Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (II) Experimental Studies of Grinding Forces and Force Ratio

As is known to all, grinding force is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the whole process of grinding. Generally, the grinding force is resolved to three component forces, namely, normal grinding force F n, tangential grinding force F t and a component force acting along the direction of longitudinal feed which is usually neglected because of insignificance. The normal grinding force F n has influence upon surface deformation and roughness of workpiece, while the tangential grinding force F t mainly affect power consumption and service life of grinding wheel. In order to study deep into the process of the unsteady state grinding, we set up a measurement system to monitor the change of grinding force during the course of grinding and try to find some difference in the change of grinding force between the steady state grinding and unsteady state grinding. In the test, the normal and tangential grinding forces, F n and F t were measured by using a set of equipments including sensor, amplifier, oscilloscope and computer monitor. From the results, we can conclude that: 1) In the unsteady state grinding process, the values of the grinding forces are much lower than those of the steady state grinding process and the grinding force ratio showed a nonlinear fluctuation. 2) The tendency of the grinding forces in the process of the unsteady state grinding proved the existence of the cutting and micro-cutting actions. 3) Because the grinding force signals of the unsteady state grinding are much weaker than those of the steady state grinding, to obtain accurate value of the grinding forces, wave filtering is needed to be done. The whole process to filter the perturbation wave can be separated into three steps in order, changing the grinding force signals from analog signals into digital signals, FFT (fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals, and IFFT(inversion fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals after spectrum limitation.

Research on Large Depth Diameter Ratio Ultra-precision Aspheric Grinding System

In this paper, the factors of affecting surface roughness and profiles accuracy of the machined larege depth diamter ratio aspheric surfaces in ultra-precision grinding process are analyzed theoretically. An ultra-precision aspheric grinding system is then designed and manufactured. Aerostatic form is adopted to build the spindle of the workpiece, transverse guideway, longitudinal guideway and the spindle of the grinder in this system. The following specification is achieved, such as the turning accuracy of the spindle of the workpiece is 0.05 μm, radial rigidity of the spindle is GE 220N/μm, axial rigidity is GE 160 N/μm, radial rigidity of the guideway is GE 200N/μm, the highest rotational speed of the grinder is 80 000 rev/min and its turning accuracy is 0.1 μm, the resolution of linear displacement of the transverse and longitudinal guideway is 4.9 nm. Adjusting range of this adjusting mechanism is 2 mm in the Y direction, the adjusting accuracy of the precise adjusting mechanism is 0.1 μm. Micro displacement measuring system of this ultra-precision aspheric grinding adopts two-backfeed strategy, and angle displacement back-feed is realized by photoelectric encoder, it’s resolution is 655 360 pulse/rev. after 4 frequency multiplication, it’s angle displacement resolution is achieved 2 621 440 pulse/rev. Straight-line displacement is monitored by single frequency laser interferometer (DLSTAX LTM-20B, made in Japan). This CNC system adopts inimitable bi-arc step length flex CN interpolation algorithm, it’s CN system resolution is 5 nm.So this aspheric grinding system ensures profile accuracy of the machined part. The resolution of this interferometer is 5 nm. Finally, lots of ultra-precision grinding experiments are carried out on this grinding system. Some optical aspheric parts, with profiles accuracy of 0.3 μm, surface roughness less than 0.01 μm, are obtained.

Application of Self-inhaling Internal Cooling Wheel in Vertical Surface Grinding

There is less research on vertical sculptured grinding technology. Especially in high vertical surface grinding process with the cup abrasive wheel, the thermal damage is prone to happen and undermine the grinding surface integrity. This problem limits to improve the grinding efficiency and the grinding ratio greatly. Through the analysis of vertical surface grinding process and features in depth, this paper revealed the inherent mechanism of higher grinding temperature in the process of vertical sculptured grinding using the cup wheel. Based on the previous research achievements, the grinding experiments on TC4 （Ti-6A1-4V） and GH4169 are carried out utilizing the self-inhaling internal cooling wheel. The experimental results show that the self-inhaling internal cooling wheel can efficiently reduce the grinding surface temperature. Moreover, the inherent mechanism of reducing the grinding temperature using the internal cooling method is revealed. Meanwhile, under the same grinding conditions, the grinding ratio during the experiments on GH4169 using self-inhaling internal cooling method is about 3 times as high as using conventional external cooling method. And the grinding forces can be reduced by about 20%. This research revealed the inherent mechanism of higher grinding temperature in the process of vertical sculptured grinding using the cup wheel, which provides theoretical basis for the design and application of self-inhaling internal cooling wheel. At the same time, an efficient and non-invasive surface grinding method of TC4 and GH4169 is presented.

