治区的主要畜牧业,通过对放牧羊只牧食行为的识别并结合GPS监测其牧食路径,可为估测放牧区域采食量分布、放牧规划和草畜平衡的研究提供理论依据。本文采用三轴加速度传感器,设计了放牧羊只牧食行为数据无线采集系统,自动采集羊只牧食的三轴加速度数据,并建立羊只牧食行为识别的BP神经网络模型、全连接深度神经网络模型和卷积神经网络模型,实现对羊只采食、咀嚼、反刍3种牧食行为的分类识别。在内蒙古自治区四子王旗白音朝克图镇半荒漠化草场的试验结果表明,BP神经网络模型、全连接深度神经网络模型和卷积神经网络模型对羊只牧食行为的平均识别率分别为83.1%、89.4%和93.8%,其中卷积神经网络模型的识别精度最高,能够满足羊只牧食行为分类识别的要求。