A comparative study of data-driven battery capacity estimation based on partial charging curves

With its generality and practicality, the combination of partial charging curves and machine learning(ML) for battery capacity estimation has attracted widespread attention. However, a clear classification,fair comparison, and performance rationalization of these methods are lacking, due to the scattered existing studies. To address these issues, we develop 20 capacity estimation methods from three perspectives:charging sequence construction, input forms, and ML models. 22,582 charging curves are generated from 44 cells with different battery chemistry and operating conditions to validate the performance. Through comprehensive and unbiased comparison, the long short-term memory(LSTM) based neural network exhibits the best accuracy and robustness. Across all 6503 tested samples, the mean absolute percentage error(MAPE) for capacity estimation using LSTM is 0.61%, with a maximum error of only 3.94%. Even with the addition of 3 m V voltage noise or the extension of sampling intervals to 60 s, the average MAPE remains below 2%. Furthermore, the charging sequences are provided with physical explanations related to battery degradation to enhance confidence in their application. Recommendations for using other competitive methods are also presented. This work provides valuable insights and guidance for estimating battery capacity based on partial charging curves.

Determination of ultimate bearing capacity of uplift piles using intact and non-intact load−displacement curve

Based on the field destructive test of six rock-socketed piles with shallow overburden,three prediction models are used to quantitatively analyze and predict the intact load−displacement curve.The predicted values of ultimate uplift capacity were further determined by four methods(displacement controlling method(DCM),reduction coefficient method(RCM),maximum curvature method(MCM),and critical stiffness method(CSM))and compared with the measured value.Through the analysis of the relationship between the change rate of pullout stiffness and displacement,a method used to determine the ultimate uplift capacity via non-intact load−displacement curve was proposed.The results show that the predicted value determined by DCM is more conservative,while the predicted value determined by MCM is larger than the measured value.This suggests that RCM and CSM in engineering applications can be preferentially applied.Moreover,the development law of the change rate of pullout stiffness with displacement agrees well with the attenuation form of power function.The theoretical predicted results of ultimate uplift capacity based on the change rate of pullout stiffness will not be affected by the integrity of the curve.The method is simple and applicable for the piles that are not loaded to failure state,and thus provides new insights into ultimate uplift capacity determination of test piles.

Generation of typical operation curves for hydrogen storage applied to the wind power fluctuation smoothing mode

In this paper,a typical-operation-curve generation method of a hydrogen energy storage system operating under the mode of stabilizing wind power fluctuations is proposed.This method is used to optimize the power and capacity configuration of the energy storage system.The time series curves of the charging and discharging powers of the hydrogen energy storage are obtained by EMD decomposition,and the curves are classified according to the similarities and differences of the characteristic parameters in different time periods.After the classification,typical charging and discharging power values of each type of curve at each moment are obtained by a cloud model,and then,typical operation curves of each type are obtained by integration.On this basis,the power and capacity of the energy storage system are optimized with the objective of economic optimization through the MATLAB CPLEX toolbox.Combined with the measured data of a wind farm with an installed capacity of 400 MW in Northeast China,the validity and rationality of the typical operation curve generation method proposed in this paper are verified.

A new method of testing pile using dynamic P-S-curve made by amplitude of wave train

A new method of detecting the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile with high strain is discussed in this paper. A heavy hammer or a small type of rocket is used to strike the pile top and the detectors are used to record vibra- tion graphs. An expression of higher degree of strain (deformation force) is introduced. It is testified theoretically that the displacement, velocity and acceleration cannot be obtained by simple integral acceleration and differential velocity when long displacement and high strain exist, namely when the pile phase generates a whole slip relative to the soil body. That is to say that there are non-linear relations between them. It is educed accordingly that the force P and displacement S are calculated from the amplitude of wave train and (dynamic) P-S curve is drew so as to determine the yield points. Further, a method of determining the vertical bearing capacity for single-pile is dis- cussed. A static load test is utilized to check the result of dynamic test and determine the correlative constants of dynamic-static P(Q)-S curve.

