The effects of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) for the suppression of methane gas emissions from sediment were examined using a laboratory-scale reactor system. Methane gas emissions from acetate were suppressed by ...The effects of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) for the suppression of methane gas emissions from sediment were examined using a laboratory-scale reactor system. Methane gas emissions from acetate were suppressed by approximately 36% from control based on the installation of a BES in which carbon-graphite electrodes were buried in sediment and arbitrarily set at certain oxidative potentials (+300 mV vs Ag/AgCl) using a potentiostat. Meanwhile, methane gas emissions increased in the BES reactor where the electrode potential was set at -200 mV. Results obtained from pyrotag sequencing analysis of the microbial community on the surface of the buried electrodes targeting 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that the genusGeobacterhad drastically propagated in a sample from the reactor where the electrodes were buried. Quantitative analysis of 16S rRNA genes of archaea also revealed that the archaeal population had decreased to approximately 1/6 of its original level on the electrode of the BES set at +300 mV. This implied that the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the sediment was raised to the inhibition level for methanogenesis in the vicinity of the buried electrode. Analysis of electron flux in the experiment revealed that electrons intrinsically used for methanogenesis were recovered via current generation in the sediment where a potential of +300 mV was set for the electrode, although most electrons donated from acetate were captured by oxygen respiration and other electron-accepting reactions. These results imply that BES technology is suitable for use as a tool for controlling re-dox-dependent reactions in natural environments, and that it also brought about changes in the microbial population structure and methanogenic activity in sediment.展开更多
目前,国际上用于温室气体(GHG,green house gas)减排影响研究的能源-经济-环境系统综合评价模型的主要建模思路,是在一个模型中同时融合自底向上的部门分析与自顶向下的宏观分析,构建混合模型.其中的难点是如何在一个模型里能够将2种思...目前,国际上用于温室气体(GHG,green house gas)减排影响研究的能源-经济-环境系统综合评价模型的主要建模思路,是在一个模型中同时融合自底向上的部门分析与自顶向下的宏观分析,构建混合模型.其中的难点是如何在一个模型里能够将2种思路协调一致.较详细地介绍构建混合模型的3种主流方法:1)在完整的自底向上的能源系统模型的基础上添加一个简单的宏观经济模块;2)在一个自顶向下的宏观经济模型之内,对能源生产部门采用自底向上的技术描述;3)将2种思路的模型使用几个变量联接起来构建混合模型,每个模型独自运转.通过这3种思路的对比分析,认为遵循第3种思路构建的混合模型应用范围更广泛,能够用于分析复杂的能源系统问题,例如GHG减排的影响及能源系统发展战略选择等.展开更多
秸秆还田和氮肥施用是影响稻田土壤固碳潜力和温室气体排放的重要农作措施。通过研究油菜秸秆全量还田并配合施入不同量氮肥(150、225、300 kg·hm^(-2)和375 kg·hm^(-2))对稻田土壤固碳量和温室气体排放的影响,评估综合增温潜...秸秆还田和氮肥施用是影响稻田土壤固碳潜力和温室气体排放的重要农作措施。通过研究油菜秸秆全量还田并配合施入不同量氮肥(150、225、300 kg·hm^(-2)和375 kg·hm^(-2))对稻田土壤固碳量和温室气体排放的影响,评估综合增温潜势,对分析秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田固碳效果有重要作用。结果表明,与单施氮肥和单施秸秆处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥显著增加土壤固碳量,秸秆配施氮肥处理固碳量最高值为147.74 kg·hm^(-2),比单施氮肥处理平均高出38%。在降低温室效应方面,与单施氮肥相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著降低N_2O的累积排放量;与单一秸秆还田处理相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著提高水稻产量,降低CO_2的累积排放量,但在一定程度上增加了CH_4的排放。秸秆配施氮肥处理的温室气体强度和综合温室效应分别为0.372、5 394.22 kg CO_2-eq·hm^(-2),显著低于单施氮肥处理的0.630、9 339.94 kg CO_2-eq·hm^(-2),以及单一秸秆还田处理的0.816、9 872.2 kg CO_2-eq·hm^(-2),因此,秸秆还田配施氮肥是降低温室气体排放强度、减缓净温室效应的有效措施。展开更多
Climate change is temperature inversion as a result of the stratospheric ozone depletion.This depletion is caused by Ozone Depleting Substances(ODS)having high Ozone Depleting Potentials(ODP)such as chloric fluorocarb...Climate change is temperature inversion as a result of the stratospheric ozone depletion.This depletion is caused by Ozone Depleting Substances(ODS)having high Ozone Depleting Potentials(ODP)such as chloric fluorocarbons and hydrochloric fluorocarbons(used as refrigerant coolant in refrigerators,air conditioners etc.), nitrogen tetrafluoride(in plasma screen),and green house effect,all these caused by the accumulation of green house gases(GHG)in the atmosphere such as展开更多
