Repositioning fertilizer manufacturing subsidies for improving food security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in China

China removed fertilizer manufacturing subsidies from 2015 to 2018 to bolster market-oriented reforms and foster environmentally sustainable practices.However,the impact of this policy reform on food security and the environment remains inadequately evaluated.Moreover,although green and low-carbon technologies offer environmental advantages,their widespread adoption is hindered by prohibitively high costs.This study analyzes the impact of removing fertilizer manufacturing subsidies and explores the potential feasibility of redirecting fertilizer manufacturing subsidies to invest in the diffusion of these technologies.Utilizing the China Agricultural University Agri-food Systems model,we analyzed the potential for achieving mutually beneficial outcomes regarding food security and environmental sustainability.The findings indicate that removing fertilizer manufacturing subsidies has reduced greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from agricultural activities by 3.88 million metric tons,with minimal impact on food production.Redirecting fertilizer manufacturing subsidies to invest in green and low-carbon technologies,including slow and controlled-release fertilizer,organic-inorganic compound fertilizers,and machine deep placement of fertilizer,emerges as a strategy to concurrently curtail GHG emissions,ensure food security,and secure robust economic returns.Finally,we propose a comprehensive set of government interventions,including subsidies,field guidance,and improved extension systems,to promote the widespread adoption of these technologies.

Scenario analysis on abating industrial process greenhouse gas emissions from adipic acid production in China

Adipic acid is an important petrochemical product,and its production process emits a high concentration of greenhouse gas N_2 O.This paper aims to provide quantitative references for relevant authorities to formulate greenhouse gas control roadmaps.The forecasting method of this paper is consistent with the published national inventory in terms of caliber.Based on the N_2 O abatement technical parameters of adipic acid and the production trend,this paper combines the scenario analysis and provides a measurement of comprehensive N_2 O abatement effect of the entire industry in China.Four future scenarios are assumed.The baseline scenario(BAUS) is a frozen scenario.Three emission abatement scenarios(ANAS,SNAS,and ENAS) are assumed under different strength of abatement driving parameters.The results show that China's adipic acid production process can achieve increasingly significant N_2 O emission abatement effects.Compared to the baseline scenario,by 2030,the N_2 O emission abatements of the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 207-399 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 32.5%-62.6%.By 2050,the N_2 O emission abatements for the three emission abatement scenarios can reach 387-540 kt and the emission abatement ratios can reach 71.4%-99.6%.

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas(CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

The studies and development of coal seam gas（CSG） have been conducted for more than 30 years in China, but few of China＇s CSG projects have achieved large-scale commercial success; faced with the boom of shale gas, some investors are beginning to lose patience and confidence in CSG. China currently faces the following question： Should the government continue to vigorously support the development of the CSG industry？ To provide a reference for policy makers and investors, this paper calculates the EROI_（stnd）[a standardized energy return on investment（EROI） method], EROI_（ide）（the maximum theoretical EROI）, EROI_（3,i）（EROI considering the energy investment in transport）, and EROI_（3,1＋e）（EROI with environmental inputs） of a single vertical CSG well in the Fanzhuang CSG project in the Qinshui Basin. The energy payback time（EPT） and the greenhouse gas（GHG） emissions of the CSG systems are also calculated. The results show that over a 15-year lifetime, EROI_（stnd）, EROI_（ide）, EROI_（3,1）, and EROI_（3,1＋e）are expected to deliver EROIs of approximately11：1, 20：1, 7：1, and 6：1, respectively. The EPT within different boundaries is no more than 2 years, and the life-cycle GHG emissions are approximately 18.8 million kg CO_2 equivalent. The relatively high EROI and short EPT indicate that the government should take more positive measures to promote the development of the CSG industry.

Greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland for municipal sewage treatment

The fluxes of greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide) emission from a constructed wetland in the Eastern China as municipal sewage treatment were measured from June 1999 to August 2000 by the closed chamber method. The constructed wetland for municipal sewage treatment is a significant source of methane, up to 976 6×10 6 g CH 4/a, which was emitted from the constructed wetland with the area of 495000 m 2 and wastewater loading rate of 12000 m 3/d. Its daily mean methane flux reached 5 22 g CH 4/(m 2·d), 250 times as much as that in natural wetland in the same latitude region. 227 8 mg CH 4 was produced from the treatment of 1 liter wastewater, up to 700—1000 times as much as that in the secondary treatment. The emission of nitrous oxide from the constructed wetland is not higher than that from secondary treatment of wastewater, only 0 07 mgN 2O/L.

