Meat Grinder放电特性分析

作为电磁轨道炮脉冲功率电源的Meat Grinder电路结构具有储能密度高,体积小等优势。针对Meat Grinder输出性能的影响因素不明确,工程应用困难的问题,对Meat Grinder的基础电路工作原理进行了探究。基于电磁耦合原理,分析了Meat Grinder的放电过程,给出了耦合系数和级数对Meat Grinder电流放大倍数、能量损耗以及能量利用率的影响特性,对比分析了多级Meat Grinder和单级耦合等效电路的输出性能。研究结果表明,耦合系数是影响电路输出性能的最主要因素。此外,单级耦合等效电路能够达到与多级Meat Grinder相同的输出性能,且工程应用更易实现。

Assessment of Asbestos Exposure Associated with a Brake Grinder

The wear patterns for drum-style automotive brakes tend to enlarge internal drum diameters. Such enlargement is most profound when used brake drums are machined to restore the metal friction surfaces. Specialized arc grinding machinery has been used to match replacement shoe-style brake friction materials to enlarged drums. The process of arc grinding removes friction material, thereby producing dust. When organic-style friction materials contained asbestos, use of arc grinding machinery posed an asbestos fiber exposure risk to operators and proximate personnel. The manufacturers of arc grinding machinery have incorporated local exhaust ventilation systems designed to capture and remove this dust at the point of grinding contact and propel this dust into collection bags or other systems. This research was designed to evaluate the dust capture and retention characteristics of a specific arc grinder product, when used to custom grind asbestos-containing brake friction materials. A Bear Model 1420 automotive brake shoe arc grinder was the subject of this study. During two separate but consecutive test sessions, newly relined sets of shoe-style automobile brake friction materials were precision ground. Both area and personal air samples were collected throughout each testing session. This work took place within a closed and unventilated metal building, with total interior volume of 2500 m3. Collected air samples were analyzed using phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of analysis using PCM for personal samples (n = 6) ranged from <0.044 to 0.055 fibers per cc (f/cc) (mean 0.05). Follow-up analysis of these personal samples using TEM indicated asbestos-adjusted PCM exposures ranging from <0.0074 to 0.055 f/cc (mean ≤ 0.041). Area air samples, taken at distances ranging from 1.5 to 9 meters from the arc grinder (n = 12), showed asbestos-adjusted PCM concentrations ranging from <0.0075 to 0.041 f/cc (mean ≤ 0.017). The process of custom arc grinding shoe-style, asbestos-containing brake friction materials can cause exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. However, when done using properly equipped arc grinding machines, such exposures are not expected to exceed the current occupational exposure limits for asbestos of 0.1 f/cc 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) or 1.0 f/cc 30-minute average.

基于超导储能电感的meat-grinder脉冲电源

为了探索高温超导储能用于线圈型同步感应电磁推进脉冲电源的可行性，研究了超导电感和电容混合型meat-grinder脉冲电源电路。设计并研制了一个小型的高温超导储能脉冲变压器，提出了高温超导储能脉冲变压器使用meat-grinder电路拓扑结构的脉冲成形方案，并以3个电感线圈作模拟同步感应电磁推进系统负载，进行了仿真分析和实验验证。在77K和储能电流96A的情况下，实验得到了2．35～3．04kA的电流脉冲输出，并有望在20K温度下满足线圈型电磁推进的应用要求。结果表明，提出的脉冲电源模式是可行的。因负载电流脉冲受负载阻抗影响较大，在实际电磁推进应用中，需要减小线路电阻和常导电感的内阻。

基于meat grinder with SECT电路的50kJ电感储能型脉冲电源的研究

电感储能型脉冲电源是目前电磁发射技术的研究热点,提升装置储能密度对于推动电感储能型脉冲电源的应用和研究具有重要意义。本文介绍了一种适用于电感储能型脉冲电源的名为meat grinder with SECT的新电路,并对该电路进行了详细的原理分析,指出该电路兼具电流关断能力强和拓扑结构简单的优点。通过仿真将meat grinder with SECT和STRETCH meat grinder、STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS这两种主流电路进行了性能比较,发现meat grinder with SECT电路在保持电气性能不变的同时,成本最低,体积最小。基于meat grinder with SECT电路,本文研制了50k J电感储能型脉冲电源并进行了试验测试,测试结果达到了预期目标。

对开放式压力测试平台Grinder的一些介绍和应用

Grinder是一个JavaTM的开放式压力测试平台，它通过很多负载注射器来为分布式测试提供便利，支持用于执行测试脚本的Jython脚本引擎。下文将对Grinder作一些介绍和应用。

Mathematical Modeling of the Numerical Control Cam Grinder Wheel Center Displacement and Its Application

Considering grinding a cam with numerical control（NC）cam grinder,a mathematical model should be estab- lished with the unified parameter based on the original cam-lobe lift data to describe the movement of wheel and establish the relation between the wheel center coordinate,the measuring angle and workpiece’s spindle rotation angle.By analyzing,the grinding wheel can be regarded as different followers.To the planar and roller followers,different mathematical models are established, but they can be unified in Eqs.（17）of this paper with the different value of the roller radius r1.And also the model is suit for the edged follower when assuming the roller radius r1=0.Experimental verification was done with TKM120 CNC/CBN grinder with NC sets’ interpolation according to the model,which shows that high precision parts can be manufactured and this mathemat- ical model can be practically applied for NC cam grinder.