The Loading Capacity of the Elands River: A Case Study of the Waterval Boven Wastewater Treatment Works, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Nutrient loads into water resources continues to be a major problem in Southern Africa. This has resulted in significant compromises in the ecological integrity of freshwater resources. The study aimed to assess the pollution load into the Elands River in terms of nitrates and orthophosphates. These variables were compared against the Crocodile Catchment Interim Resource Quality Objectives to determine compliances or non-compliance of the Waterval Boven wastewater treatment plant. Generally upstream nitrate levels did not exceed the ideal limit of 0.5 mg·l-1 as indicated in the 2015 to 2016 samples where values ranged between 0.32 mg·l -1 and 0.27 mg·l-1, respectively. Similarly, observed upstream orthophosphates levels were below the ideal limit of 0.03 mg·l-1. However, downstream values of both nutrients exceeded the respective set limits. The nutrient load contribution from the sewage plant was characterised by a simple point-source model. Patterns of the loads into the river were demonstrated on a load duration curve based on the river which equalled or exceed 0.18 m3/s upstream and 1.31 m3/s downstream at 90% of the time. However, the flows were regarded as significantly low to deal with uncontrolled pollution loads. Most of the observed loads fell below the ideal limit of 0.05 mg·l-1 for nitrates both upstream and downstream of the sewage plant. For orthophosphates, most of the upstream loads were below the tolerable limit of 0.1 mg·l-1 whilst the downstream loads were exceeding the tolerable limits. The higher loads downstream in the river were attributed to the sewage discharge from the Waterval Boven wastewater treatment plant and the low river flows. Hence it could be concluded that river water quality should be interpreted based on the river flow regime in a given season.

A new method for testing pile by sin- gle-impact energy and P-S curve

By studying the pile-formula and stress-wave methods (e.g., CASE method), the authors propose a new method for testing piles using the single-impact energy and P-S curves. The vibration and wave figures are recorded, and the dynamic and static displacements are measured by different transducers near the top of piles when the pile is im- pacted by a heavy hammer or micro-rocket. By observing the transformation coefficient of driving energy (total energy), the consumed energy of wave motion and vibration and so on, the vertical bearing capacity for single pile is measured and calculated. Then, using the vibration wave diagram, the dynamic relation curves between the force (P) and the displacement (S) is calculated and the yield points are determined. Using the static-loading test, the dynamic results are checked and the relative constants of dynamic-static P-S curves are determined. Then the sub- sidence quantity corresponding to the bearing capacity is determined. Moreover, the shaped quality of the pile body can be judged from the formation of P-S curves.

Semi-Deep Skirted Foundations and Numerical Solution to Evaluate Bearing Capacity

Semi-deep foundations are a remarkable solution in conditions where the soil beneath the foundation is loose to a great depth and there is no possible way to use any way of soil improvement and applying piles would not be a logical way considering their cost and time of enforcing. Skirted foundations are a type of semi-deep foundations that can penetrate to the soil up to two times of their breadth. Estimating bearing capacity of these foundations is a long geotechnical problem for engineers whether under absolute or combined loading because of their usage in offshore and onshore projects. For estimating the vertical bearing capacity of these foundations, series of finite element analyses were performed for a range of embedment ratios to investigate the effect of the length of the skirt. The foundation has been modelled with two different types of soil and the results validated with previous analytical, numerical and experimental researches. In addition, the bearing capacity of a skirted foundation under combined loading in V-H space has been analyzed by this approach and the 2-dimentional failure envelope has been presented.

Discussion on bearing capacity of soft rock ground based on in-situ load test

The suitability of five methods was discussed here,taking the typical results from in-situ load test of Renshou Mansion and Caifu Plaza in Yueyang City for example.It shows that bearing capacity can be obtained by the proportion load and limit load from p-s curve with the first and the second point of contraflexure easily.It is recommended that the accurate value of bearing capacity can be obtained by hyperbola fitting method and minimum curvature radius method theoretically.The rebound method is clear in principle,in which the elastoplasticity characteristic is thought about.Out of consideration for the unsteadiness and unobviousness of bearing capacity from relative settlement method,it can be only adopted as reference.So bearing capacity of soft rock ground should be determined by weathering condition of soft rock and curve type.

High-pressure capacity expansion and water injection mechanism and indicator curve model for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

Water injection for oil displacement is one of the most effective ways to develop fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.With the increase in the number of rounds of water injection,the development effect gradually fails.The emergence of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology allows increased production from old wells.Although high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology has been implemented in practice for nearly 10 years in fractured-vuggy reservoirs,its mechanism remains unclear,and the water injection curve is not apparent.In the past,evaluating its effect could only be done by measuring the injection-production volume.In this study,we analyze the mechanism of high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection.We propose a fluid exchange index for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection and establish a discrete model suitable for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curves in fractured-vuggy reservoirs.We propose the following mechanisms:replenishing energy,increasing energy,replacing energy,and releasing energy.The above mechanisms can be identified by the high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection curve of the well HA6X in the Halahatang Oilfield in the Tarim Basin.By solving the basic model,the relative errors of Reservoirs I and II are found to be 1.9%and 1.5%,respectively,and the application of field examples demonstrates that our proposed high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection indicator curve is reasonable and reliable.This research can provide theoretical support for high-pressure capacity expansion and water injection technology in fracture-vuggy carbonate reservoirs.