Effects of Biochar Application on Soil Properties, Plant Biomass Production, and Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Mini-Review

Biochar has been applied extensively as a soil amendment over the past decades. This review summarizes the general findings of the impacts of biochar application on different aspects from soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties, to soil nutrient availabilities, plant growth, biomass production and yield, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and soil carbon sequestration. Due to different biochar pyrolysis conditions, feedstock types, biochar application rates and methods, and potential interactions with other factors such as plant species and soil nutrient conditions, results from those studies are not inclusive. However, most studies reported positive effects of biochar application on soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial activities, plant biomass and yield, and potential reductions of soil GHG emissions. A framework of biochar impacts is summarized, and possible mechanisms are discussed. Further research of biochar application in agriculture is called to verify the proposed mechanisms involved in biochar-soil-microbial-plant interactions for soil carbon sequestration and crop biomass and yield improvements.

Greenhouse gas emissions from Daihai Lake,China:Should eutrophication and salinity promote carbon emission dynamics?

Greenhouse gases(GHGs)emitted or absorbed by lakes are an important component of the global carbon cycle.However,few studies have focused on the GHG dynamics of eutrophic saline lakes,thus preventing a comprehensive understanding of the carbon cycle.Here,we conducted four sampling analyses using a floating chamber in Daihai Lake,a eutrophication saline lake in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,to explore its carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4))emissions.The mean CO_(2)emission flux(FCO_(2))and CH_(4)emission flux(FCH_(4))were 17.54±14.54 mmol/m^(2)/day and 0.50±0.50 mmol/m^(2)/day,respectively.The results indicated that Daihai Lake was a source of CO_(2)and CH_(4),and GHG emissions exhibited temporal variability.The mean CO_(2)partial pressure(p CO_(2))and CH_(4)partial pressure(p CH_(4))were 561.35±109.59μatm and 17.02±13.45μatm,which were supersaturated relative to the atmosphere.The regression and correlation analysis showed that the main influencing factors of p CO_(2)were wind speed,dissolved oxygen(DO),total nitrogen(TN)and Chlorophyll a(Chl.a),whereas the main influencing factors of p CH_(4)were water temperature(WT),Chl.a,nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N),TN,dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and water depth.Salinity regulated carbon mineralization and organic matter decomposition,and it was an important influencing factor of p CO_(2)and p CH_(4).Additionally,the trophic level index(TLI)significantly increased p CH_(4).Our study elucidated that salinity and eutrophication play an important role in the dynamic changes of GHG emissions.However,research on eutrophic saline lakes needs to be strengthened.

Energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions(GHG)analysis of garlic cultivation in Turkey

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of garlic cultivation during the 2020-2021 cultivation season in Adıyaman province of Turkey.Questionnaires,observations and field works were performed in 134 garlic farms in the region through simple random method.In garlic cultivation,energy input was calculated as 32103.20 MJ/hm^(2)and energy output was calculated as 30096 MJ/hm^(2).With regards to the three highest inputs in garlic production,46.66%of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(14979.26 MJ/hm^(2)),11.29%consisted of farmyard manure energy(3625.71 MJ/hm^(2))and 10.48%consisted of human labour energy(3363.36 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy in garlic cultivation were calculated as 0.94,1.71 MJ/kg,0.59 kg/MJ,and−2007.20 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The total energy input consumed in garlic cultivation was classified as 27.19%direct energy,72.81%indirect energy,35.17%renewable energy and 64.87%nonrenewable energy.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 8636.60 kg CO_(2)-eq/hm^(2)and 0.46 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.

Determination of energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in peach production

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in peach production that took place in Kırklareli province of Turkey during the 2020-2021 production season.This study included calculations of energy input,energy output,energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity,net energy,energy input types,GHG emissions and GHG ratio.Survey,observation and data calculations are related to the 2020-2021 production season.The data obtained from the study were collected from 16 different farms(reachable)through face-to-face surveys with full count method.Energy input and energy output were calculated as 19570.58 MJ/hm^(2) and 19471.94 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.With regards to production inputs,55.70% of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(10900.03 MJ/hm^(2)),9.46% consisted of chemicals energy(1852.10 MJ/hm^(2)),9.32% consisted of human labour energy(1823.13 MJ/hm^(2)),7.65% consisted of electricity energy(1497.28 MJ/hm^(2)),6.91% consisted of diesel fuel energy(1351.52 MJ/hm^(2)),4.73% consisted of irrigation water energy(926.10 MJ/hm^(2)),3.43% consisted of machinery energy(671.98 MJ/hm^(2)),1.88% consisted of transportation energy(367.72 MJ/hm^(2)),0.88% consisted of farmyard manure energy(171.80 MJ/hm^(2))and 0.05%consisted of lime energy(8.94 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy were calculated as 0.99,1.91 MJ/kg,0.52 kg/MJ and-98.64 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The consumed total energy input in production was classified as 28.60% direct energy,71.40% indirect energy,14.93% renewable energy and 85.07% non-renewable.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 1683.24 kgCO_(2)-eq/hm^(2) and 0.16 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.

