Estimation of Potential GHG Emission Reduction through Corresponded REDD Plus Activities in Remote Area in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia—Case Study in the Paduran Area

REDD plus activities corresponded in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia and their GHG emission reductions potential were analyzed. Target area is located in a remote area from Pa-langkaraya, Capital of Central Kalimantan Province and consisted of immigrating people mainly from Java Island. In the target area, most of local people conducted unsustainable land use activities (e.g. slash-and-burn agriculture). From analysis of past land use in the target area, there were drastic changes in land use from 1989 after migration began. Natural secondary forest with high density was greatly reduced (2010 levels are approximately 80% of 1996 levels) and converted to cropland and settlement. Also, the reduction in natural secondary forest with high density allowed Melaleuca cajuputi Powell forest to rapidly increase in size (2010 levels are approximately 3.7 times as 1996 levels). Additionally, as marked point, there was an increase in oil palm plantations from 2008 and onwards. From results of land use change in the past, mean annual GHG emissions of 5450 Gg CO2e year-1 had been continued until year 2010. To consider counter-measure for reducing GHG emissions in the target area, the relationship between past land use changes and human activities was analyzed through workshops with stakeholders of 6 different groups (village authorities, forest fire fighting team, members of farmers group, large landowners, workers outside of village and oil palm plantation and mother having small children). The results of the workshops showed that the core problem of unsustainable land use faced by 4 of the 6 groups of stakeholders was the lack of job opportunities (means to earn a living) in the target area. Also, it was learned that core groups considered oil palm plantations is to alleviate the problem and provide a source of alternative income. Furthermore, the workshops indicated that future land use scenario (reference scenario) will be based on income from oil palm plantations and, to prevent such land conversion, counter-measures (REDD plus project scenario) of indirect activities of local people’s lifestyle improvement (e.g. A new forestry system which uses abundant resources of M. cajuputi forest) and reducing pressures on forest resources should be introduced. This study indicated, by implementing REDD plus project in the target area, potential reduction in GHG emissions is quite large and such GHG reduction will be essential as mitigation activities under the new mitigation mechanism, the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) between Indonesia and Japan.

Estimation of Non-CO_2 GHGs Emissions by Analyzing Burn Severity in the Samcheok Fire,South Korea

This study was performed to estimate the emission of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases(GHGs) from biomass burning at a large fire area.The extended methodology adopted the IPCC Guidelines(2003) equation for use on data from the Samcheok forest fire gathered using 30 m resolution Landsat TM satellite imagery,digital forest type maps,and growing stock information per hectare by forest type in 1999.Normalized burn ratio(NBR) technique was employed to analyze the area and severity of the Samcheok forest fire that occurred in 2000.The differences between NBR from pre-and post-fire datasets are examined to determine the extent and degree of change detected from burning.The results of burn severity analysis by dNBR of the Samcheok forest fire area revealed that a total of 16,200 ha of forest were burned.The proportion of the area characterized by a 'Low' burn severity(dNBR below 152) was 35%,with 'Moderate'(dNBR 153-190) and 'High'(dNBR 191-255) areas were at 33% and 32%,respectively.The combustion efficiency for burn severity was calculated as 0.43 for crown fire where burn severity was 'High',as 0.40 for 'Moderate' severity,and 0.15 for 'Low' severity surface fire.The emission factors for estimating non-CO 2 GHGs were separately applied to CO 130,CH 4 9,NO x 0.7 and N 2 O 0.11.Non-CO 2 GHGs emissions from biomass burning in the Samcheok forest fire area were estimated to be CO 44.100,CH 4 3.053,NO x 0.238 and N 2 O 0.038 Gg.