Study on the hydrogen absorption properties of a YGdTbDyHo rare-earth high-entropy alloy

This study investigated the microstructure and hydrogen absorption properties of a rare-earth high-entropy alloy(HEA),YGdTbDyHo.Results indicated that the YGdTbDyHo alloy had a microstructure of equiaxed grains,with the alloy elements distributed homogeneously.Upon hydrogen absorption,the phase structure of the HEA changed from a solid solution with an hexagonal-close-packed(HCP)structure to a high-entropy hydride with an faced-centered-cubic(FCC)structure without any secondary phase precipitated.The alloy demonstrated a maximum hydrogen storage capacity of 2.33 H/M(hydrogen atom/metal atom)at 723 K,with an enthalpy change(ΔH)of-141.09 kJ·mol^(-1)and an entropy change(ΔS)of-119.14 J·mol^(-1)·K^(-1).The kinetic mechanism of hydrogen absorption was hydride nucleation and growth,with an apparent activation energy(E_(a))of 20.90 kJ·mol^(-1).Without any activation,the YGdTbDyHo alloy could absorb hydrogen quickly(180 s at 923 K)with nearly no incubation period observed.The reason for the obtained value of 2.33 H/M was that the hydrogen atoms occupied both tetrahedral and octahedral interstices.These results demonstrate the potential application of HEAs as a high-capacity hydrogen storage material with a large H/M ratio,which can be used in the deuterium storage field.

Carrying capacity for the electromagnetic suspension low-speed maglev train on the horizontal curve

Aiming at the lateral dislocation between the electromagnets and the rails on a horizontal curve,we investigated a single magnetic bogie of the maglev train in this paper.The magnetic levitation and guidance forces supplied by the suspension modules were deduced by the flux tube method.According to the dynamic equilibrium equations of the maglev train on the curved track with cant,several major factors that influence the carrying capacity were analyzed,and the formula of the carrying capacity was presented.The results provide a theoretical reference for the design of maglev train.

A Two-stage Robust Optimal Allocation Model of Distributed Generation Considering Capacity Curve and Real-time Price Based Demand Response

Demand response, the reactive power output of distributed generation(DG), and network reconfiguration have significant impacts on a DG allocation strategy. In this context, a novel real-time price-based demand response formulation is integrated into the allocation model of DG. The tariff is regulated by the difference between the load and active power of renewable energy. Meanwhile, network reconfiguration and the capacity curve describing the active and reactive power limits of DG are included in the optimization model for promoting the allocation of DG.With these measures, the optimal allocation model of DG is established with the goal of maximizing the net annual profit while guaranteeing the efficient utilization of renewable energy. In addition, the uncertainties of renewable energy are considered on the basis of a two-stage robust optimization method. Finally, the entire optimization model is solved by the column and constraint generation algorithm in the IEEE 33-bus distribution system and a practical 99-bus distribution system. Numerical simulations show that the proposed model is effective in terms of improving both the usage of renewable energy and net annual profit.

配电网分布式发电渗透率极限值定义与计算方法

未来配电网接入分布式发电的比例将不断提高,为此提出了分布式发电(distributed generation,DG)渗透率极限值的定义及计算方法。首先,利用消纳能力曲线和负荷时序特性得到按时间分布的消纳能力。其次,在此基础上定义功率、容量和能量3个渗透率极限值。将渗透率极限值定义为保证任一时刻DG出力不超过该时刻消纳能力下的渗透率的最大值。再次,给出渗透率极限值的计算方法。根据DG容量及其时序出力特性和按时间分布的消纳能力确定DG容量极限值,进而得到渗透率极限值。最后,用IEEE 33节点算例进行验证,与现有方法比较表明,所得结果更为准确。定义的渗透率极限值易于使用,在满足安全性前提下,为衡量DG接入配电网程度提供了重要的参考指标。

钢-UHPC轻型组合结构短栓钉抗剪性能试验研究

通过6个钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)轻型组合结构短栓钉推出试验,对其抗剪承载力、破坏形态、栓钉应变及荷载-滑移曲线进行了研究,探讨了栓钉直径、长度、数量以及界面黏结对短栓钉抗剪性能的影响规律.结果表明:所有试件均为栓钉根部剪切破坏,UHPC板除栓钉根部沿承压方向部分UHPC压碎外,其余部分保持完好,UHPC可以抵抗栓钉传递的高压应力;栓钉根部截面屈服后应力强化阶段明显,栓钉发生剪切破坏时,栓钉根部上侧应变超过3500με;长径比为2.0的短栓钉在UHPC中也能发挥全部强度;所有试件的荷载-滑移曲线分为弹性、弹塑性和塑性3个阶段,所有短栓钉的最大滑移量均小于4 mm,工程应用时应按照弹性剪力连接件进行设计;栓钉直径对栓钉抗剪性能提高最显著,直径16 mm的栓钉比直径13 mm的栓钉的抗剪承载力和极限滑移分别提高了46.4%和11%,弹性刚度和塑性刚度分别提高了35.8%和59.1%,增加栓钉长度和界面黏结能有效提高栓钉的剪切刚度,长径比为3.0的栓钉比长径比为2.5的栓钉的弹性刚度提高了12.3%,界面有黏结试件比界面无黏结试件的弹性刚度提高了17.4%;相同间距内,合理增加更多栓钉有利于提高整体抗剪强度,但会降低延性变形能力.最后,结合实验数据和国内外UHPC中栓钉推出试验结果,建立了UHPC中栓钉荷载-滑移曲线和抗剪承载力预测表达式,计算值与试验值吻合良好.