Assessments on emergy and greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engine automobiles and electric automobiles in the USA

Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and environmental problems.This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the life cycle for the internal combustion engine(ICE)and electric automobiles in the USA over the entire assumed fifteen-year lifetime.The hotspots of GHG emissions as well as emergy indices for the major processes of automobile life cycle within the defined system boundaries have been investigated.The potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and emergy in the life cycle of both ICE and electric automobiles were further proposed.Based on the current results,the total GHG emissions from the life cycle of ICE automobiles are 4.48 E+07 kg CO2-e which is320 times higher than that of the electric automobiles.The hotspot area of the GHG emissions from ICE and electric automobiles are operation phase and manufacturing process,respectively.Interesting results were observed that comparable total emergy of the ICE automobiles and electric automobiles have been calculated which were 1.54 E+17 and 2.20 E+17 sej,respectively.Analysis on emergy index evidenced a better environmental sustainability of electric automobiles than ICE automobiles over the life cycle due to its higher ESI.To the authors’knowledge,it is the first time to integrate the analysis of GHG emissions together with emergy in industrial area of automobile engineering.It is expected that the integration of emergy and GHG emissions analysis may provide a comprehensive perspective on eco-industrial sustainability of automobile engineering.

Current status of greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture in China

Aquaculture and mariculture are becoming an increasingly important source of food supply in many countries and regions.However,with the expansion of aquaculture and mariculture comes increasing emissions of greenhouse gases(GHG)which contribute to global warming and climate change.China leads the world in aquaculture and mariculture production,but there are no studies that systematically assess China's overall carbon footprint from these industries.This study quantified GHG emissions from aquaculture and mariculture by four source phases(feed,energy use,nitrous oxide and fertilizers),and then analyzed the carbon footprint of each of these phases for GHG production of nine major species groups over the past ten years to show the spatial distribution of GHG emissions from aquaculture and mariculture in China.Our results showed that the production of feed materials contributed most to the GHG emissions and found that crop energy use,crop land use changes(LUC),fertilizer production,crop nitrous oxide production and rice methane production were the main sources of feed emissions.The total GHG emissions of the nine species groups were 112 Mt(10^(9) kg)CO_(2)e,the nine species accounting for approximately 86%of aquaculture and mariculture production.GHG emissions of cyprinids had the highest contribution at 47%.Spatial analysis based on our study showed Guangdong,Hubei,Jiangsu and Shandong had the highest GHG emissions of all the provinces in this study,and they accounted for approximately 46%of all emissions.The regional Gross Domestic Product(GDP)was significantly positively correlated with GHG emissions in every province,with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.6.Our results showed for the first time the relationship between the relative production by species composition and spatial distribution of GHG emissions from aquaculture and mariculture in China.Our findings provide the scientific basis for reduction of GHG emissions within a broader context of expanding aquaculture in the future.

Human Development Potentials and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Developing World

This analysis suggests that the concept of human development potentials has two dimensions: the rights and limits to human development. This conceptual understanding is supported by results from the empirical examination of the relationship between the demands for carbon emissions and the other elements of human development. As human development in the rich countries is close to its potential

Free-floating bike-sharing green relocation problem considering greenhouse gas emissions

This paper introduces the problem of green bike relocation considering greenhouse gas emissions in free-floating bike-sharing systems(FFBSSs)and establishes a mathematical model of the problem.This model minimizes the total imbalance degree of bikes in the FFBSS and the greenhouse gas emissions generated by relocation in the FFBSS.Before the relocation phase,the FFBSS is divided into multiple relocation areas using a two-layer clustering method to reduce the scale of the relocation problem.In the relocation phase,the relocation route problem is converted into a pickup and delivery vehicle-routing problem.Then,an adaptive variable neighbourhood tabu search algorithm with a three-dimensional tabu list is proposed,which can simultaneously solve the relocation problem and the routing problem.A computational study based on the actual FFBSS used in Shanghai shows that this method can effectively solve the green relocation problem of FFBSSs.

