Extraction Process of Green Pigment from Leaves of Arctium lappa L. by Ultrasound Assisted Method and Its Stability Study

[Objectives] The research aimed to extract green pigment from leaves of Arctium lappa L. and inspect its stability. [Methods] Ultrasound assisted method was used. [Results] Water bath temperature had little impact on green pigment, and Al^(3+), Cu^(2+), Mg^(2+) and Zn^(2+) in metal ions greatly affected green pigment, while Fe^(3+) had very little impact on the stability of green pigment. pH did not basically affect green pigment of A. lappa L. [Conclusions] The extraction rate and stability of green pigment from leaves of A. lappa L. were higher, and it was one of materials suitable for extracting green pigment.

Antioxidant Activity of Pigment Extracted from Green-Wheat-Bran

The anthocyanin pigment extracted from green-wheat-bran was studied to identify its antioxidant activity.The antioxidant activities of the pigment were evaluated by anti-lipid peroxidation,total antioxidant activity （TAA）,superoxide anion radical scavenging activity （SARSA）,active oxygen scavenging activity （AOSA）,and DPPH （1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl free radical） radical scavenging activity.The results showed that the pigment had higher antioxidant activity and TAA,SARSA,AOSA and DPPH.scavenging activities at a certain concentration than Vc （antiscorbutic vitamin,vitamin C）,and the capacity increased with the increase of pigment concentration.Its TAA was 51.06 U mL-1,1.73 times of Vc,and SARSA 18 025.21 U mL-1,2.26% higher than Vc,and AOSA 3 776.31 U mL-1,1.24 times of Vc.As to the DPPH.scavenging activity of the pigment,there was a trend that higher concentration performed higher activity significantly improved with the company of Vc.The pigment showed significant antioxidant activities evaluated by different assays.Results will provide a better understanding on antioxidant activity of green wheat and allow the screening or breeding of green wheat varieties with higher antioxidant activity for food processing.

New clues concerning pigment biosynthesis in green colored fiber provided by proteomics-based analysis

To separate the proteins related to pigment synthesis in green colored fiber （GCF）, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins between green cotton fiber and a white near-isogenic line （NIL）. One differential spot identified as phenylocumaran benzylic ether redutase-like protein （PCBER） was expressed only in GCF, but was not found in white colored fiber （WCF） at any time points. Since PCBER was a key enzyme in lignans biosynthesis, total lignans were extracted from GCF and WCF and their content was determined by using a chromotropic acid spectrophotometric method. The results showed that total lignans content in GCF was significantly higher than that in WCF. The qPCR analysis for two PLR genes associated with lignans biosynthesis showed that the expression level of two genes was much higher in GCF than that in WCF at 24 and 27 days post anthesis （DPA）, which may be responsible for the higher lignans content in GCF. Our study suggested that PCBER and lignans may be responsible for the color difference between GCF and WCF. Additionally, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde （DMACA） staining demonstrated that the pigment in GCF was not proanthocyanidins, and was different from that in brown colored fiber （BCF）. This study provided new clues for uncovering the molecular mechanisms related to pigment biosynthesis in GCF.

Genetic mapping and identification of Lg^(f) loci controlling green fuzz in Upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Naturally colored cotton fiber is environment-friendly but has monotonous color and poor fiber quality.Identification of green fiber or fuzz genes would aid in investigating the biosynthesis of green pigments in cotton fibers. In this study, we established a mapping population and found that the Lg^(f) trait(white lint and green fuzz) from Gossypium hirsutum race latifolium is controlled by an incompletely dominant gene.The Lg^(f) locus was mapped to a 71-kb interval on chromosome 21 containing seven genes, including a transcription factor with similarity to Arabidopsis MYB9. Harboring 13 SNPs and a 4-bp insertion/deletion in its promoter, GhMYB9 was highly up-regulated in the critical period for green pigment development in fuzz. Virus-induced gene silencing of GhMYB9 in a green-fuzz accession of G. hirsutum race latifolium TX-41 conferred white or light green fuzz. These results suggest that GhMYB9 is an important contributor to green pigments in cotton fiber and shed light on the regulatory mechanism controlling green pigmentation.

Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Growth of Eukaryotic Green Algae

Silver nanoparticles,endowed with powerful antimicrobial property,are the most widely used nanomaterial in consumer products,with associated risk of their easy access to environment and freshwater ecosystems by surface runoff.Although toxic effects of nanosilver on bacterial,fungal and mammalian cells have been documented,its impact on algal growth remains unknown.Pithophora oedogonia and Chara vulgaris are predominant members of photosynthetic eukaryotic algae,which form major component of global aquatic ecosystem.Here we report for the first time that nanosilver has significant adverse effects on growth and morphology of these filamentous green algae in a dose-dependent manner.Exposure of algal thalli to increasing concentrations of silver nanoparticles resulted in progressive depletion in algal chlorophyll content,chromosome instability and mitotic disturbance,associated with morphological malformations in algal filaments.SEM micrographs revealed dramatic alterations in cell wall in nanoparticle-treated algae,characterized with cell wall rupture and degradation in Pithophora.Although these observations underscore severe deleterious effects of nanosilver on aquatic environment,the information can also be exploited as a bioengineering strategy to control unwanted and persistent growth of noxious algal weeds that clog the municipal water supply and water channels and produce fouling of water bodies.

Construction of a plasmid for human brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its effect on retinal pigment epithelial cell viability

Several studies have investigated the protective functions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF） in retinitis pigmentosa. However, a BDNF-based therapy for retinitis pigmentosa is not yet available. To develop an efficient treatment for fundus disease, an eukaryotic expression plasmid was generated and used to transfect human 293 T cells to assess the expression and bioactivity of BDNF on acute retinal pigment epithelial-19（ARPE-19） cells, a human retinal epithelial cell line. After 96 hours of co-culture in a Transwell chamber, ARPE-19 cells exposed to BDNF secreted by 293 T cells were more viable than ARPE-19 cells not exposed to secreted BDNF. Western blot assay showed that Bax levels were downregulated and that Bcl-2 levels were upregulated in human ARPE-19 cells exposed to BDNF. Furthermore, 293 T cells transfected with the BDNF gene steadily secreted the protein. The powerful anti-apoptotic function of this BDNF may be useful for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa and other retinal degenerative diseases.

薄层色谱法分离菠菜色素实验的绿色改进

薄层色谱法(TLC)是一种快速分离和定性分析少量物质的常用实验技术,在原有薄层色谱法分离菠菜色素的实验中,所选择的展开剂中使用大量一类致癌物苯,实验过程中经常出现斑点拖尾、色素点分离不清晰等问题.为了避免使用致癌物苯且优化实验效果,选择非极性溶剂石油醚、正己烷、环己烷和极性溶剂乙醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮多次组合进行薄层色谱分离菠菜色素实验,结果显示:当展开剂为正己烷-丙酮体积比为7:3时分离效果最好,胡萝卜素、脱镁叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶黄素的Rf值分别为0.92,0.85,0.42,0.28,0.72,色素斑点完整、清晰度好.对该实验方法进行验证,结果显示其重现性和耐用性良好.

植物多酚对核桃青皮色素染发性能的影响

核桃青皮色素作为一种天然植物染料,着色力差,应用受限。本文选用六种天然植物多酚(没食子酸、单宁酸、阿魏酸、绿原酸、鞣花酸和儿茶素),研究其对核桃青皮色素染发性能的影响。在此基础上,以核桃青皮色素主要呈色物质胡桃醌为研究对象,探究有助染性的多酚与胡桃醌协同染发时的动力学模型,并通过分子对接技术阐明胡桃醌、多酚和人发角蛋白三者间的相互作用。结果表明:没食子酸、单宁酸、阿魏酸和绿原酸对核桃青皮色素染发有助染性,并能提高染发色牢度,且不会对头发毛鳞片结构造成破坏;与核桃青皮色素单独染发相比,四种多酚协同核桃青皮色素染发后,头发的抗紫外线性能和断裂强度有所下降,但仍高于未染头发。胡桃醌在头发上的吸附过程不符合动力学模型,加入没食子酸、单宁酸和阿魏酸后符合准二级动力学模型。此外,绿原酸加入后使分子间结合能力增强,单宁酸加入后分子间结合能力变弱,没食子酸、阿魏酸和绿原酸的加入增加了分子间氢键总数。该研究可为天然核桃青皮染发剂的开发提供理论参考。

基础色谱实验教学一体化改革的实践与思考——绿叶色素的分离:纸上色谱、薄层色谱与柱色谱

以“绿叶色素的分离”为主题,贯通纸上色谱、薄层色谱和柱色谱三方面实验内容,帮助学生建立复杂物质分离分析的基本思路和基本方法。同时,引入探究性方案设计教学方法和线上线下混合式教学手段,在教学过程中融入名人大家思政教学元素,完成了基础色谱实验的综合探究性改革。经多轮课程实践验证,改革后的实验不仅培养了学生更全面掌握复杂物质分离分析的方法和技能,还促进了科研思维能力的提升。