Comparisons of STRETCH meat grinders based on two different topologies of ICCOS

Inductive energy storage systems （IES）require opening switches which are technically much more difficult to realize than closing switches. Institute of Advanced Technology （ IAT ） puts forward a meat grinder with an inductive pulse power topology called slow transfer of energy through capacitive hybrid （STRETCH）. In this topology, an integrated gate-commutated thyristor （IGCT） is capable of breaking the charging currents on the order of 4 kA, and it may encounter difficulties in expanding to higher energy systems. German-French Institute of Saint Louis （ISL） has developed a high-power opening switch based on standard high-power thyristors by using their so-called inverse current commutation with semiconductor devices （ICCOS） countercurrent commutation principle. Two topologies of the STRETCH meat grinder with ICCOS are analyzed. And they are compared based on the voltage across the main switch, the current multiplication factor and other aspects by u- sing Matlab simulations. The advantages and disadvantages of the two topologies are shown through the comparisons. Therefore a more suitable topology can be chosen for realistic applications accord- ing to their performances.

M7150H×10 Surface Grinder with Horizontal Spindle and Rectangular Table

The 40-year-old Hangzhou MachineTools Works is a special manufacturerof surface grinders. It produces sevenseries with 120 specifications of varioussurface grinders. In addition to meetingdomestic demand, its products have beenexported to some 60 countries and regions,including the USA, the UK, Germany andJapan. The M7150HX10 is one of its exportproducts.

S7520A Universal Thread Grinder

The S7520A universal thread grinder, made by the Shaanxi Hanjiang Machine Tool Plant. is used in grinding various precision threads and precision screws. It is suitable for use in tool workshops of machine manufacturers

Influence of Occupational Noise Exposure on Cognitive Ability of Grinders

Purpose: To investigate whether long-term noise exposure affects the cognitive ability of grinders. Methods: Cumulative noise exposure (CNE) and LAeq.8h determination were used to characterize the level of individual noise exposure;the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test (Beijing version) was used to evaluate cognitive function. Results: We compared the basic situation of workers in different groups and individual noise exposure intensity of grinders was monitored. Multiple linear-regression analysis was made and score of MoCA in different group was finally drawn. Conclusion: CNE and total score of MoCA have the relationship of negative correlation (r = -0.303, p < 0.05) which means long-term occupational noise exposure can affect the cognitive ability of grinders.

Analysis and modeling of error of spiral bevel gear grinder based on multi-body system theory

Six-axis numerical control spiral bevel gear grinder was taken as the object, multi-body system theory and Denavit-Hartenberg homogeneous transformed matrix (HTM) were utilized to establish the grinder synthesis error model, and the validity of model was confirmed by the experiment. Additionally, in grinding wheel tool point coordinate system, the errors of six degrees of freedom were simulated when the grinding wheel revolving around C-axis, moving along X-axis and Y-axis. The influence of these six errors on teeth space, helix angle, pitch, teeth profile was discussed. The simulation results show that the angle error is in the range from -0.148 4 rad to -0.241 9 rad when grinding wheel moving along X, Y-axis; the translation error is in the range from 0.866 0 μm to 3.605 3 μm when grinding wheel moving along X-axis. These angle and translation errors have a great influence on the helix angle, pitch, teeth thickness and tooth socket.

数控磨床电控系统可靠性建模与评估研究

电控系统作为数控磨床关键子系统之一,尚未有学者对其开展可靠性建模与评估研究。文章对北京第二机床厂提供的MKS型数控磨床电控系统故障数据进行预处理,并绘制概率密度散点图,发现图像趋势符合威布尔分布或指数分布,再利用最小二乘法进行参数估计,经模型检验后引入灰关联度进行模型优选,确定电控系统故障数据所属分布模型为指数分布。最后计算了电控系统平均故障间隔时间MTBF、平均维修时间MTTR和固有可用度A_(inh)。评估结果已反馈给厂家并获得认可,对提升数控磨床整机的可靠性水平有重要意义。