Effect of urban symbiosis development in China on GHG emissions reduction

This paper analyzes current urban symbiosis development and application in China, and then conducts a statistical analysis of the emissions reduction of CO2 and CH4 in relation to recovery of iron and steel scraps, waste paper, and waste plastics from 2011 to 2014 using the greenhouse gas（GHG） emission inventory calculation method provided by the IPCC. Results indicate that the cumulative recovery of renewable resources during China＇s main urban symbiosis development in 2011-2014 was 803.275 Mt, and the amount of iron and steel scraps, waste paper, and waste plastic recovery was the largest, respectively accounting for 62.2%, 18.0%, and 8.2% of total recovery in 2014. In addition, the cumulative emissions reduction of GHGs in relation to recovery of iron and steel scraps, waste paper, and waste plastics in 2011-2014 was27.962 Mt CO2-eq, 954.695 Mt CO2-eq, and 22.502 Mt CO2-eq, respectively, thereby totaling 1005.159 Mt CO2-eq. Results show a remarkable GHG emissions reduction during 2011-2014.

A quantitative comparison and analysis on the assessment indicators of greenhouse gases emission

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases （GHG） emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indi- cators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute （WRI）, the US Energy Information Administration （EIA）, and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center （CDIAC）, the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries （USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia）, and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita （IAEC） is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in indus- trialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.

Comparison of nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions calculations at a Swedish wastewater treatment plant based on water concentrations versus off-gas concentrations

Total nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions from a conventional active sludge process were calculated using a mathematical emission model and dissolved N_2O in the water phase by a N_2O water sensor. Calculated emissions showed good agreement with measured emissions based on concentrations and air?ow in the off-gas ventilation system from the covered process. Various tests for a wide range of potentially affecting parameters indicated robust and reliable emission estimations by the model. Thus, common uncertainties in input data would still provide good emission estimations. Measurements of dissolved N_2O required low maintenance and N_2O emission monitoring based on such measurements might therefore be considered as a signi?cant practical improvement. This would be advantageous especially in non-enclosed wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) otherwise requiring complex off-gas measurements. As the sensor is connected directly to the WWTPs monitoring and control system, emissions calculations could be incorporated.

Nuclear Power Development for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in China

It is a consensus of international community to promote the development of low carbon economy in order to face the challenges of climate change. According to the features of nuclear energy, the greenhouse gas （GHG） emission of nuclear energy chain and other energy chain are compared and analyzed, and the results indicate that the GHG emission of nuclear power chain is the least in all types of power generation. The status of nuclear power development and the potential benefit in GHGs emission reduction by developing nuclear power in China are also analyzed. Active nuclear power development is a smart choice for constructing low-carbon energy structure and for addressing global climate changes in China.

A Review and Economic Analysis of Different Emission Reduction Techniques for Marine Diesel Engines

The maritime industry is currently facing the challenges of adopting new technologies and operational practices with stricter international, national and local rules in order to reduce exhaust gas emissions from ships. The most objective of regulations introduced and presented by the Worldwide Sea Organization such as International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to lessen the commitment shipping makes to worldwide and local discharges. This paper analyzes emissions from marine engines and the process of waste exhaust gas formation and provides a summary of the emission reduction technologies to satisfy MARPOL NOx tier III and EPA tier IV rules. The results showed the possibility of achieving a valuable emission reduction percentage if future diesel engines are equipped with pre-treatment, internal-treatment and/or post-treatment techniques. Economics impact for medium and low speed for category 3 marine diesel engines is also presented.

Classification of Country Patterns in the World Based on Their Levels of Economy and Emission Process of Greenhouse Gases

According to the authoritative data involving social economic indicators and greenhouse gas （GHG） emission from the international universal database, the levels and processes of economic development and GHG emission in major economic groups, nations and regions of the world are simultaneously analyzed. Obtaining Gross Domestic Product （GDP） and emission per capita from various countries and regions in the past 40 years as the standard, countries and regions in the world are divided into six groups： countries with low emission per capita and low economic level （IA）, countries with low emission per capita and medium economic level （IIA）, countries with low emission per capita and high economic level （IIIA）, countries with high emission per capita and medium economic level （liB）, countries with high emission per capita and high economic level （IIIB）, countries with high emission per capita and low economic level （IB）. Countries belong to IB are quite rare in the study period, while the first five groups correspond to the poor regions, main developing countries, economically transitional countries with rapid economic development, rich islands and developed North America and Europe respectively. Data analysis shows that there is a close relationship between emission and economic development of different countries and regions. The composition relationship between economic development of different countries and regions is relatively stable over a long period of time. From 1970 to 2005, rising trends existed in the economic development of most countries and regions. However, the emission had a significant increase in a small part of countries and regions. In other words, for those with high emission, the emission level is always high. But for those with low GHG emission, the emission does not increase too much. The main processes of the change of countries pattern from IA to IIA and from II B to IIIB, occurring in the 1970s and from the late 1970s to the 1980s respectively. That result has .a significant enlightening effect in understanding the relationship between emission and eco- nomic development and its historical process of various countries and in choosing the position of our country in the future climate diplomatic negotiations.