This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of...This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of the Life Cycle As-sessment (LCA) methodology. Results declare that, depending on the systems characteristics, there are numerous envi-ronmental advantages, but also some disadvantages can be expected. In addition, the significance of the manufac-turing process of the FC, more specifically the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type, in terms of environmental impact is presented. Finally, CIEMAT’s role in HYCHAIN European project, consisting of supporting early adopters for hydrogen FCs in the transport sector, is展开更多
Above Ground Biomass is one of the six pools identified in the inventory of forest resources and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks from the forestry sector. The pool varies by management practices in di...Above Ground Biomass is one of the six pools identified in the inventory of forest resources and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks from the forestry sector. The pool varies by management practices in different agro-ecological or agro-climatic zones in forests. The quantification of above ground biomass (AGB) hence carbon sequestration in forests has been very difficult due to the immense costs required. This research was done to estimate AGB using ALOS PALSAR L band data (HH, HV polarisation) acquired in 2009 in relation with ground measurements data in Kericho and Aberdares ranges in Kenya. Tree data information was obtained from ground measurement of DBH and tree heights in 100 circular plots of 15 m radius, by use of random sampling technique. ALOS PALSAR image is advantageous for its active microwave sensor using L-band frequency to achieve cloud free imageries, and the ability of long wavelength cross-polarization to estimate AGB accurately for tropical forests. The variations result between Natural and plantation forest for measured and estimated biomass in Kericho HV band regression value was 0.880 and HH band was 0.520. In Aberdare ranges HV regression value of 0.708 and HH band regression value of 0.511 for measured and estimated biomass respectively. The variations can be explained by the influence of different management regimes induced human disturbances, forest stand age, density, species composition, and trees diameter distribution. However, further research is required to investigate how strong these factors affect relationship between AGB and Alos Palsar backscatters.展开更多
Climate change impacts on Earth’s atmosphere have caused drastic changes in the environment of most regions of the world. The Middle East region ranks among the worst affected of these regions. This has taken forms o...Climate change impacts on Earth’s atmosphere have caused drastic changes in the environment of most regions of the world. The Middle East region ranks among the worst affected of these regions. This has taken forms of increasing atmospheric temperatures, intensive heat waves, decreased and erratic precipitation and general decline in water resources;all leading to frequent and longer droughts, desertification and giving rise to intensive and recurrent (SDS). The present conditions have led to increasing emissions of (GHG) in the earth atmosphere. All future projections especially those using (IPCC) models and emission scenarios indicate that the Middle East will undergo appreciable decrease in winter precipitation with increasing temperature until the end of this century both of which are inductive to increased dryness and desertification. Iraq as one of the countries of this region and due to its geographical location, its dependence mostly on surface water resources originating from neighboring countries, long years of neglect and bad land management put it in the most precarious and unstable position among the other countries of the region. Modelling studies have shown that Iraq is suffering now from excessive dryness and droughts, increasing loss of vegetation cover areas, increasing encroachment of sand dunes on agricultural lands, in addition to severe and frequent (SDS). These negative repercussions and their mitigations require solutions not on the local level alone but collective cooperation and work from all the countries of the region.展开更多