X80管道环焊缝拉伸应变容量预测模型对比研究

针对管线钢拉伸应变容量(TSC)预测,提出了一种基于拘束修正的阻力曲线计算方法.在相同的条件下以X80管道环焊缝为例,与ExxonMobil公司提出的两类模型进行了拉伸应变容量预测的对比分析.结果表明:基于拘束修正方法的预估结果与ExxonMobil第1类模型中的水平3预估结果最为接近,与第2类模型在裂纹长度为2c/t=2时最接近,随着裂纹长度继续增加,两种方法的预测差值增加;但ExxonMobil第1类模型的水平1和水平2的评估过程将部分重要参数固定为常数,导致预测结果过于保守.

装配式槽钢组合梁中开孔钢板连接件力学性能

为研究新型装配式双拼槽钢-混凝土组合梁中开孔钢板剪力连接件(PSP剪力连接件)的力学性能,设计7组标准试件并开展推出试验,对比分析不同参数PSP剪力连接件的受剪承载力和破坏模式。利用ABAQUS非线性有限元模型对PSP剪力连接件的破坏模式和受力机制进行数值模拟,并与试验结果对比验证计算结果的可靠性。在此基础上,进一步分析开孔钢板厚度、开孔直径、混凝土强度、穿孔钢筋及连接件间距对PSP剪力连接件力学性能的影响。结果表明:除10 mm厚度的PSP剪力连接件外,所有4 mm与6 mm厚度的PSP剪力连接件均发生明显弯曲变形,试件破坏时连接件周围混凝土均出现斜向裂缝;开孔直径和穿孔钢筋对受剪承载力和抗剪刚度影响较小,而增加开孔钢板厚度、混凝土强度能提高剪力连接件受剪承载力和抗剪刚度;对于双排PSP剪力连接件,增大连接件间距能够显著提高单排PSP剪力连接件平均承载力,当间距为250 mm时,单排平均承载力达到单个PSP剪力连接件的91.2%。根据试验及有限元荷载滑移曲线提出装配式双拼槽钢-混凝土组合梁中单个PSP连接件荷载滑移曲线计算公式,为装配式双拼槽钢混组合梁的设计提供参考。

中国地方的拉弗曲线——契税税率自主下调与城市财政能力

为何在财政重压下,一些地方反而利用自由裁量权下调了契税这一重要地方税的基准税率?本文研究发现,下调契税税率非但没有削弱地方财政能力,反而对其有提升效应,尤其是在三线及以下、投资投机性需求旺盛、房租收入比高的城市。对住房减税的拉弗效应优于对土地及其他房屋,全部标的物一起减税的效果最佳。在机制上,下调契税税率能够产生“放水养鱼”效应,助力楼市“保交付”、“促需求”、“去库存”和经济“稳增长”;但也会产生税费替代效应,增加超额非税收入并导致更高的非税依赖度;由于地方是主动而非被动减税,因此其不会像在中央减税时那样为抵御冲击而加大税收努力或“节流”支出。进一步分析表明,下调契税税率有助于降低税收不确定性、举债规模,且对土地财政的影响保持中性,能够有效保障地方财政可持续。

多级耗能后张预应力筋预制节段墩的抗震性能分析

为提升节段墩的抗震性能,采用多级耗能方法实现多节段共同参与耗能.将耗能钢筋从节段墩底部向上依次穿过多个接缝,从而实现多级耗能.通过数值模拟,研究多级耗能节段墩体系的耗能能力,并针对三级耗能节段墩体系的轴压比和耗能钢筋配筋率进行参数分析.结果表明,多级耗能节段墩体系可以提高节段墩的耗能能力,而每一级别耗能体系存在耗能上限,且随多级耗能体系级别的提升而增加.在不同级别耗能体系中,耗能钢筋配筋率存在不同的临界值,一级耗能体系的耗能钢筋配筋率临界值为0.23%,二级耗能体系为1.31%.为获得较强的耗能能力,建议将耗能钢筋配筋率取值为1.31%,轴压比取值为0.1.