Optimal scenario balance of reduction in costs and greenhouse gas emissions for municipal solid waste management

To reduce carbon intensity, an improved management method balancing the reduction in costs and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions is required for Tianjin's waste management system. Firstly, six objective functions, namely, cost minimization, GHG minimization, eco-efficiency minimization, cost maximization, GHG maximization and eco-efficiency maximization, are built and subjected to the same constraints with each objective function corresponding to one scenario. Secondly, GHG emissions and costs are derived from the waste flow of each scenario. Thirdly, the range of GHG emissions and costs of other potential scenarios are obtained and plotted through adjusting waste flow with infinitely possible step sizes according to the correlation among the above six scenarios. And the optimal scenario is determined based on this range. The results suggest the following conclusions. 1) The scenarios located on the border between scenario cost minimization and GHG minimization create an optimum curve, and scenario GHG minimization has the smallest eco-efficiency on the curve; 2) Simple pursuit of eco-efficiency minimization using fractional programming may be unreasonable; 3) Balancing GHG emissions from incineration and landfills benefits Tianjin's waste management system as it reduces GHG emissions and costs.

Assessing the Impacts of Final Demand on CO₂-eq Emissions in the Mexican Economy: An Input-Output Analysis

The aim of this paper is to analyze the Mexican energy system and its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the year 2012 and to estimate a baseline scenario for 2026 using an input-output analysis. The elasticity of emissions with respect to national demand is calculated in order to identify the total and distributed effects of CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions. In this framework, the analysis evaluates the effects in the economy related to changes in individual sector demands, and, vice versa, the effect on individual sectors due to global changes in national demands. Results show that passenger and freight transport, power generation, iron and steel industry, chemical industry, air transportation and agriculture concentrate the largest potential for mitigation strategies, and also have important distributive effects on the Mexican economy. Results are evaluated under the mitigation strategies of industrial sector proposed by the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC.

The Contribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Future Acid Rain in States of Gulf Cooperation Council: Measures to Adopt

Air pollution is one of the serious problems facing the world. This is mainly due to production and consumption of fossil fuels. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions could affect human health and destroy vegetation through acid deposition and cause transboundary air pollution. Currently, there are no regional ambient SO2 and NOx regulations and control measures of many developing countries including GCC countries. This paper reviewed the experiences of the past acid rain pollution problems in United States, Canada, Europe, Japan and China. In addition, the plausible control measures through application of air pollution abatement technologies, market based regulations were discussed. The study recommended that suitable and locally based measures could be adopted by GCC states to prevent future occurrence of acid rain within the region and beyond.

Greenhouses Gases, Carbonyls, and Volatile Organic Compounds Surface Flux Emissions at Three Final Waste Disposal Sites Located in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica

The surface flux emissions for volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) (alcohols and aromatic species), priority carbonyls and greenhouse gases, were measured in three different final disposal sites for urban solid waste located in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, between July and October 2014. The emissions fluxes were determined using the static sampling chamber technique coupled to two different adsorption tubes: active charcoal (Supelco, ORBO 32) to capture BTEX and alcohols;and 2,4-DNPH coated silica gel (SKC, 226-119) for carbonyls. As for the VOCs, the BTEX, Alcohols, and Carbonyls total fluxes were in the range of 3 to 258, 1 to 318 and 0.4 to 8.5 mg/(m2d&#237a), respectively. The magnitudes per site were in the following order La Carpio > El Huaso > Rio Azul. Ethanol and BTEX presented a high correlation in all the cases because possibly they are sharing the same sources or formation mechanisms. The emission fluxes spatial distributions among the sites were very variable and dependent on the location of the active cells and their age. Only La Carpio showed a more homogeneous distribution due to its middle age.