Dry Grinding of Titanium Alloy Using Brazed Monolayer cBN Wheels Coated with Graphite Lubricant

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of graphite lubricant on the dry grinding performance of Ti-6Al-4Valloy,using graphite-coated,brazed monolayer,cubic boron nitride(cBN)wheels.Brazed monolayer cBN wheels both with and without a coating of polymer-based graphite lubricant are fabricated and subsequently compared for grinding performance based on measurements of grinding temperature,surface microstructure and grinding.In terms of grinding temperature,considerable improvement in dry grinding performance of titanium alloy is achieved using coated brazed monolayer cBN wheels,with 42%—47%reduction in grinding temperature as opposed to uncoated wheels.The grinding force ratio with the coated wheels is observed to remain between 1.45to1.85despite material removal rates reaching up to 1 950mm3/mm.No tangible change in ground titanium surface microstructure is noted as a result of grinding with the graphite coated wheels as opposed to the uncoated ones.

Derivation of Grinding Force of Online Roll Grinder

The force of grinding particle was disintegrated to study the physical and mathematical models. The grinding wheel can be characterized by grinding ratio, C, a steady constant. The moment and C of grinding wheel can be estimated with electrical parameters. The grinding force can be calculated quite easily in this way.

Grinding Characteristics Of Directionally Aligned SiC Whisker Wheel - Comparison With A12O3 Fiber Wheel

A unique SiC whisker wheel was invented,in which the whiskers were aligned normally to the grinding wheel surface.In this paper,grindabilities of the SiC whisker wheel are investigated and compared with those of other wheels of SiC grains,Al2O3 grains,as well as Al2O3 long and short fibres which were also aligned normally to the grinding wheel surface,respectively.The main research contents concern grinding characteristics of a directionally aligned SiC whisker wheel such as material-removal volume,wheel-wear rates,integrity of the ground surfaces,grinding ratios and grinding efficiency.Furthermore,grinding wheels of whiskers and fibres have a common disadvantage:they tend to load easily.The authors have proposed a simple method of loading-free grinding to overcome this propensity and investigate some related grinding characteristics under loading-free grinding conditions.

基于综合熵权-信噪比的球轴承外圈沟道ELID磨削加工参数优化

为提高球轴承外圈沟道表面的加工质量,实现对电解在线砂轮修整ELID磨削加工试验中摆动参数、磨削参数的精确控制,设计正交试验并基于试验数据建立表面质量与加工参数之间的二阶响应模型和指数回归模型;通过熵权理论确定表面粗糙度与轮廓度的综合权重,最终获得最优加工参数,并结合信噪比的基本特性分析加工参数对表面质量的影响程度。结果表明:指数回归模型对表面粗糙度预测较为精确,二阶响应模型对轮廓度预测较为精确,误差均在5%以下;表面粗糙度、轮廓度综合权重分别为0.4568,0.5432,最优加工参数为摆动幅度11°、摆动速度6°/s、砂轮转速19500 r/min、工件转速50 r/min;加工参数的影响程度由大到小依次为摆动幅度、摆动速度、工件转速、砂轮转速。

磨粒有序化砂轮排布参数对磨削筋条表面影响

为了使用磨粒有序化砂轮磨削出减阻筋条表面,首先,分析了磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数与磨削减阻筋条表面深宽比的关系,设计出了磨粒有序化砂轮的几何和数学模型,并且建立了磨粒运动轨迹方程;然后,建立了减阻筋条深宽比与有序化砂轮排布参数之间的数学方程;最后,由仿真结果得到了砂轮排布参数对减阻筋条表面形貌与深宽比的影响规律。研究结果表明,在磨粒有序化砂轮的排布参数中,倾斜角度、磨粒间距和磨削深度的改变会直接对减阻筋条尺寸有影响并且对其深宽比的大小起到决定性作用。

微晶陶瓷磨料砂轮磨削轴承钢实验探讨

特定的生产或试验条件下不同的磨料制作的砂轮具有不同的性能表现,为了考察市售微晶陶瓷磨料(CA)的适用性,选取四种不同品牌相近规格的CA磨料制作新型CA磨料砂轮进行磨削试验,以等效组分等量替代法采用相同的砂结比、成型、干燥等工艺技术条件,制成砂轮样品并分别编号为1^(#)~4^(#),对轴承钢工件进行磨削试验,比对磨削比、磨削功率的变化以及磨削后工件表面质量、砂轮表面形貌特征,了解该工艺技术条件下不同CA磨料制得的低温陶瓷结合剂砂轮的性能.结果表明,1^(#)和2^(#)磨料制作的砂轮综合磨削性能较好,4^(#)无明显优势,但磨削后工件表面光洁度较好,3^(#)砂轮表现不佳.