Split Addition of Nitrogen-Rich Substrate at Thermophilic and Mesophilic Stages of Composting: Effect on Green House Gases Emission and Quality of Compost

Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH4, CO2, N2O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and K concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO2 was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH4 was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N2O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.

Greenhouse gas emission analysis and measurement for urban rail transit: A review of research progress and prospects

Rail transit plays a key role in mitigating transportation system carbon emissions.Accurate measurement of urban rail transit carbon emission can help quantify the contribution of urban rail transit towards urban transportation carbon emission reduction.Since the whole life cycle of urban rail transit carbon emission measurement involves a wide range of aspects,a systematic framework model is required for analysis.This research reviews the existing studies on carbon emission of urban rail transit.First,the characteristics of urban rail transit carbon emission were determined and the complexity of carbon emission measurement was analyzed.Then,the urban rail transit carbon emission measurement models were compared and analyzed in terms of the selection of research boundaries,the types of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions calculation,and the accuracy of the measurement.Following that,an intelligent station was introduced to analyze the practical application of digital collaboration technology and energy-saving and carbon-reducing system platforms for rail transit.Finally,the urgent problems and future research directions at this stage were discussed.This research presents the necessity of establishing a dynamic carbon emission factor library and the important development trend of system integration of carbon emission measurement and digital system technology.

Greenhouse gas reduction of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment system for fish-processing industry: A real-scale case study in Indonesia

This study examined the application of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment technology in the fish-processing industry. Given that there was a dearth of information on fish-processing industrial wastewater in Indonesia, site surveys were conducted. For the entire fish-processing industry throughout the country, the dissemination rate of wastewater treatment facilities was less than 50%. Using a co-benefit approach, a real-scale swim-bed technology (SBT) and a system combining an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with SBT (ABR–SBT) were installed in a fishmeal processing factory in Bali, Indonesia, and the wastewater system process performance was evaluated. In a business-as-usual scenario, the estimated chemical oxygen demand load and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater from the Indonesian fish-processing industry were 33 000 tons per year and 220 000 tons of equivalent CO_(2) per year, respectively. On the other hand, the GHG emissions in the co-benefit scenarios of the SBT system and ABR–SBT system were 98 149 and 26 720 tons per year, respectively. Therefore, introducing co-benefit-type wastewater treatment to Indonesia’s fish-processing industry would significantly reduce pollution loads and GHG emissions.

Accounting greenhouse gas emissions of food consumption between urban and rural residents in China: a whole production perspective

Food consumption is necessary for human survival.On a global scale,the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission related to food consumption accounts for 19%–29%of the total GHG emission.China has the largest population in the world,which is experiencing a rapid development.Under the background of urbanization and the adjustment of the diet structure of Chinese residents,it is critical to mitigate the overall GHG emission caused by food consumption.This study aims to employ a single-region input-output(SRIO)model and a multi-regional input-output(MRIO)model to measure GHG emission generated from food consumption in China and compare the contributions of different industrial sectors,uncovering the differences between urban and rural residents and among different provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities),as well as identifying the driving forces of GHG emission from food consumption at a national level.The results indicate that the total GHG emission generated from food consumption in China tripled from 157 Mt CO_(2)e in 2002 to 452 Mt CO_(2)e in 2017.The fastest growing GHG emission is from the consumption of other processed food and meat products.Although GHG emissions from both urban and rural residents increased,the gap between them is increasing.Agriculture,processing and manufacture of food,manufacture of chemical and transportation,storage and post services sectors are key sectors inducing food consumption related GHG emissions.From a regional perspective,the top five emission provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities)include Shandong,Hubei,Guangdong,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu.Based on such results,policy recommendations are proposed to mitigate the overall GHG emission from food consumption.

Excessive greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants by using the chemical oxygen demand standard

Chemical oxygen demand(COD)is widely used as an organic pollution indicator in wastewater treatment plants.Large amounts of organic matter are removed during treatment processes to meet environmental standards,and consequently,substantial greenhouse gases(GHGs)such as methane(CH_(4))are released.However,the COD indicator covers a great amount of refractory organic matter that is not a pollutant and could be a potential carbon sink.Here,we collected and analysed COD data from 86 worldwide municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)and applied a model published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to estimate the emission of CH_(4) due to recalcitrant organic compound processing in China’s municipal wastewater treatment systems.Our results showed that the average contribution of refractory COD to total COD removal was55%in 86 WWTPs.The amount of CH_(4) released from the treatment of recalcitrant organic matter in 2018 could have been as high as 38.22 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent,which amounts to the annual carbon sequestered by China’s wetlands.This suggests that the use of COD as an indicator for organic pollution is undue and needs to be revised to reduce the emission of GHG.In fact,leaving nontoxic recalcitrant organic matter in the wastewater may create a significant carbon sink and will save energy during the treatment process,aiming at carbon neutrality in the wastewater treatment industry.