智化寺明代彩画绿色颜料的检测、分析与复原

智化寺始建于明正统初年,明清至今经历数次修缮,现存主要建筑的内檐梁枋彩画及天花彩画保存完整,具有典型的明代特点。本文结合文献研究和纹饰分析,选取八处具有代表性的明代彩画,继而分析其绿色颜料的使用情况。借助拉曼光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪及透反射偏光显微镜三种技术检测仪器,揭示智化寺明代彩画人工合成氯铜矿的普遍使用现状、氯铜矿与铅白的调合方式及氯铜矿的元素存在类型,同时结合文献与实物推测槐花罩染氯铜矿的可能性,并进行彩画复原实践。

绿色颜料光谱相似度分析与识别区分研究

绿色颜料常被用于丛林伪装中,本文通过2种光谱相似度评价方法比较了铬绿、碱性品绿、茜素绿、铁绿、蓝色(钴蓝、群青、磺化酞菁钴、酞菁蓝、铁蓝)与黄色颜料(铋黄、铁黄)混合物等10种常用的绿色系颜料与植物叶片的相似度。其中铬绿颜料与植物叶片的相似度最高,分波段相似度均较好。通过光谱一阶微分法对颜料种类进行区分,与植物相似度高的铬绿颜料可通过光谱识别指数方法加以识别。光谱识别指数方法可以快速地提取目标信息,大大提高识别的速度。

莲蓬色素对丝织物的染色性能

为促进低值农产品废弃物的再生利用,研究了莲蓬色素对丝织物的染色性能。采用不同温度、不同料液比对莲蓬色素进行提取,并对桑蚕丝素绉缎采取无媒染、绿矾预媒染、绿矾二次媒染3种不同的染色方案开展试验,最后检测染色织物的明度值L^(*)、红绿值a^(*)、黄蓝值b^(*)、色彩饱和度c^(*)并进行分析。结果表明:莲蓬色素在无媒染剂作用下染桑蚕丝素绉缎,当温度低于80℃时上染百分率极低,温度为98℃时可染得明亮的黄棕色;使用绿矾作为媒染剂,温度在60℃时便可获得理想的染色效果,且温度越高,染得的颜色越深浓,但会降低织物的色彩饱和度;绿矾二次媒染比预媒染更易获得深浓的色彩。

一株产绿色素放线菌筛选与性质研究

采用稀释涂布平板法对土壤中的产绿色素放线菌进行分离纯化,并对该菌株进行了形态观察,然后利用生理生化的方法对所产生物量及色素随时间的变化和所产绿色素的性质进行了初步研究。结果发现菌株G-2300,对细菌、霉菌,酵母菌等均无明显抑菌作用;在10~20 h这一时间段内产生的生物量最多;在40~50 h这一时间段内,绿色素增加速率最大;所产绿色素的最大吸收波长为226 nm;易溶于水,而不易溶于乙醇,丙酮,乙酸乙酯有机溶剂;当pH在2~8之间时,色素的稳定性保持相对稳定,当pH值大于8时,色素稳定性发生急剧的变化;色素在紫外线的照射下,随着时间的推移,该色素的稳定性越差,储存时避免紫外线的照射;该色素在Na^(+)存在的环境中,Na^(+)对色素的稳定性有一定的影响,但并不是很大,Na^(+)对该色素有一定的增色效应;Mg^(2+)、K^(+)对该色素稳定性的影响相对较小,Na^(+)对色素的稳定性有一定影响,但并不是很大,Ba^(2+)、Ca^(2+)对该色素稳定性的影响相对较大,储存时避免与Ba^(2+)和Ca^(2+)相遇;温度对该色素的稳定性影响较大,适合在恒温下保存;H_(2)O_(2)和Na_(2)SO_(3)对色素的稳定性有一定的影响。

柑橘溃疡病菌胁迫对海南绿橙植株生理指标与抗氧化酶的影响

分析溃疡病菌对海南绿橙植株生长代谢和抗氧化酶系统的影响将有助于研究其在溃疡病菌胁迫下的调控机制,推进抗性品种选育工作。通过盆栽试验,主要研究海南绿橙在溃疡病菌胁迫下的生理代谢变化及关键抗氧化酶的响应。结果表明,溃疡病菌胁迫下,绿橙植株的株高增长量、叶面积均未受到显著影响,但植株鲜重显著下降,且引起绿橙叶片的黄化,其中叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量的下降幅度分别为74.09%、81.75%。在溃疡病菌胁迫的0~72 h,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和叶片细胞中的丙二醛(MDA)含量均在胁迫24 h时达到高峰,分别是胁迫前的6.15、5.08、5.60倍,以上指标均高于空白对照;冗余分析(RDA)显示,酶活的变化量与各生理指标保持着较好的负相关关系。综上,溃疡病菌胁迫主要引起绿橙叶片光合色素含量的降低,影响叶片的光合代谢,而SOD和PAL是绿橙植株应对溃疡病菌侵染时的关键抗氧化酶,研究结果将为海南柑橘抗性育种的定向选择提供理论研究基础。

