Background Dietary supplements based on tannin extracts or essential oil compounds(EOC)have been repeatedly reported as a promising feeding strategy to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant husbandry.A previous ...Background Dietary supplements based on tannin extracts or essential oil compounds(EOC)have been repeatedly reported as a promising feeding strategy to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant husbandry.A previous batch culture screening of various supplements identified selected mixtures with an enhanced potential to mitigate ruminal methane and ammonia formation.Among these,Q-2(named after quebracho extract and EOC blend 2,composed of carvacrol,thymol,and eugenol)and C-10(chestnut extract and EOC blend 10,consisting of oregano and thyme essential oils and limonene)have been investigated in detail in the present study with the semi-continuous rumen simulation technique(Rusitec)in three independent runs.For this purpose,Q-2 and C-10,dosed according to the previous study,were compared with a non-supplemented diet(negative control,NC)and with one supplemented with the commercial EOC-based Agolin^(R) Ruminant(positive control,PC).Results From d 5 to 10 of fermentation incubation liquid was collected and analysed for pH,ammonia,protozoa count,and gas composition.Feed residues were collected for the determination of ruminal degradability.On d 10,samples of incubation liquid were also characterised for bacterial,archaeal and fungal communities by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and 26S ribosomal large subunit gene amplicons.Regardless of the duration of the fermentation period,Q-2 and C-10 were similarly efficient as PC in mitigating either ammonia(-37%by Q-2,-34%by PC)or methane formation(-12%by C-10,-12%by PC).The PC was also responsible for lower feed degradability and bacterial and fungal richness,whereas Q-2 and C-10 effects,particularly on microbiome diversities,were limited compared to NC.Conclusions All additives showed the potential to mitigate methane or ammonia formation,or both,in vitro over a period of 10 d.However,several differences occurred between PC and Q-2/C-10,indicating different mechanisms of action.The pronounced defaunation caused by PC and its suggested consequences apparently determined at least part of the mitigant effects.Although the depressive effect on NDF degradability caused by Q-2 and C-10 might partially explain their mitigation properties,their mechanisms of action remain mostly to be elucidated.展开更多
Background: Nitrogen(N) deposition affects soil greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, while biochar application reduces GHG emissions in agricultural soils. However, it remains unclear whether biochar amendment can alleviate...Background: Nitrogen(N) deposition affects soil greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, while biochar application reduces GHG emissions in agricultural soils. However, it remains unclear whether biochar amendment can alleviate the promoting effects of N input on GHG emissions in forest soils. Here, we quantify the separate and combined effects of biochar amendment(0, 20, and 40 t·ha) and N addition(0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N·ha·yr) on soil GHG fluxes in a long-term field experiment at a Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) plantation.Results: Low and moderate N inputs(≤60 kg N·ha·yr) significantly increase mean annual soil carbon dioxide(CO) and nitrous oxide(NO) emissions by 17.0%–25.4% and 29.8%–31.2%, respectively, while decreasing methane(CH) uptake by 12.4%–15.9%, leading to increases in the global warming potential(GWP) of soil CHand NO fluxes by 32.4%–44.0%. Moreover, N addition reduces soil organic carbon(C;SOC) storage by 0.2%–6.5%. Compared to the control treatment, biochar amendment increases mean annual soil CO2emissions, CHuptake, and SOC storage by 18.4%–25.4%, 7.6%–15.8%, and 7.1%–13.4%, respectively, while decreasing NO emissions by 17.6%–19.2%, leading to a GWP decrease of 18.4%–21.4%. Biochar amendments significantly enhance the promoting effects of N addition on soil COemissions, while substantially offsetting the promotion of N2O emissions, inhibition of CHuptake, and decreased SOC storage, resulting in a GWP decrease of 9.1%–30.3%.Additionally, soil COand CHfluxes are significantly and positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and pH. Meanwhile, NO emissions have a significant and positive correlation with soil MBC and a negative correlation with pH.Conclusions: Biochar amendment can increase SOC storage and offset the enhanced GWP mediated by elevated N deposition and is, thus, a potential strategy for increasing soil C sinks and decreasing GWPs of soil CHand NO under increasing atmospheric N deposition in Moso bamboo plantations.展开更多
Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,f...Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.展开更多
The DeNitrification–DeComposition(DNDC)model is a process model with a series of carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in agro-ecosystems.It incorporates the driving factors of the ecological environment and aims to si...The DeNitrification–DeComposition(DNDC)model is a process model with a series of carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in agro-ecosystems.It incorporates the driving factors of the ecological environment and aims to simulate the carbon and nitrogen cycle in the terrestrial ecosystem.Furthermore,the model can be applied effectively in a paddy ecosystem.Based on an investigation and literature review,this study summarized and analyzed the impact of agricultural practices such aswatermanagement,fertilizer application,and strawincorporation on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon storage.After years of improvement,the DNDC model can presently be used effectively to evaluate the carbon sequestration and emissions mitigation potential of various agricultural practices.However,the related details of scientific processes of agricultural management,such as biochar incorporation and plastic mulching in paddy fields,should be added or modified and combined with experimental cases of actual agricultural practices to complete the calibration of the model,provide theoretical support for its promotion,and establish a reliable method of evaluating carbon sequestration and emissions mitigation in paddy fields.展开更多