基于RTCP控制算法的叶片加工六轴砂带磨床优化设计

基于叶片型面磨削工艺参数及工艺过程确定机床各坐标轴运动性能和磨削接触压力,进行叶片加工砂带磨床优化设计和频率分析。采用RTCP算法和传动链独立的算法结构模式,建立转轴数学模型、工件传动链算法库以及刀具传动链算法库。对设计的机床伺服速度进行测试,优化机床结构薄弱环节,满足叶片型面及全特征型面磨削要求。通过有限元分析研究X,Y,Z轴的变形量,计算六轴砂带磨床1阶~6阶的固有振动频率,并进行分析和优化,提高了叶片磨削的轮廓精度,加工经济效益显著。

硅片磨床伺服进给系统仿真模型与分析

在硅片磨削时,硅片加工质量与硅片磨床的进给系统性能密切相关。为了提升硅片磨床进给系统的精度和稳定性,提出了采用上位机、运动控制卡、伺服驱动器、位置传感器进行闭环控制进给的技术方案。研究了伺服系统和机械系统两者之间的相互耦合关系,建立了动力学模型,搭建了基于PID控制的三闭环控制系统,采用MATLAB中Simulink模块对进给系统进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,磨床进给系统速度波动量在1%以下满足硅片磨削对进给精度的要求。

高速精密数控轧辊磨床中心架液压润滑系统的设计及其优化

中心架作为轧辊磨床的重要部分之一,起着支承和卸荷的重要作用。文中以某型高速精密数控轧辊磨床为依据,设计了其中心架的液压润滑系统,基于AMESim软件建立该液压润滑系统模型并进行仿真计算,分析得出侧瓦和底瓦静压固定活塞直径、静压固定活塞杆径及调速阀设定流量对系统中静压腔油压特性具有显著影响。采用遗传算法对影响系统静压腔油压特性的3个参数进行优化,结果表明:优化后的中心架液压润滑系统中,静压腔油压稳定性得到了显著的改善,达到稳定状态的时间明显缩短,验证了优化方案的合理性,其结果可为轧辊磨床液压润滑系统的设计及优化研究提供理论依据。

大尺寸圆锥滚子3MZ4250球基面磨床支承结构的改进

针对原3MZ4250球基面磨床加工风电轴承大尺寸圆锥滚子存在的支承尺寸小以及支承结构不稳定问题,提出以下改进措施:增大支承尺寸,将支承硬质合金面由方形改进为圆柱形;增大支承安装槽与支承座表面的距离。实际加工表明,改进支承后加工的大尺寸圆锥滚子球基面曲率半径、端面跳动、表面粗糙度均满足技术要求。

数控轧辊磨床圆柱度三点测量原理及仿真分析

针对数控轧辊磨床圆柱度离线式两点法不能参与程序运算,难以将测量过程中产生的多种误差分离出来的问题,提出一种三点圆柱度误差分离的方法。该方法将误差分离技术(EST)应用到轧辊圆柱度测量上,并基于MATLAB平台建立了该方法的数学模型。为验证该三点法的优势,预设10个轧辊截面轮廓进行误差分离仿真并分析。结果表明,三点圆柱度测量法能参与程序运算,有效分离出轧辊各截面圆度误差、各截面之间的半径差、各截面最小二乘圆心初始位置同时还可以分离出回转轴的回转误差和直行导轨的直行运动误差,为进一步实现轧辊圆柱度的精密测量打下基础。

复合磨床砂轮架模态分析与试验研究

基于赫兹接触理论建立了轴承滚动结合部接触模型,采用弹簧阻尼单元代替轴承滚子结合部,在ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立复合磨床砂轮架转塔有限元模型,对转塔结构进行模态分析。利用LMS结构试验系统对转塔结构进行模态测试与分析。试验表明,采用弹簧阻尼单元模拟轴承滚动结合部的有限元模态分析与动态试验结果吻合,验证了该方法的可行性。弹簧阻尼单元替代轴承可以减小建模难度,并为砂轮工作转频和转塔结构优化提供参考依据。

Surface shape control of the workpiece in a double-spindle triple-workstation wafer grinder

Double-spindle triple-workstation（DSTW） ultra precision grinders are mainly used in production lines for manufacturing and back thinning large diameter（≥300 mm） silicon wafers for integrated circuits.It is important, but insufficiently studied,to control the wafer shape ground on a DSTW grinder by adjusting the inclination angles of the spindles and work tables.In this paper,the requirements of the inclination angle adjustment of the grinding spindles and work tables in DSTW wafer grinders are analyzed.A reasonable configuration of the grinding spindles and work tables in DSTW wafer grinders are proposed.Based on the proposed configuration,an adjustment method of the inclination angle of grinding spindles and work tables for DSTW wafer grinders is put forward. The mathematical models of wafer shape with the adjustment amount of inclination angles for both fine and rough grinding spindles are derived.The proposed grinder configuration and adjustment method will provide helpful instruction for DSTW wafer grinder design.