Livestock Demand, Global Land Use Changes, and Induced Greenhouse Gas Emissions

With increasing global population and income, the demand for livestock products continues to grow and is likely to grow in future as well. This raises concerns about the implications of such growth for the environment. A well-known Computable General Equilibrium model (CGE), GTAP- BIO, is used to project the growth of livestock output between 2004 and 2022 and to estimate the land use changes and associated Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Results indicate that the increased livestock output leads to considerable increase in pasture (about 45 million hectares) and decrease in forest area (about 44 million hectares) between 2004 and 2022. Estimated emissions associated with this change are about 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) during 2004-2022 or an annual average of 1.1 billion tons. Results also indicate that a significant portion of the emissions (about 11%) can be reduced if consumer preferences could be altered. In practice, this will require policy interventions that promote substitution of non-ruminant for ruminant meat products.

Comparison of the ＂Global Levy Scheme＂ with the ＂Emissions Trading Scheme＂ to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Shipping Emissions

Climate change is widely recognized as the major environmental problem facing the globe today. One of the most urgent environmental problems facing shipping industry is the reduction of GHG （greenhouse gas） emissions from its operations. Given the growing concern of the international community on ＂the deep reduction of global GHG emissions＂, it cannot be expected that the non-regulation of maritime GHG emissions can further continue. This paper investigates the main challenges and threats of the development of two MBMs （market-based measures） for the reduction of GHG emissions from international shipping, i.e., the ＂global levy scheme on maritime GHG emissions＂ and the ＂maritime emission trading scheme＂. A SWOT （strengths weaknesses opportunities threat） analysis is used, in this survey, to evaluate the environmental effectiveness as well as the easiness of implementation of the two policy options. Moreover, we make apparent their strengths and weaknesses concerning abatement of maritime GHG emissions. Given the fact that the discussion regarding the implementation of some MBMs with maritime GHG-emission reduction potential is still carried out with the exception of EEDI （energy efficiency design index） and SEEMP （ship energy efficiency management plan）, this paper＇s results present special significance, as they could be further analyzed and taken into account during the adoption of any future MBM for the reduction of maritime GHG emissions.

绿色创新是否适应气候变化:中国专利和GHG排放数据的实证

气候变化是全球面临的最大环境挑战,中国根据自身发展的实际情况提出力争在2030年前达到碳高峰,努力争取在2060年前实现碳中和,要想实现该目标就必须减少包含二氧化碳在内的温室气体排放量。考虑到我国经济和能源系统所具有的高碳化特征,绿色创新驱动被认为是实现碳中和目标的重要途径之一,也是我国主动适应气候变化的主要措施之一。现有研究主要分析绿色创新对气候变化的影响,很少研究绿色创新是否适应气候变化的要求。本文基于2000—2017年我国30个省级行政单位的绿色技术专利与GHG数据,通过Logistic模型、负二项式固定效应回归及自回归分布滞后等模型分析了绿色创新对气候变化的适应程度,该适应程度用气候变化对绿色创新的影响程度表示,两者成正相关关系。研究发现:(1)气候变化会诱导绿色创新,但诱发效应较小。尽管CO2EG的影响最大,但也只有0.3%左右。(2)不同GHG排放源对绿色创新的影响程度不同,天然气和煤炭消费产生的碳排放与之成正比,石油和其他GHG与之成反比。(3)区域碳排放水平与绿色技术创新效应成正比。(4)不同来源的投资对绿色技术专利数量的影响具有异质性,私人投资比政府投资更能提升绿色创新的适应程度。最后,从以下几个方面提出了提高绿色创新对气候变化适应程度的若干建议:(1)中央政府应通过减税和补贴等手段刺激地方政府进行绿色创新投资;(2)实行差异化行业创新政策,更加致力于促进旨在减少煤和天然气碳排放的技术研发;(3)加大新能源投资;(4)刺激私人投资,完善投资结构,把有限的私人投资投入到能源和电信等行业,提高私人公共投资的创新效率。