基金partially funded with Ferrero 3P projectsupported by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund(part of the Union’s response to the COVID-19 outbreak,AXIS VI—Investment Priority 13i—Action 3.1.1)。
文摘Background Dietary supplements based on tannin extracts or essential oil compounds(EOC)have been repeatedly reported as a promising feeding strategy to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant husbandry.A previous batch culture screening of various supplements identified selected mixtures with an enhanced potential to mitigate ruminal methane and ammonia formation.Among these,Q-2(named after quebracho extract and EOC blend 2,composed of carvacrol,thymol,and eugenol)and C-10(chestnut extract and EOC blend 10,consisting of oregano and thyme essential oils and limonene)have been investigated in detail in the present study with the semi-continuous rumen simulation technique(Rusitec)in three independent runs.For this purpose,Q-2 and C-10,dosed according to the previous study,were compared with a non-supplemented diet(negative control,NC)and with one supplemented with the commercial EOC-based Agolin^(R) Ruminant(positive control,PC).Results From d 5 to 10 of fermentation incubation liquid was collected and analysed for pH,ammonia,protozoa count,and gas composition.Feed residues were collected for the determination of ruminal degradability.On d 10,samples of incubation liquid were also characterised for bacterial,archaeal and fungal communities by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and 26S ribosomal large subunit gene amplicons.Regardless of the duration of the fermentation period,Q-2 and C-10 were similarly efficient as PC in mitigating either ammonia(-37%by Q-2,-34%by PC)or methane formation(-12%by C-10,-12%by PC).The PC was also responsible for lower feed degradability and bacterial and fungal richness,whereas Q-2 and C-10 effects,particularly on microbiome diversities,were limited compared to NC.Conclusions All additives showed the potential to mitigate methane or ammonia formation,or both,in vitro over a period of 10 d.However,several differences occurred between PC and Q-2/C-10,indicating different mechanisms of action.The pronounced defaunation caused by PC and its suggested consequences apparently determined at least part of the mitigant effects.Although the depressive effect on NDF degradability caused by Q-2 and C-10 might partially explain their mitigation properties,their mechanisms of action remain mostly to be elucidated.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant Nos.31470529,32125027)Zhejiang A&F University Research and Development Fund,China(Nos.2022LFR006,2021LFR060).
文摘Background: Nitrogen(N) deposition affects soil greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, while biochar application reduces GHG emissions in agricultural soils. However, it remains unclear whether biochar amendment can alleviate the promoting effects of N input on GHG emissions in forest soils. Here, we quantify the separate and combined effects of biochar amendment(0, 20, and 40 t·ha) and N addition(0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N·ha·yr) on soil GHG fluxes in a long-term field experiment at a Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) plantation.Results: Low and moderate N inputs(≤60 kg N·ha·yr) significantly increase mean annual soil carbon dioxide(CO) and nitrous oxide(NO) emissions by 17.0%–25.4% and 29.8%–31.2%, respectively, while decreasing methane(CH) uptake by 12.4%–15.9%, leading to increases in the global warming potential(GWP) of soil CHand NO fluxes by 32.4%–44.0%. Moreover, N addition reduces soil organic carbon(C;SOC) storage by 0.2%–6.5%. Compared to the control treatment, biochar amendment increases mean annual soil CO2emissions, CHuptake, and SOC storage by 18.4%–25.4%, 7.6%–15.8%, and 7.1%–13.4%, respectively, while decreasing NO emissions by 17.6%–19.2%, leading to a GWP decrease of 18.4%–21.4%. Biochar amendments significantly enhance the promoting effects of N addition on soil COemissions, while substantially offsetting the promotion of N2O emissions, inhibition of CHuptake, and decreased SOC storage, resulting in a GWP decrease of 9.1%–30.3%.Additionally, soil COand CHfluxes are significantly and positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and pH. Meanwhile, NO emissions have a significant and positive correlation with soil MBC and a negative correlation with pH.Conclusions: Biochar amendment can increase SOC storage and offset the enhanced GWP mediated by elevated N deposition and is, thus, a potential strategy for increasing soil C sinks and decreasing GWPs of soil CHand NO under increasing atmospheric N deposition in Moso bamboo plantations.
文摘Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.
基金This study was financed by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,China(2017YFD0800204)Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program,China(G2016060301 and 2018(1-3)).
文摘The DeNitrification–DeComposition(DNDC)model is a process model with a series of carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in agro-ecosystems.It incorporates the driving factors of the ecological environment and aims to simulate the carbon and nitrogen cycle in the terrestrial ecosystem.Furthermore,the model can be applied effectively in a paddy ecosystem.Based on an investigation and literature review,this study summarized and analyzed the impact of agricultural practices such aswatermanagement,fertilizer application,and strawincorporation on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon storage.After years of improvement,the DNDC model can presently be used effectively to evaluate the carbon sequestration and emissions mitigation potential of various agricultural practices.However,the related details of scientific processes of agricultural management,such as biochar incorporation and plastic mulching in paddy fields,should be added or modified and combined with experimental cases of actual agricultural practices to complete the calibration of the model,provide theoretical support for its promotion,and establish a reliable method of evaluating carbon sequestration and emissions mitigation in paddy fields.