一株产绿色素放线菌的初步鉴定及其色素稳定性的检测

从天祝县抓喜秀龙乡境内采集的西藏沙棘根际土壤中分离得到一株产绿色素放线菌,初步鉴定其为链霉菌属绿色类群链霉菌,其所产色素为一种水溶性色素,该色素在低浓度H2O2存在时稳定性较好,葡萄糖浓度越高,色素的稳定性越差;蔗糖的存在可以增加色素的色度,低浓度的NaCl能使色素绿色加深,而色素在高浓度NaCl存在时比较稳定,还原剂亚硫酸钠对色素有增色作用且比较稳定.色素在中性或碱性条件下绿色加深,长时间放置后无大的变化,色素在40～60℃能够较长时间保持色度不变.金属离子Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+和Fe2+在短时间内能增加色素的色度,且色素在Mn2+存在时性质比较稳定.

腊八蒜绿变色素的分离提取

通过试验初步确定了提取分离大蒜绿变色素的方法 :体积分数 75 %乙醇提取绿变色素 ,色素经弱阳离子交换树脂CG 5 0 ,sephadexLH 2 0柱层析分离 ,得到了构成绿变色素的蓝色素和黄色素 2条色带 ,两者的最大吸收波长分别为 5 90nm和 440nm。通过试验证明了黄色素为蓝色素转化而来。

四川广元千佛崖石窟绿色颜料分析研究

千佛崖石窟位于广元市城北5㎞嘉陵江东岸,现存54窟、819龛、大小造像7000余身,这些珍贵文化遗产具有极高的艺术及科研价值。2008年由于受到汶川地震的影响,很多彩绘佛造像损毁情况严重,修复工作亟待进行。为此,本研究以四川千佛崖采集的7个样品的绿色颜料为研究对象,利用金相显微分析、偏光显微分析、拉曼光谱分析技术对其进行物象和成分分析。分析结果表明,千佛崖采用的绿色颜料主要为人工合成的氯铜矿和石绿,还有少量的巴黎绿,且处于颜料最外层,应为近代重新修复所施加的;同时,对于碱式氯化铜及其相关物质、石绿、巴黎绿在中国的使用情况及其应用特点进行探讨,以期对后期的保护工作提供借鉴作用。

原料对茶绿色素提取率的影响

分别以鲜茶、杀青叶、干茶为试材,采用四因素四水平正交试验设计对茶绿色素浸提工艺参数进行了系统的研究。试验结果表明,杀青叶是提取茶绿色素最好的原料;采用100%的乙醇,4.5mL∶1g的醇茶比,75℃水浴浸提25min,浸提效果最佳,提取率为31.50%。茶绿色素含有丰富的茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸等有效成分,是一种优良的天然食用色素。

有关蒜泥绿色素形成的反应

本文在前人对洋葱泥红色素形成的研究基础上,研究了与蒜泥绿色素形成有关的物质色素中间体、蒜酶、氨基酸、羰基化合物和色素前体,提出了蒜泥绿色素形成的可能反应。

石楠叶红、绿色素成分比较及抗氧化活性研究

采用多溶剂筛选最佳提取溶剂;以紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法、红外光谱法系统比较石楠红、绿色素成分的差别;同时考察红、绿色素对DPPH·清除能力、还原Fe3+能力和清除·OH自由基能力。结果以90%乙醇和乙酸乙酯-乙醇(1∶1)提取红色素、绿色素效果较好;通过显色反应、紫外光谱、红外光谱鉴别和高效液相色谱分析,基本确定红色素成分为黄酮类,绿色素成分为叶绿素类。抗氧化实验结果表明,在达到最大浓度0.34mg·m L-1时,石楠叶红、绿色素和维生素C对DPPH·清除率依次为79.6%,70.8%,66.9%,红、绿色素对·OH自由基的清除率依次为67.1%,51.2%,且红色素还原Fe3+能力较强。