青海某金矿床金矿石细磨实验研究

本文通过对青海某金矿矿石细磨实验研究取得如下认识:发现实验中最佳的磨矿浓度为65%,磨矿浓度于钢球直径似存在非线性关系,可以按钢球的直径计算最佳的磨矿浓度;用φ20mm的钢球磨矿,-200目的产量最高,达到58.56%;确定了钢球的配比,在细磨中,加入1种尺寸的钢球即可;提出了钢球在球磨机中的填充率,在35%-45%之间都比较好,40%最佳;用石灰、硅酸钠、六偏磷酸纳、三聚磷酸钠、氯化铵、氯化钠和三氯化铁七种化合物为助磨剂,助磨效果都不好。本文研究为青海金矿选矿实验研究提供参考。

影响PDC磨耗比测试的关键因素研究

以PDC磨耗比测试过程中称量和磨削环节为研究对象,细化PDC称量,探讨PDC放置位置和有无隔磁对PDC称量稳定性的影响,研究PDC磨削位置、磨削角度以及磨削时间对其磨耗比的影响。结果表明:PDC的磁性是影响其称量稳定性的关键因素,木隔片可有效降低PDC称量误差。PDC对称位置的磨耗比相对偏差仅为1.8%~2.0%,但PDC在135°磨削的磨耗比是其在45°磨削的1.3~2.8倍,PDC的磨耗比随着磨削时间的增加而下降,且最大降幅达到了18.3%。

Mirador铜矿一段磨矿球磨机介质配比优化研究

针对Mirador铜矿Ф7.9 m×13.6 m球磨机装补球制度不合理、磨矿产品粒度组成不合理等问题,对初装球介质配比进行了计算。确定初装球方案为Ф80 mm、Ф60 mm、Ф50 mm、Ф40 mm、Ф30 mm钢球质量为15∶20∶25∶20∶20,对推荐初装球与原初装球进行磨矿对比试验,推荐初装球径配比适宜且级配合理,磨矿产品-0.074 mm级别产率比现场原初装球配比提高了4.11个百分点,0.074~0.010 mm中间粒级产率提高了2.05个百分点,且待磨+0.20 mm产率降低了6.24个百分点,优化效果明显。补加球对比试验结果表明,与补加单一钢球相比,补加钢球采用Ф80 mm、Ф60 mm、Ф50 mm、Ф40 mm质量比为25∶35∶20∶20时,获得的磨矿产品-0.074 mm级别产率提高了6.05个百分点,中间易选粒级0.074~0.010 mm产率提高了3.14个百分点,+0.20 mm粒级降低了8.87个百分点。试验结果对改善一段磨矿产品粒度组成,减少混合浮选尾矿中粗粒级含铜,提高铜回收率具有重要意义。

金刚石砂轮的磨削整形法研究

为研究金刚石砂轮修整的工艺,采用绿碳化硅砂轮对金刚石砂轮进行磨削整形法修整。通过改变修整量、修整速比、切削进给量、工作台速度得出修整参数对砂轮磨削性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,工件表面粗糙度随着修整量增加而增大,修整量增加到一定次数时粗糙度变化不大;修整速比增大时,工件表面粗糙度值增大;切削进给量增大时,工件磨削表面粗糙度增大;工作台速度增大时,工件表面粗糙度增大。所得结论为绿碳化硅砂轮修整金刚石砂轮的工艺参数选取提供了切实有效的参考价值。

水泥立磨终粉磨系统节能降耗改造实践

在立磨研磨水泥工艺中,原料水分波动容易引起立磨震动,一般采用喷水稳定料床,但喷水后容易造成熟料水化降低水泥强度。为了实现不喷水研磨,对磨辊、选粉机、风环等进行改造。结果表明,技改降低了熟料配比2.9%,产量提高19%,单位电耗降低3.3 kWh/t以上,实现了提产降耗节能减碳的目的。

气化细灰高碳组分和化工污泥与煤协同制浆研究

对气化细灰高碳组分和化工污泥与煤协同制浆进行研究,有助于气化细灰和煤化工污泥的减量化及资源化利用,可为开发煤化工固废与煤协同制备高质量气化水煤浆技术提供支撑。针对气化细灰高碳组分和化工污泥在与煤协同制浆过程中存在的煤浆质量差的关键问题,采用气化细灰高碳组分和改性化工污泥与煤掺混制浆,通过分析固废不同研磨时间和掺混比例对混合煤浆黏度、流动性、粒度分布、纳米CT技术和接触角的影响,揭示煤化工固废的掺入对煤浆性能的作用机制。结果表明,改性污泥和高碳细灰与煤直接掺混制浆,掺混量每增加1个百分点,煤浆浓度降低约0.3~0.7个百分点;通过细磨或超细磨则可改善改性污泥、高碳细灰对煤浆成浆浓度的影响,在相同条件下与不进行研磨的制浆工艺相比,细磨后的煤浆浓度提升0.3~0.4个百分点。由于细灰和污泥的加入而使制浆原料与水的接触角降低,成浆性变差,煤浆浓度降低;细磨后的细灰、污泥与煤之间形成粒度级配,超细颗粒包覆在粗颗粒表面而具有润滑的作用,从而导致研磨后的固废掺入对煤浆浓度的影响降低。