铜产业链GHG排放减量化的探讨

减少GHG排放以应对全球气候变化已成为人类社会的共识.为了探讨铜业GHG排放减量化问题,文中运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,依据ISO14064定量评估标准,选取中国铜工业普遍采用的火法炼铜工艺,并以紫金山金铜矿为例,具体分析1 t铜生产过程GHG排放情况,从产业链与工艺角度来看,采矿、选矿、熔炼、精炼、电解环节中GHG直接和间接排放比率分别为:4.33%、58.62%、32.12%、2.42%、2.42%.其中选矿和熔炼阶段占90.74%.并以此为基础探讨了铜工业GHG排放减量化的有效途径.其主要结论为:采用循环技术,减少直接GHG排放源;构建闭合型铜生态产业链,减少能源间接GHG排放;完善铜静脉产业,减少其他间接GHG排放.

对农业温室气体(GHG)减排潜力的几点看法

[目的]探讨农业温室气体（GHG）减排潜能与可持续发展。[方法]通过引用联合国政府间气候变化委员会评估报告相关数据,从减排技术潜能和减排经济潜能2个方面对农业GHG（主要包括CO2、CH4、N2O）的减排潜力及其影响因素进行分析与评价,并对农业GHG减排技术与前景进行评价与展望。[结果]农业GHG减排大约89%的潜能将来自土壤碳鏊合作用;农业GHG减排成本大约是0~27美元/t CO2-EQ;多数减排方案强调对现有技术的再利用,使其在不同领域得到广泛推广,同时注意加强可行的新型技术的研究与开发。[结论]即使农业GHG的排放与日俱增,但从长远角度看,农业GHG减排的潜力巨大。当前需要关注是,要确定气候变化、可持续性发展、改善环境质量三者的协同作用。

海运温室气体减排市场机制ETS和GHG FUND的比较研究

海运温室气体排放交易机制(ETS)和基金机制(GHG FUND)是用于海运温室气体减排的2个代表性市场机制.为深入了解这2大机制,对其运行机理、减排效果、运行成本,以及新增碳排放成本进行了深度的解剖和定量分析;指出了机制设计中的不确定性以及对发展中国家、不同运输方式间竞争的不公平性.认为现有设计框架下的ETS和GHG FUND机制作为海运业市场减排机制方案并不妥当,海运业应该在寻求技术和营运的措施减排方面做更多的努力.

规模化养殖场沼气工程替代传统模式发电的GHG减排不确定性优化模型

根据沼气发电的现状与特点,运用整数规划和区间线性规划方法,以温室气体最大减排量为目标函数,构建一种基于不确定性方法的温室气体(GHG)减排优化模型.案例分析表明:在满足预投资、运行利润和技术要求等约束条件下,案例温室气体最大减排量为每年211 821.8～247 410.1t二氧化碳当量,比推荐方案提高了11.46%～30.19%.

基于生命周期分析的风电场GHGs减排效益

风电设备生产及风电场建设产生的环境影响备受关注.本研究以中国东南沿海城市某100 MW陆上风电场为例,基于生命周期评价方法,对其风机产品生产制造、运输、风电配套设施建设和运营维护等阶段的环境影响(以温室气体为归一化度量指标)进行了量化分析.研究结果表明,该风电场生命周期温室气体排放总量约为90000 t(以CO2当量计,排放强度为17.8 g/(kW·h)).其中,生产制造阶段占比最大(67.8%),其次为建设施工阶段(19.2%).与其他能源发电方式对比表明,风电温室气体排放强度明显高于水电(以CO2当量计,约3.5 g/(kW·h)),但与光伏发电(以CO2当量计,约50 g/(kW·h))、生物质(以CO2当量计,约200 g/(kW·h))和火力(以CO2当量计,约800 g/(kW·h))等能源方式相比,减排效益显著.