Presently the world faces what most likely will be the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced.Climate change is a phenomenon,or rather a set of phenomena,that directly influences the daily lives of human populatio...Presently the world faces what most likely will be the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced.Climate change is a phenomenon,or rather a set of phenomena,that directly influences the daily lives of human populations all over the planet.However,this influence normally negative also affects ecosystems,with emphasis on agroforestry systems,of which human populations are directly dependent on food and in a large number of primary raw materials.It is with this premise as a starting point that this work makes an analysis on the current state of climate change in Portugal,since,being a country of Mediterranean climate influence,it should be one of the territories where changes will be felt with more intensity and severity.In this work,the current position on energy production in Portugal regarding Green House Gases(GHGs)emissions and the evolution prospects for the near future,namely in the perspective of the impacts caused on forest resources,are discussed.展开更多
文摘The effects of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) for the suppression of methane gas emissions from sediment were examined using a laboratory-scale reactor system. Methane gas emissions from acetate were suppressed by approximately 36% from control based on the installation of a BES in which carbon-graphite electrodes were buried in sediment and arbitrarily set at certain oxidative potentials (+300 mV vs Ag/AgCl) using a potentiostat. Meanwhile, methane gas emissions increased in the BES reactor where the electrode potential was set at -200 mV. Results obtained from pyrotag sequencing analysis of the microbial community on the surface of the buried electrodes targeting 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that the genusGeobacterhad drastically propagated in a sample from the reactor where the electrodes were buried. Quantitative analysis of 16S rRNA genes of archaea also revealed that the archaeal population had decreased to approximately 1/6 of its original level on the electrode of the BES set at +300 mV. This implied that the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the sediment was raised to the inhibition level for methanogenesis in the vicinity of the buried electrode. Analysis of electron flux in the experiment revealed that electrons intrinsically used for methanogenesis were recovered via current generation in the sediment where a potential of +300 mV was set for the electrode, although most electrons donated from acetate were captured by oxygen respiration and other electron-accepting reactions. These results imply that BES technology is suitable for use as a tool for controlling re-dox-dependent reactions in natural environments, and that it also brought about changes in the microbial population structure and methanogenic activity in sediment.
文摘目前,国际上用于温室气体(GHG,green house gas)减排影响研究的能源-经济-环境系统综合评价模型的主要建模思路,是在一个模型中同时融合自底向上的部门分析与自顶向下的宏观分析,构建混合模型.其中的难点是如何在一个模型里能够将2种思路协调一致.较详细地介绍构建混合模型的3种主流方法:1)在完整的自底向上的能源系统模型的基础上添加一个简单的宏观经济模块;2)在一个自顶向下的宏观经济模型之内,对能源生产部门采用自底向上的技术描述;3)将2种思路的模型使用几个变量联接起来构建混合模型,每个模型独自运转.通过这3种思路的对比分析,认为遵循第3种思路构建的混合模型应用范围更广泛,能够用于分析复杂的能源系统问题,例如GHG减排的影响及能源系统发展战略选择等.