纳米硬质合金磨削温度及热量分配比例试验研究

为了对纳米硬质合金磨削温度及热量分配比例进行深入研究,同时探讨不同粒度硬质合金间的差异,为多种粒度硬质合金的磨削加工及质量控制提供参考,选择以纳米硬质合金GU092为主的3种硬质合金进行磨削试验。结果表明:相比普通硬质合金,纳米硬质合金的磨削温度较低,热量分配比例较高,在2.5%~11.8%之间;磨削温度随晶粒度变细而降低,且细粒度材料表面的塑性变形小,磨削时消耗的能量更少;热量分配比例随着晶粒度的变细而增加,细粒度硬质合金的物理机械性能更强,导热性能更好。在考虑加工效率的前提下,适当降低磨削深度、增大进给速度,有助于降低温度、提高质量。

研磨料配比对GCr15轴承钢球硬度影响规律实验研究

为了探究离心式钢球强化研磨加工中研磨料配比对GCr15轴承钢球硬度的影响规律,得到最佳研磨料配比,通过进行不同研磨料配比的钢球强化研磨试验,并从GCr15轴承钢球的3D形貌、表面粗糙度、微织构深度、强化层厚度、马氏体含量、晶粒尺寸和位错密度等多个维度分析了强化研磨料配比对钢球硬度的影响规律。结果表明:不同的研磨料配比,钢球的硬度都与表面粗糙度、微织构深度、强化层厚度、马氏体含量和位错密度呈正相关,与晶粒尺寸呈负相关;研磨料配比太低会减少研磨均匀撞击,太高会减缓研磨冲击,都不利于钢球的强化加工;当研磨料配比为1%,钢球强化效果最好,表层硬度也最高。

基于磨矿动力学某铜矿磨矿介质配比优化试验研究

针对云南某铜矿磨矿介质配比m(Φ80)∶m(Φ60)=50∶50与球磨机给矿力学性质及粒度不匹配,导致磨矿细度及中间易选粒级产率偏低等问题,基于磨矿动力学原理可得到磨矿介质推荐配比m(Φ70)∶m(Φ60)∶m(Φ50)∶m(Φ40)=15∶30∶10∶45。对比试验结果表明,推荐配比与现场配比相比,磨矿前期(4 min),+0.3 mm粒级物料产率提高1.01百分点,0.3~0.074 mm粒级产率降低7.88百分点;磨矿细度(-0.074 mm)在12 min时达到79.85%,且中间易选粒级与过粉碎粒级产率分别提高3.44、1.79百分点。最终推荐选厂选择基于磨矿动力学原理所得介质配比m(Φ70)∶m(Φ60)∶m(Φ50)∶m(Φ40)=15∶30∶10∶45。

易门铜业Φ2.4×3.6 m球磨机磨矿介质配比优化研究

针对易门铜业Φ2.4×3.6 m球磨机装补球制度不合理、磨矿产品细度低、分级机效率偏低及循环负荷偏高等问题,基于矿石的力学性质及粒度组成分布情况,采用段氏球径半理论公式对推荐初装介质配比进行计算,最终确定初装球方案为Φ80 mm∶Φ60 mm∶Φ50 mm∶Φ40 mm=30%∶25%∶25%∶20%。将推荐钢球配比方案与现场方案进行实验室磨矿对比试验,结果表明:与现场方案相比,推荐方案的过粗级别+0.150 mm产率降低了2.38个百分点,磨矿细度(-0.074 mm占比)提高了5.14个百分点,中间级别-0.150+0.010 mm产率提高了1.08个百分点,磨矿技术效率增长了3.39个百分点。由此可见,采用推荐初装钢球配比作为易门铜业Φ2.4×3.6 m球磨机磨矿介质,其优化效果明显。

基于多目标优化的砂轮杆结构轻量化设计研究

为了得到大长径比砂轮杆合理的结构及支撑方式,保证砂轮杆满足刚度要求,通过建立大深径比孔磨削用砂轮杆的三维参数化模型,用有限元方法分析了砂轮杆的静力变形和约束模态,采用最佳空间填充试验设计(optimal space-filling design)方法构建了砂轮杆各设计变量与优化目标的二阶响应面模型,采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法对砂轮杆进行了多目标优化。经过轻量化优化设计及仿真比较,得到一种大长径比砂轮杆及支撑的合理化结构,轻量化率达到10.3%。分析结果表明:砂轮杆质量、刚度及模态均满足工程要求。