Shortened Duration of Global Warming Slowdowns with Elevated Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Continuous emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases(GHGs)and aerosols in the last 160 years have resulted in an increasing trend of global mean surface temperatures(GMSTs).Due to interactions with natural variability,rates of the combined anthropogenically and naturally induced warming trends are characterized by significant slowdowns and speedups on decadal timescales.Here,by analyzing observed and model-simulated data,we investigate how the duration of these episodes will change with different strengths of GHG and aerosol forcing.We found that the duration of warming slowdowns can be more than 30 yr with a slower rate of anthropogenic emissions but would shorten to about 5 yr with a higher one.This duration reduction depends on both the magnitude of the climate response to anthropogenic forcing and the strength of the internal variability.Moreover,the warming slowdowns can still occur even towards the end of this century under high emissions scenarios but with significantly shortened duration.

Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China

Petrochemical enterprises have become a major source of global greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Yet,due to the unavailability of basic data,there is still a lack of case studies to quantify GHG emissions and provide petrochemical enterprises with guidelines for implementing energy conservation and emission reduction strategies.Therefore,this study conducted a life cycle assessment(LCA)analysis to estimate the GHG emissions of four typical petrochemical enterprises in China,using first-hand data,to determine possible emission reduction measures.The analytical data revealed that Dushanzi Petrochemical(DSP)has the highest GHG emission intensity(1.17 tons CO_(2)e/ton),followed by Urumqi Petrochemical(UP)(1.08 tons CO_(2)e/ton),Dalian Petrochemical(DLP)(average 0.58 tons CO_(2)e/ton)and Karamay Petrochemical(KP)(average 0.50 tons CO_(2)e/ton)over the whole life cycle.At the same time,GHG emissions during fossil fuel combustion were the largest contributor to the whole life cycle,accounting for about 77.31%–94.27% of the total emissions.In the fossil-fuel combustion phase,DSP had the highest unit GHG emissions(1.20 tons CO_(2)e),followed by UP(0.89 tons CO_(2)e).In the industrial production phase,DLP had the highest unit GHG emissions(average 0.13 tons CO_(2)e/ton),followed by UP(0.10 tons CO_(2)e/ton).During the torch burning phase,torch burning under accident conditions was the main source of GHG emissions.It is worth noting that the CO_(2) recovery stage has"negative value,"indicating that it will bring some environmental benefits.Further scenario analysis shows that effective policies and advanced technologies can further reduce GHG emissions.

The effects of aeration and irrigation regimes on soil CO_2 and N_2O emissions in a greenhouse tomato production system

Aerated irrigation has been proven to increase crop production and quality, but studies on its environmental impacts are sparse. The effects of aeration and irrigation regimes on soil CO2 and N2O emissions in two consecutive greenhouse tomato rotation cycles in Northwest China were studied via the static closed chamber and gas chromatography technique. Four treatments, aerated deficit irrigation（AI1）, non-aerated deficit irrigation（CK1）, aerated full irrigation（AI2） and non-aerated full irrigation（CK2）, were performed. The results showed that the tomato yield under aeration of each irrigation regime increased by 18.8% on average compared to non-aeration, and the difference was significant under full irrigation（P〈0.05）. Full irrigation significantly increased the tomato yield by 23.9% on average in comparison to deficit irrigation. Moreover, aeration increased the cumulative CO2 emissions compared to non-aeration, and treatment effects were significant in the autumn-winter season（P〈0.05）. A slight increase of CO2 emissions in the two seasons was observed under full irrigation（P〉0.05）. There was no significant difference between aeration and non-aeration in soil N2O emissions in the spring-summer season, whereas aeration enhanced N2O emissions significantly in the autumn-winter season. Furthermore, full irrigation over the two seasons greatly increased soil N2O emissions compared to the deficit irrigation treatment（P〈0.05）. Correlation analysis indicated that soil temperature was the primary factor influencing CO2 fluxes. Soil temperature, soil moisture and NO3^- were the primary factors influencing N2O fluxes. Irrigation coupled with particular soil aeration practices may allow for a balance between crop production yield and greenhouse gas mitigation in greenhouse vegetable fields.