文摘秸秆还田和氮肥施用是影响稻田土壤固碳潜力和温室气体排放的重要农作措施。通过研究油菜秸秆全量还田并配合施入不同量氮肥(150、225、300 kg·hm^(-2)和375 kg·hm^(-2))对稻田土壤固碳量和温室气体排放的影响,评估综合增温潜势,对分析秸秆还田配施氮肥对稻田固碳效果有重要作用。结果表明,与单施氮肥和单施秸秆处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥显著增加土壤固碳量,秸秆配施氮肥处理固碳量最高值为147.74 kg·hm^(-2),比单施氮肥处理平均高出38%。在降低温室效应方面,与单施氮肥相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著降低N_2O的累积排放量;与单一秸秆还田处理相比,秸秆配施氮肥处理显著提高水稻产量,降低CO_2的累积排放量,但在一定程度上增加了CH_4的排放。秸秆配施氮肥处理的温室气体强度和综合温室效应分别为0.372、5 394.22 kg CO_2-eq·hm^(-2),显著低于单施氮肥处理的0.630、9 339.94 kg CO_2-eq·hm^(-2),以及单一秸秆还田处理的0.816、9 872.2 kg CO_2-eq·hm^(-2),因此,秸秆还田配施氮肥是降低温室气体排放强度、减缓净温室效应的有效措施。
文摘Climate change is temperature inversion as a result of the stratospheric ozone depletion.This depletion is caused by Ozone Depleting Substances(ODS)having high Ozone Depleting Potentials(ODP)such as chloric fluorocarbons and hydrochloric fluorocarbons(used as refrigerant coolant in refrigerators,air conditioners etc.), nitrogen tetrafluoride(in plasma screen),and green house effect,all these caused by the accumulation of green house gases(GHG)in the atmosphere such as
文摘This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of the Life Cycle As-sessment (LCA) methodology. Results declare that, depending on the systems characteristics, there are numerous envi-ronmental advantages, but also some disadvantages can be expected. In addition, the significance of the manufac-turing process of the FC, more specifically the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type, in terms of environmental impact is presented. Finally, CIEMAT’s role in HYCHAIN European project, consisting of supporting early adopters for hydrogen FCs in the transport sector, is
文摘Above Ground Biomass is one of the six pools identified in the inventory of forest resources and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks from the forestry sector. The pool varies by management practices in different agro-ecological or agro-climatic zones in forests. The quantification of above ground biomass (AGB) hence carbon sequestration in forests has been very difficult due to the immense costs required. This research was done to estimate AGB using ALOS PALSAR L band data (HH, HV polarisation) acquired in 2009 in relation with ground measurements data in Kericho and Aberdares ranges in Kenya. Tree data information was obtained from ground measurement of DBH and tree heights in 100 circular plots of 15 m radius, by use of random sampling technique. ALOS PALSAR image is advantageous for its active microwave sensor using L-band frequency to achieve cloud free imageries, and the ability of long wavelength cross-polarization to estimate AGB accurately for tropical forests. The variations result between Natural and plantation forest for measured and estimated biomass in Kericho HV band regression value was 0.880 and HH band was 0.520. In Aberdare ranges HV regression value of 0.708 and HH band regression value of 0.511 for measured and estimated biomass respectively. The variations can be explained by the influence of different management regimes induced human disturbances, forest stand age, density, species composition, and trees diameter distribution. However, further research is required to investigate how strong these factors affect relationship between AGB and Alos Palsar backscatters.
文摘Climate change impacts on Earth’s atmosphere have caused drastic changes in the environment of most regions of the world. The Middle East region ranks among the worst affected of these regions. This has taken forms of increasing atmospheric temperatures, intensive heat waves, decreased and erratic precipitation and general decline in water resources;all leading to frequent and longer droughts, desertification and giving rise to intensive and recurrent (SDS). The present conditions have led to increasing emissions of (GHG) in the earth atmosphere. All future projections especially those using (IPCC) models and emission scenarios indicate that the Middle East will undergo appreciable decrease in winter precipitation with increasing temperature until the end of this century both of which are inductive to increased dryness and desertification. Iraq as one of the countries of this region and due to its geographical location, its dependence mostly on surface water resources originating from neighboring countries, long years of neglect and bad land management put it in the most precarious and unstable position among the other countries of the region. Modelling studies have shown that Iraq is suffering now from excessive dryness and droughts, increasing loss of vegetation cover areas, increasing encroachment of sand dunes on agricultural lands, in addition to severe and frequent (SDS). These negative repercussions and their mitigations require solutions not on the local level alone but collective cooperation and work from all the countries of the region.
文摘Presently the world faces what most likely will be the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced.Climate change is a phenomenon,or rather a set of phenomena,that directly influences the daily lives of human populations all over the planet.However,this influence normally negative also affects ecosystems,with emphasis on agroforestry systems,of which human populations are directly dependent on food and in a large number of primary raw materials.It is with this premise as a starting point that this work makes an analysis on the current state of climate change in Portugal,since,being a country of Mediterranean climate influence,it should be one of the territories where changes will be felt with more intensity and severity.In this work,the current position on energy production in Portugal regarding Green House Gases(GHGs)emissions and the evolution prospects for the near future,namely in the perspective of the impacts caused on forest resources,are discussed.
